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I<00:00:00.320><c> really</c><00:00:01.440><c> really</c><00:00:01.920><c> want</c><00:00:02.080><c> to</c><00:00:02.120><c> talk</c><00:00:02.400><c> about</c><00:00:02.960><c> a</c>

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I really really want to talk about a
 

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I really really want to talk about a
task,<00:00:04.360><c> a</c><00:00:04.560><c> test</c><00:00:05.560><c> that</c><00:00:06.160><c> basically</c><00:00:06.720><c> everyone</c>

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task, a test that basically everyone
 

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task, a test that basically everyone
fails.<00:00:08.200><c> I</c><00:00:08.320><c> have</c><00:00:08.600><c> a</c><00:00:08.680><c> hunch</c><00:00:09.000><c> that</c><00:00:09.240><c> you</c><00:00:09.520><c> won't</c>

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fails. I have a hunch that you won't
 

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fails. I have a hunch that you won't
fail<00:00:10.240><c> this</c><00:00:10.800><c> test,</c><00:00:11.440><c> Hannah.</c><00:00:12.360><c> Um</c>

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fail this test, Hannah. Um
 

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fail this test, Hannah. Um
&gt;&gt; Not so<00:00:13.160><c> sure.</c><00:00:13.880><c> But</c><00:00:14.080><c> we'll</c><00:00:14.240><c> see.</c><00:00:14.680><c> We'll</c><00:00:14.840><c> see.</c>

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&gt;&gt; Not so sure. But we'll see. We'll see.
 

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&gt;&gt; Not so sure. But we'll see. We'll see.
Let<00:00:15.640><c> me</c><00:00:15.800><c> give</c><00:00:16.160><c> you</c><00:00:16.800><c> some</c><00:00:17.080><c> context</c><00:00:18.120><c> first,</c>

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Let me give you some context first,
 

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Let me give you some context first,
which<00:00:19.120><c> I</c><00:00:19.240><c> shouldn't</c><00:00:19.760><c> normally</c><00:00:20.200><c> do</c><00:00:20.360><c> because</c><00:00:20.640><c> in</c>

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which I shouldn't normally do because in
 

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which I shouldn't normally do because in
in<00:00:21.160><c> actual</c><00:00:21.520><c> experiments</c><00:00:22.200><c> where</c><00:00:22.400><c> this</c><00:00:22.640><c> task</c><00:00:23.040><c> is</c>

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in actual experiments where this task is
 

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in actual experiments where this task is
given,<00:00:23.960><c> people</c><00:00:24.280><c> are</c><00:00:24.400><c> just</c><00:00:24.640><c> there</c><00:00:24.920><c> to</c><00:00:25.040><c> get</c>

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given, people are just there to get
 

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given, people are just there to get
their<00:00:25.360><c> 10</c><00:00:25.600><c> bucks</c><00:00:25.880><c> and</c><00:00:26.000><c> go.</c><00:00:26.840><c> And</c><00:00:27.000><c> I</c><00:00:27.040><c> think</c><00:00:27.280><c> that</c>

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their 10 bucks and go. And I think that
 

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their 10 bucks and go. And I think that
if<00:00:27.480><c> you</c><00:00:27.640><c> hype</c><00:00:27.960><c> it</c><00:00:28.120><c> up</c><00:00:28.280><c> and</c><00:00:28.400><c> you</c><00:00:28.480><c> tell</c><00:00:28.720><c> people,</c>

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if you hype it up and you tell people,
 

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if you hype it up and you tell people,
"Oh,<00:00:29.280><c> you</c><00:00:29.400><c> got</c><00:00:29.560><c> to</c><00:00:29.680><c> really</c><00:00:29.960><c> think</c><00:00:30.160><c> about</c><00:00:30.480><c> it.</c>

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"Oh, you got to really think about it.
 

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"Oh, you got to really think about it.
Oh,<00:00:30.760><c> it's</c><00:00:30.920><c> so</c><00:00:31.080><c> difficult.</c><00:00:31.720><c> Oh,</c><00:00:31.840><c> it's</c><00:00:32.000><c> such</c><00:00:32.200><c> a</c>

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Oh, it's so difficult. Oh, it's such a
 

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Oh, it's so difficult. Oh, it's such a
tricky<00:00:32.599><c> one."</c><00:00:33.240><c> Then</c><00:00:34.080><c> people</c><00:00:34.520><c> will</c><00:00:34.680><c> probably</c>

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tricky one." Then people will probably
 

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tricky one." Then people will probably
spend<00:00:35.480><c> more</c><00:00:35.640><c> time</c><00:00:35.920><c> and</c><00:00:36.000><c> get</c><00:00:36.160><c> it</c><00:00:36.280><c> right.</c><00:00:36.960><c> Okay?</c>

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spend more time and get it right. Okay?
 

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spend more time and get it right. Okay?
We<00:00:37.720><c> can</c><00:00:37.840><c> talk</c><00:00:38.000><c> about</c><00:00:38.240><c> all</c><00:00:38.360><c> of</c><00:00:38.440><c> that</c><00:00:38.680><c> later,</c><00:00:39.080><c> but</c>

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We can talk about all of that later, but
 

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We can talk about all of that later, but
let's<00:00:39.400><c> just</c><00:00:39.640><c> dive</c><00:00:39.960><c> right</c><00:00:40.160><c> into</c><00:00:40.440><c> it.</c><00:00:40.560><c> This</c><00:00:40.800><c> is</c><00:00:41.320><c> a</c>

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let's just dive right into it. This is a
 

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let's just dive right into it. This is a
reasoning<00:00:42.520><c> test,</c><00:00:42.880><c> a</c><00:00:42.920><c> very</c><00:00:43.200><c> simple</c><00:00:43.560><c> single</c>

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reasoning test, a very simple single
 

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reasoning test, a very simple single
question<00:00:44.360><c> that</c><00:00:44.480><c> involves</c><00:00:45.280><c> four</c><00:00:46.120><c> cards</c><00:00:47.040><c> that</c>

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question that involves four cards that
 

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question that involves four cards that
was<00:00:47.320><c> devised</c><00:00:47.880><c> in</c><00:00:48.000><c> 1966</c><00:00:49.440><c> by</c><00:00:49.640><c> Peter</c><00:00:50.200><c> Cathcart</c>

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was devised in 1966 by Peter Cathcart
 

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was devised in 1966 by Peter Cathcart
Wason.<00:00:51.800><c> And</c><00:00:52.360><c> it</c><00:00:52.680><c> is</c><00:00:52.960><c> basically</c><00:00:54.360><c> the</c><00:00:54.680><c> test</c><00:00:55.360><c> when</c>

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Wason. And it is basically the test when
 

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Wason. And it is basically the test when
it<00:00:55.600><c> comes</c><00:00:55.920><c> to</c><00:00:56.080><c> studying</c><00:00:56.760><c> the</c><00:00:56.880><c> psychology</c><00:00:57.680><c> of</c>

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it comes to studying the psychology of
 

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it comes to studying the psychology of
reason.<00:00:58.520><c> All</c><00:00:58.640><c> right?</c><00:00:59.320><c> If</c><00:00:59.680><c> you</c><00:00:59.880><c> look</c><00:01:00.120><c> into</c><00:01:00.720><c> the</c>

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reason. All right? If you look into the
 

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reason. All right? If you look into the
history<00:01:01.440><c> of</c><00:01:01.680><c> our</c><00:01:01.920><c> scientific</c><00:01:02.440><c> study</c><00:01:02.760><c> of</c><00:01:02.880><c> human</c>

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history of our scientific study of human
 

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history of our scientific study of human
reasoning,<00:01:04.040><c> you</c><00:01:04.199><c> basically</c><00:01:04.640><c> only</c><00:01:04.879><c> find</c><00:01:05.160><c> this</c>

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reasoning, you basically only find this
 

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reasoning, you basically only find this
test.<00:01:06.160><c> The</c><00:01:06.320><c> test</c><00:01:06.720><c> is</c><00:01:06.880><c> called</c><00:01:07.360><c> the</c><00:01:07.560><c> Wason</c>

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test. The test is called the Wason
 

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test. The test is called the Wason
selection<00:01:09.200><c> task,</c><00:01:10.000><c> and</c><00:01:10.120><c> it</c><00:01:10.240><c> was</c><00:01:10.480><c> developed</c><00:01:11.320><c> in</c>

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selection task, and it was developed in
 

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selection task, and it was developed in
1966

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1966
 

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1966
by<00:01:13.480><c> Peter</c><00:01:14.080><c> Cathcart</c><00:01:14.880><c> Wason.</c><00:01:15.800><c> Now,</c><00:01:16.080><c> today</c><00:01:16.720><c> it</c>

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by Peter Cathcart Wason. Now, today it
 

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by Peter Cathcart Wason. Now, today it
has<00:01:17.080><c> been</c><00:01:17.320><c> called</c><00:01:18.120><c> the</c><00:01:18.280><c> most</c><00:01:18.640><c> intensely</c>

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has been called the most intensely
 

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has been called the most intensely
researched<00:01:20.320><c> single</c><00:01:20.840><c> problem</c><00:01:21.400><c> in</c><00:01:21.560><c> the</c><00:01:21.680><c> history</c>

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researched single problem in the history
 

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researched single problem in the history
of<00:01:22.680><c> reasoning.</c>

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of reasoning.
 

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of reasoning.
And<00:01:24.200><c> my</c><00:01:24.400><c> two</c><00:01:25.120><c> favorite</c><00:01:26.080><c> philosophers,</c>

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And my two favorite philosophers,
 

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And my two favorite philosophers,
researchers<00:01:27.640><c> of</c><00:01:27.800><c> reason,</c><00:01:28.400><c> Mercier</c><00:01:28.920><c> and</c>

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researchers of reason, Mercier and
 

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researchers of reason, Mercier and
Sperber,<00:01:29.800><c> they</c><00:01:30.000><c> call</c><00:01:30.400><c> it</c><00:01:30.600><c> what</c><00:01:30.760><c> they</c><00:01:30.880><c> actually</c>

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Sperber, they call it what they actually
 

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Sperber, they call it what they actually
don't<00:01:31.400><c> know</c><00:01:31.560><c> what</c><00:01:31.840><c> to</c><00:01:31.960><c> call</c><00:01:32.280><c> it.</c><00:01:32.400><c> This</c><00:01:32.600><c> is</c><00:01:32.720><c> what</c>

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don't know what to call it. This is what
 

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don't know what to call it. This is what
they<00:01:33.120><c> say.</c><00:01:33.440><c> Is</c><00:01:33.800><c> this</c><00:01:34.040><c> selection</c><00:01:34.640><c> task</c><00:01:35.160><c> to</c>

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they say. Is this selection task to
 

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they say. Is this selection task to
psychology<00:01:36.080><c> of</c><00:01:36.200><c> reasoning</c><00:01:36.960><c> what</c><00:01:37.160><c> the</c>

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psychology of reasoning what the
 

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psychology of reasoning what the
microscope<00:01:38.320><c> has</c><00:01:38.560><c> been</c><00:01:38.760><c> to</c><00:01:38.880><c> biology?</c>

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microscope has been to biology?
 

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microscope has been to biology?
Or<00:01:41.040><c> is</c><00:01:41.240><c> it</c><00:01:41.440><c> rather</c><00:01:42.360><c> as</c><00:01:42.640><c> the</c><00:01:42.800><c> Rubik's</c><00:01:43.280><c> Cube</c><00:01:43.640><c> has</c>

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Or is it rather as the Rubik's Cube has
 

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Or is it rather as the Rubik's Cube has
been<00:01:44.080><c> to</c><00:01:44.160><c> biology?</c><00:01:45.440><c> Just</c><00:01:45.460><c> [snorts]</c>

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been to biology? Just [snorts]
 

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been to biology? Just [snorts]
kind<00:01:46.920><c> of</c><00:01:47.000><c> baffling</c><00:01:48.080><c> and</c><00:01:49.000><c> fun.</c><00:01:49.760><c> Hm.</c><00:01:50.360><c> Not</c><00:01:50.560><c> adding</c>

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kind of baffling and fun. Hm. Not adding
 

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kind of baffling and fun. Hm. Not adding
anything<00:01:51.280><c> really</c><00:01:51.560><c> of</c><00:01:51.760><c> of</c><00:01:51.920><c> any</c><00:01:52.160><c> merit.</c><00:01:52.800><c> Hm.</c><00:01:53.160><c> So</c>

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anything really of of any merit. Hm. So
 

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anything really of of any merit. Hm. So
in<00:01:54.400><c> Wason's</c><00:01:54.960><c> original</c><00:01:55.520><c> test,</c><00:01:56.440><c> only</c><00:01:56.880><c> 10%</c><00:01:57.640><c> of</c>

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in Wason's original test, only 10% of
 

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in Wason's original test, only 10% of
people<00:01:58.120><c> got</c><00:01:58.360><c> it</c><00:01:58.520><c> right.</c>

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people got it right.
 

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people got it right.
If<00:02:00.440><c> you</c><00:02:00.560><c> look</c><00:02:00.760><c> across</c><00:02:01.720><c> all</c><00:02:02.040><c> the</c><00:02:02.160><c> studies</c><00:02:02.560><c> that</c>

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If you look across all the studies that
 

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If you look across all the studies that
have<00:02:02.800><c> replicated</c><00:02:03.320><c> that</c><00:02:03.520><c> since,</c><00:02:04.360><c> you</c><00:02:04.520><c> get</c><00:02:04.680><c> a</c>

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have replicated that since, you get a
 

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have replicated that since, you get a
number<00:02:05.040><c> closer</c><00:02:05.520><c> to</c><00:02:05.760><c> 4%.</c>

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number closer to 4%.
 

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number closer to 4%.
And<00:02:08.000><c> that's</c><00:02:08.479><c> that's</c><00:02:08.720><c> not</c><00:02:09.119><c> super</c><00:02:09.440><c> surprising.</c>

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And that's that's not super surprising.
 

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And that's that's not super surprising.
There<00:02:10.160><c> are</c><00:02:10.320><c> difficult</c><00:02:10.880><c> questions</c><00:02:11.440><c> out</c><00:02:11.600><c> there.</c>

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There are difficult questions out there.
 

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There are difficult questions out there.
But<00:02:12.840><c> with</c><00:02:13.040><c> some</c><00:02:13.240><c> slight</c><00:02:13.800><c> changes,</c><00:02:15.040><c> we</c><00:02:15.200><c> can</c>

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But with some slight changes, we can
 

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But with some slight changes, we can
make<00:02:15.800><c> everyone</c><00:02:16.160><c> get</c><00:02:16.280><c> it</c><00:02:16.440><c> right.</c><00:02:16.960><c> And</c><00:02:17.320><c> that</c><00:02:17.720><c> is</c>

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make everyone get it right. And that is
 

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make everyone get it right. And that is
what<00:02:18.080><c> is</c><00:02:18.240><c> so</c><00:02:18.400><c> strange.</c><00:02:19.280><c> So</c><00:02:19.440><c> let's</c><00:02:19.760><c> begin</c><00:02:20.840><c> with</c>

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what is so strange. So let's begin with
 

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what is so strange. So let's begin with
the<00:02:21.600><c> original.</c>

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the original.
 

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the original.
&gt;&gt; [music]

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&gt;&gt; This<00:02:27.600><c> episode</c><00:02:28.040><c> is</c><00:02:28.160><c> brought</c><00:02:28.400><c> to</c><00:02:28.480><c> you</c><00:02:28.640><c> by</c><00:02:28.800><c> Cancer</c>

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&gt;&gt; This episode is brought to you by Cancer
 

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&gt;&gt; This episode is brought to you by Cancer
Research<00:02:29.680><c> UK.</c><00:02:30.400><c> Here's</c><00:02:30.600><c> something</c><00:02:30.880><c> strange.</c>

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Research UK. Here's something strange.
 

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Research UK. Here's something strange.
Your<00:02:32.360><c> DNA</c><00:02:33.160><c> contains</c><00:02:34.040><c> more</c><00:02:35.000><c> ancient</c><00:02:35.840><c> viral</c>

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Your DNA contains more ancient viral
 

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Your DNA contains more ancient viral
fragments<00:02:37.480><c> than</c><00:02:37.760><c> genes.</c><00:02:38.880><c> The</c><00:02:39.120><c> genes</c><00:02:39.640><c> that</c>

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fragments than genes. The genes that
 

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fragments than genes. The genes that
build<00:02:40.200><c> our</c><00:02:40.440><c> cells</c><00:02:41.360><c> make</c><00:02:41.600><c> up</c><00:02:41.760><c> only</c><00:02:42.280><c> 2%</c><00:02:43.240><c> of</c><00:02:43.400><c> our</c>

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build our cells make up only 2% of our
 

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build our cells make up only 2% of our
DNA.<00:02:44.160><c> And</c><00:02:44.360><c> for</c><00:02:44.520><c> years,</c><00:02:45.240><c> that</c><00:02:45.400><c> is</c><00:02:45.560><c> what</c>

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DNA. And for years, that is what
 

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DNA. And for years, that is what
scientists<00:02:46.480><c> focused</c><00:02:46.920><c> on.</c><00:02:47.120><c> They</c><00:02:47.280><c> treated</c><00:02:47.640><c> the</c>

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scientists focused on. They treated the
 

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scientists focused on. They treated the
rest,<00:02:48.120><c> the</c><00:02:48.240><c> ancient</c><00:02:48.600><c> viruses</c><00:02:49.200><c> and</c><00:02:49.360><c> stuff,</c><00:02:49.920><c> as</c>

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rest, the ancient viruses and stuff, as
 

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rest, the ancient viruses and stuff, as
junk.

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junk.
 

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junk.
&gt;&gt; But<00:02:51.040><c> now</c><00:02:51.480><c> we</c><00:02:51.640><c> know</c><00:02:52.120><c> that</c><00:02:52.280><c> that</c><00:02:52.520><c> hidden</c>

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&gt;&gt; But now we know that that hidden
 

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&gt;&gt; But now we know that that hidden
majority,<00:02:53.520><c> sometimes</c><00:02:54.000><c> called</c><00:02:54.200><c> the</c><00:02:54.320><c> dark</c>

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majority, sometimes called the dark
 

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majority, sometimes called the dark
genome,<00:02:55.800><c> influences</c><00:02:56.600><c> how</c><00:02:56.920><c> our</c><00:02:57.040><c> biology</c><00:02:57.680><c> works</c>

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genome, influences how our biology works
 

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genome, influences how our biology works
and<00:02:58.800><c> how</c><00:02:59.000><c> diseases</c><00:02:59.440><c> like</c><00:02:59.640><c> cancer</c><00:03:00.400><c> behave.</c>

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and how diseases like cancer behave.
 

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and how diseases like cancer behave.
&gt;&gt; It's<00:03:01.400><c> a</c><00:03:01.440><c> reminder</c><00:03:01.960><c> that</c><00:03:02.360><c> progress</c><00:03:03.200><c> rarely</c>

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&gt;&gt; It's a reminder that progress rarely
 

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&gt;&gt; It's a reminder that progress rarely
comes<00:03:04.160><c> as</c><00:03:04.360><c> a</c><00:03:04.760><c> single</c><00:03:05.200><c> breakthrough.</c><00:03:05.760><c> It</c>

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comes as a single breakthrough. It
 

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comes as a single breakthrough. It
builds<00:03:06.240><c> gradually.</c><00:03:06.920><c> Cancer</c><00:03:07.360><c> Research</c><00:03:07.840><c> UK</c>

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builds gradually. Cancer Research UK
 

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builds gradually. Cancer Research UK
plays<00:03:08.920><c> a</c><00:03:09.040><c> central</c><00:03:09.680><c> role</c><00:03:10.280><c> in</c><00:03:10.440><c> that</c><00:03:10.640><c> progress,</c>

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plays a central role in that progress,
 

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plays a central role in that progress,
supporting<00:03:11.840><c> decades</c><00:03:12.480><c> of</c><00:03:12.640><c> research</c><00:03:13.120><c> into</c><00:03:13.600><c> over</c>

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supporting decades of research into over
 

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supporting decades of research into over
200<00:03:14.520><c> types</c><00:03:14.800><c> of</c><00:03:14.920><c> cancer.</c><00:03:15.840><c> Work</c><00:03:16.240><c> that's</c><00:03:16.480><c> helped</c>

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200 types of cancer. Work that's helped
 

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200 types of cancer. Work that's helped
double<00:03:17.200><c> survival</c><00:03:18.040><c> in</c><00:03:18.200><c> the</c><00:03:18.320><c> UK</c><00:03:18.920><c> over</c><00:03:19.120><c> the</c><00:03:19.200><c> past</c>

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double survival in the UK over the past
 

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double survival in the UK over the past
50<00:03:19.840><c> years.</c>

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50 years.
 

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50 years.
&gt;&gt; For<00:03:20.480><c> more</c><00:03:20.680><c> information</c><00:03:21.240><c> about</c><00:03:21.520><c> Cancer</c>

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&gt;&gt; For more information about Cancer
 

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&gt;&gt; For more information about Cancer
Research<00:03:22.320><c> UK,</c><00:03:22.800><c> their</c><00:03:22.960><c> research</c>

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Research UK, their research
 

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Research UK, their research
breakthroughs,<00:03:24.600><c> and</c><00:03:24.760><c> how</c><00:03:24.960><c> you</c><00:03:25.080><c> can</c><00:03:25.240><c> support</c>

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breakthroughs, and how you can support
 

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breakthroughs, and how you can support
them,<00:03:26.160><c> visit</c>

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them, visit
 

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them, visit
cancerresearchuk.org/wrestlescience.

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&gt;&gt; [music]

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&gt;&gt; [music]
 

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&gt;&gt; [music]
&gt;&gt; This<00:03:36.480><c> isn't</c><00:03:36.840><c> the</c><00:03:36.920><c> most</c><00:03:37.320><c> I'd</c><00:03:37.520><c> say</c><00:03:37.680><c> the</c><00:03:37.840><c> most</c>

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&gt;&gt; This isn't the most I'd say the most
 

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&gt;&gt; This isn't the most I'd say the most
famous<00:03:38.520><c> version</c><00:03:38.880><c> of</c><00:03:39.040><c> it,</c><00:03:39.400><c> but</c><00:03:39.520><c> this</c><00:03:39.680><c> is</c>

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famous version of it, but this is
 

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famous version of it, but this is
exactly<00:03:40.560><c> what</c><00:03:40.760><c> Wason</c><00:03:41.400><c> gave</c><00:03:41.680><c> people</c><00:03:42.040><c> back</c><00:03:42.280><c> in</c>

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exactly what Wason gave people back in
 

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exactly what Wason gave people back in
1966.

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1966.
 

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1966.
I'm<00:03:43.960><c> going</c><00:03:44.080><c> to</c><00:03:44.160><c> show</c><00:03:44.360><c> you</c><00:03:44.560><c> four</c><00:03:44.880><c> cards.</c><00:03:45.640><c> Just</c>

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I'm going to show you four cards. Just
 

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I'm going to show you four cards. Just
imagine<00:03:46.120><c> they're</c><00:03:46.240><c> like</c><00:03:46.440><c> playing</c><00:03:46.720><c> cards.</c><00:03:47.200><c> Now,</c>

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imagine they're like playing cards. Now,
 

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imagine they're like playing cards. Now,
on<00:03:47.680><c> each,</c><00:03:48.600><c> there</c><00:03:48.800><c> is</c><00:03:48.920><c> a</c><00:03:49.040><c> letter</c><00:03:49.960><c> on</c><00:03:50.240><c> one</c><00:03:50.480><c> side</c>

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on each, there is a letter on one side
 

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on each, there is a letter on one side
and<00:03:51.520><c> a</c><00:03:51.560><c> number</c><00:03:52.160><c> on</c><00:03:52.360><c> the</c><00:03:52.640><c> other</c><00:03:52.920><c> side.</c><00:03:53.720><c> Two</c><00:03:53.920><c> of</c>

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and a number on the other side. Two of
 

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and a number on the other side. Two of
the<00:03:54.120><c> cards</c><00:03:54.680><c> have</c><00:03:54.880><c> their</c><00:03:55.080><c> letter</c><00:03:55.440><c> side</c><00:03:55.760><c> up,</c><00:03:56.280><c> and</c>

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the cards have their letter side up, and
 

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the cards have their letter side up, and
two<00:03:57.080><c> have</c><00:03:57.320><c> their</c><00:03:57.560><c> number</c><00:03:58.080><c> side</c><00:03:58.520><c> up.</c><00:03:59.000><c> Now,</c>

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two have their number side up. Now,
 

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two have their number side up. Now,
these<00:03:59.560><c> are</c><00:03:59.720><c> the</c><00:03:59.800><c> cards</c><00:04:00.240><c> that</c><00:04:00.400><c> you</c><00:04:00.520><c> see.</c><00:04:01.120><c> You</c>

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these are the cards that you see. You
 

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these are the cards that you see. You
see<00:04:02.080><c> a</c><00:04:02.200><c> card</c><00:04:02.600><c> with</c><00:04:02.760><c> the</c><00:04:02.840><c> letter</c><00:04:03.360><c> A</c><00:04:04.320><c> as</c><00:04:04.480><c> in</c>

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see a card with the letter A as in
 

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see a card with the letter A as in
alpha,

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alpha,
 

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alpha,
G<00:04:06.800><c> as</c><00:04:07.080><c> in</c><00:04:07.440><c> giraffe.</c>

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G as in giraffe.
 

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G as in giraffe.
That<00:04:09.960><c> famous</c><00:04:10.280><c> phonetic</c><00:04:10.720><c> dictionary,</c><00:04:11.240><c> yeah?</c>

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That famous phonetic dictionary, yeah?
 

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That famous phonetic dictionary, yeah?
Oh,<00:04:12.080><c> it's</c><00:04:12.200><c> going</c><00:04:12.320><c> to</c><00:04:12.360><c> get</c><00:04:12.480><c> worse,</c><00:04:12.680><c> Hannah.</c>

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Oh, it's going to get worse, Hannah.
 

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Oh, it's going to get worse, Hannah.
The<00:04:13.840><c> third</c><00:04:14.160><c> card</c><00:04:14.520><c> has</c><00:04:14.760><c> a</c><00:04:15.080><c> seven</c><00:04:15.920><c> as</c><00:04:16.160><c> in</c><00:04:16.519><c> 724,</c>

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The third card has a seven as in 724,
 

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The third card has a seven as in 724,
and<00:04:19.359><c> the</c><00:04:19.480><c> last</c><00:04:19.880><c> card</c><00:04:20.200><c> has</c><00:04:20.400><c> an</c><00:04:20.640><c> eight</c><00:04:21.239><c> as</c><00:04:21.519><c> in</c><00:04:22.040><c> 81.</c>

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and the last card has an eight as in 81.
 

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and the last card has an eight as in 81.
A<00:04:24.360><c> G</c><00:04:24.800><c> 7</c><00:04:25.320><c> 8.</c><00:04:25.840><c> Okay.</c><00:04:26.560><c> Now,</c>

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A G 7 8. Okay. Now,
 

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A G 7 8. Okay. Now,
what<00:04:28.400><c> I</c><00:04:28.440><c> need</c><00:04:28.680><c> you</c><00:04:28.800><c> to</c><00:04:28.920><c> do</c><00:04:29.080><c> is</c><00:04:29.240><c> indicate</c><00:04:29.800><c> for</c><00:04:30.000><c> me</c>

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what I need you to do is indicate for me
 

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what I need you to do is indicate for me
which<00:04:30.560><c> of</c><00:04:30.680><c> these</c><00:04:30.960><c> cards</c><00:04:31.400><c> you</c><00:04:31.520><c> would</c><00:04:31.720><c> need</c><00:04:32.000><c> to</c>

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which of these cards you would need to
 

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which of these cards you would need to
turn<00:04:32.440><c> over</c>

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turn over
 

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turn over
to<00:04:33.800><c> judge</c><00:04:34.200><c> whether</c><00:04:34.480><c> the</c><00:04:34.640><c> following</c><00:04:35.360><c> rule</c><00:04:35.880><c> is</c>

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to judge whether the following rule is
 

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to judge whether the following rule is
true.<00:04:36.960><c> If</c><00:04:37.200><c> there</c><00:04:37.480><c> is</c><00:04:37.760><c> an</c><00:04:38.080><c> A</c><00:04:38.640><c> on</c><00:04:38.960><c> one</c><00:04:39.200><c> side,</c>

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true. If there is an A on one side,
 

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true. If there is an A on one side,
there<00:04:40.480><c> is</c><00:04:40.640><c> a</c><00:04:40.720><c> seven</c><00:04:41.640><c> on</c><00:04:41.840><c> the</c><00:04:42.040><c> other.</c>

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there is a seven on the other.
 

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there is a seven on the other.
To<00:04:43.600><c> recap</c><00:04:44.040><c> for</c><00:04:44.120><c> those</c><00:04:44.320><c> who</c><00:04:44.400><c> are</c><00:04:44.520><c> listening,</c>

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To recap for those who are listening,
 

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To recap for those who are listening,
you<00:04:45.360><c> have</c><00:04:45.520><c> four</c><00:04:45.760><c> cards</c><00:04:46.120><c> in</c><00:04:46.240><c> front</c><00:04:46.440><c> of</c><00:04:46.560><c> you,</c>

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you have four cards in front of you,
 

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you have four cards in front of you,
letters<00:04:47.440><c> on</c><00:04:47.600><c> one</c><00:04:47.840><c> side,</c><00:04:48.360><c> numbers</c><00:04:48.720><c> on</c><00:04:48.840><c> the</c>

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letters on one side, numbers on the
 

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letters on one side, numbers on the
other.<00:04:49.400><c> Okay?</c><00:04:49.680><c> That's</c><00:04:49.960><c> true.</c><00:04:50.840><c> But</c><00:04:51.200><c> you</c><00:04:51.280><c> can</c>

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other. Okay? That's true. But you can
 

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other. Okay? That's true. But you can
only<00:04:51.560><c> see</c><00:04:51.720><c> one</c><00:04:51.960><c> side</c><00:04:52.240><c> of</c><00:04:52.280><c> a</c><00:04:52.360><c> card</c><00:04:52.560><c> at</c><00:04:52.640><c> a</c><00:04:52.720><c> time.</c>

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only see one side of a card at a time.
 

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only see one side of a card at a time.
And<00:04:53.320><c> what</c><00:04:53.480><c> you're</c><00:04:53.600><c> seeing</c><00:04:53.960><c> is</c><00:04:54.560><c> A,</c>

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And what you're seeing is A,
 

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And what you're seeing is A,
G,<00:04:56.560><c> 7,</c><00:04:57.520><c> 8.</c><00:04:58.280><c> Which</c><00:04:58.560><c> ones</c><00:04:58.880><c> will</c><00:04:59.040><c> you</c><00:04:59.160><c> need</c><00:04:59.360><c> to</c>

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G, 7, 8. Which ones will you need to
 

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G, 7, 8. Which ones will you need to
turn<00:04:59.800><c> over</c><00:05:00.440><c> to</c><00:05:00.560><c> judge</c><00:05:00.880><c> whether</c><00:05:01.120><c> this</c><00:05:01.360><c> rule</c><00:05:01.600><c> is</c>

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turn over to judge whether this rule is
 

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turn over to judge whether this rule is
true?<00:05:02.120><c> If</c><00:05:02.240><c> there's</c><00:05:02.480><c> an</c><00:05:02.760><c> A</c><00:05:03.160><c> on</c><00:05:03.400><c> one</c><00:05:03.600><c> side,</c><00:05:04.280><c> there</c>

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true? If there's an A on one side, there
 

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true? If there's an A on one side, there
is<00:05:05.360><c> a</c><00:05:05.480><c> seven</c><00:05:06.360><c> on</c><00:05:06.520><c> the</c><00:05:06.640><c> other</c><00:05:06.880><c> side.</c><00:05:07.440><c> Okay.</c>

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is a seven on the other side. Okay.
 

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is a seven on the other side. Okay.
&gt;&gt; [sighs]

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&gt;&gt; [sighs]
 

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&gt;&gt; [sighs]
&gt;&gt; That<00:05:09.840><c> is</c><00:05:09.960><c> what</c><00:05:10.080><c> this</c><00:05:10.240><c> episode</c><00:05:10.640><c> is</c><00:05:10.760><c> about.</c><00:05:11.600><c> I</c>

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&gt;&gt; That is what this episode is about. I
 

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&gt;&gt; That is what this episode is about. I
mean,<00:05:12.440><c> I</c><00:05:12.520><c> think</c><00:05:12.760><c> let's</c><00:05:12.920><c> just</c><00:05:13.080><c> get</c><00:05:13.280><c> into</c><00:05:13.560><c> it.</c>

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mean, I think let's just get into it.
 

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mean, I think let's just get into it.
Let's<00:05:14.160><c> get</c><00:05:14.280><c> into</c><00:05:14.480><c> it.</c><00:05:14.800><c> So</c><00:05:15.680><c> So</c><00:05:16.440><c> take</c><00:05:16.760><c> take</c><00:05:16.960><c> some</c>

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Let's get into it. So So take take some
 

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Let's get into it. So So take take some
time.<00:05:17.640><c> Also,</c><00:05:17.960><c> actually,</c><00:05:18.920><c> I</c><00:05:18.960><c> want</c><00:05:19.120><c> to</c><00:05:19.200><c> know</c><00:05:19.400><c> how</c>

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time. Also, actually, I want to know how
 

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time. Also, actually, I want to know how
familiar<00:05:20.400><c> you</c><00:05:20.600><c> are</c><00:05:20.800><c> with</c><00:05:20.960><c> this,</c><00:05:21.200><c> Hannah.</c><00:05:21.520><c> Have</c>

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familiar you are with this, Hannah. Have
 

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familiar you are with this, Hannah. Have
you<00:05:22.000><c> seen</c><00:05:22.320><c> this</c><00:05:22.560><c> before?</c><00:05:23.320><c> Okay.</c><00:05:23.840><c> I</c><00:05:24.800><c> have</c><00:05:25.320><c> seen</c>

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you seen this before? Okay. I have seen
 

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you seen this before? Okay. I have seen
a<00:05:26.040><c> version</c><00:05:26.800><c> of</c><00:05:26.920><c> this</c><00:05:27.160><c> test</c><00:05:27.680><c> before.</c><00:05:28.400><c> And</c><00:05:28.760><c> what</c>

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a version of this test before. And what
 

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a version of this test before. And what
I<00:05:29.400><c> should</c><00:05:30.000><c> tell</c><00:05:30.360><c> you</c><00:05:30.840><c> is</c><00:05:31.120><c> that</c><00:05:31.360><c> initially</c><00:05:31.880><c> I</c>

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I should tell you is that initially I
 

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I should tell you is that initially I
think<00:05:32.240><c> I</c><00:05:32.320><c> got</c><00:05:32.520><c> it</c><00:05:32.640><c> wrong.</c>

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think I got it wrong.
 

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think I got it wrong.
Yeah,<00:05:33.840><c> me</c><00:05:34.000><c> too.</c><00:05:34.440><c> I</c><00:05:34.680><c> also</c>

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Yeah, me too. I also
 

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Yeah, me too. I also
vaguely<00:05:37.080><c> remember</c><00:05:37.520><c> the</c><00:05:37.640><c> trap</c><00:05:37.920><c> that</c><00:05:38.080><c> I</c><00:05:38.160><c> fell</c>

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vaguely remember the trap that I fell
 

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vaguely remember the trap that I fell
into,<00:05:38.680><c> but</c><00:05:38.840><c> not</c><00:05:39.080><c> completely.</c><00:05:39.760><c> And</c><00:05:39.920><c> I</c><00:05:40.040><c> haven't</c>

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into, but not completely. And I haven't
 

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into, but not completely. And I haven't
seen<00:05:40.680><c> this</c><00:05:40.920><c> version.</c><00:05:41.960><c> And</c><00:05:42.240><c> so</c><00:05:42.480><c> I'm</c><00:05:42.600><c> going</c><00:05:42.720><c> to</c>

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seen this version. And so I'm going to
 

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seen this version. And so I'm going to
have<00:05:42.920><c> to</c><00:05:43.040><c> think</c><00:05:43.280><c> it</c><00:05:43.400><c> through</c><00:05:43.600><c> incredibly</c>

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have to think it through incredibly
 

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have to think it through incredibly
carefully.<00:05:45.080><c> Okay,</c><00:05:45.400><c> think</c><00:05:45.600><c> it</c><00:05:45.680><c> through.</c><00:05:46.160><c> Okay.</c>

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carefully. Okay, think it through. Okay.
 

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carefully. Okay, think it through. Okay.
So,<00:05:46.920><c> right.</c><00:05:47.400><c> You</c><00:05:47.560><c> know</c><00:05:48.360><c> that</c><00:05:49.080><c> these</c><00:05:49.360><c> four</c>

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So, right. You know that these four
 

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So, right. You know that these four
cards,<00:05:50.560><c> a</c><00:05:50.600><c> letter</c><00:05:50.920><c> on</c><00:05:51.040><c> one</c><00:05:51.240><c> side,</c><00:05:51.560><c> a</c><00:05:51.600><c> number</c><00:05:51.880><c> on</c>

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cards, a letter on one side, a number on
 

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cards, a letter on one side, a number on
the<00:05:52.080><c> other.</c><00:05:52.600><c> Sure.</c>

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the other. Sure.
 

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the other. Sure.
Okay.<00:05:54.160><c> Which</c><00:05:54.360><c> means</c><00:05:54.560><c> that</c><00:05:54.680><c> there</c><00:05:54.800><c> is</c><00:05:54.880><c> a</c><00:05:54.920><c> number</c>

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Okay. Which means that there is a number
 

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Okay. Which means that there is a number
hiding<00:05:55.520><c> behind</c><00:05:55.760><c> the</c><00:05:55.880><c> A,</c><00:05:56.080><c> there's</c><00:05:56.240><c> a</c><00:05:56.280><c> number</c>

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hiding behind the A, there's a number
 

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hiding behind the A, there's a number
hiding<00:05:56.760><c> behind</c><00:05:57.040><c> the</c><00:05:57.120><c> G.</c><00:05:57.880><c> That's</c><00:05:58.120><c> right.</c>

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hiding behind the G. That's right.
 

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hiding behind the G. That's right.
There's<00:05:58.920><c> also</c><00:05:59.360><c> a</c><00:05:59.440><c> letter</c><00:05:59.760><c> behind</c><00:06:00.080><c> the</c><00:06:00.160><c> seven,</c>

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There's also a letter behind the seven,
 

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There's also a letter behind the seven,
and<00:06:00.600><c> there's</c><00:06:00.760><c> a</c><00:06:00.840><c> letter</c><00:06:01.040><c> behind</c><00:06:01.280><c> the</c><00:06:01.360><c> eight.</c>

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and there's a letter behind the eight.
 

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and there's a letter behind the eight.
The<00:06:02.480><c> the</c><00:06:02.720><c> rule</c><00:06:03.080><c> says,</c><00:06:03.480><c> "If</c><00:06:03.760><c> there</c><00:06:04.040><c> is</c><00:06:04.200><c> a"</c><00:06:04.320><c> This</c>

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The the rule says, "If there is a" This
 

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The the rule says, "If there is a" This
is<00:06:04.640><c> what</c><00:06:04.720><c> I'm</c><00:06:04.760><c> trying</c><00:06:04.960><c> to</c><00:06:05.000><c> test.</c><00:06:05.360><c> "If</c><00:06:05.520><c> there</c><00:06:05.680><c> is</c>

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is what I'm trying to test. "If there is
 

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is what I'm trying to test. "If there is
an<00:06:05.960><c> A</c><00:06:06.200><c> on</c><00:06:06.400><c> one</c><00:06:06.640><c> side,</c><00:06:07.440><c> there</c><00:06:07.800><c> is</c><00:06:08.360><c> a</c><00:06:08.440><c> seven</c><00:06:08.960><c> on</c>

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an A on one side, there is a seven on
 

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an A on one side, there is a seven on
the<00:06:09.360><c> other."</c><00:06:10.280><c> Right.</c><00:06:10.640><c> So,</c><00:06:11.360><c> turning</c><00:06:11.720><c> over</c><00:06:11.880><c> the</c>

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the other." Right. So, turning over the
 

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the other." Right. So, turning over the
eight<00:06:12.560><c> doesn't</c><00:06:13.000><c> tell</c><00:06:13.240><c> me</c><00:06:13.360><c> anything.</c><00:06:14.080><c> I</c><00:06:14.160><c> I</c>

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eight doesn't tell me anything. I I
 

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eight doesn't tell me anything. I I
mean,<00:06:14.400><c> I</c><00:06:14.440><c> don't</c><00:06:14.600><c> really</c><00:06:14.800><c> care</c><00:06:15.000><c> what's</c><00:06:15.200><c> on</c><00:06:15.280><c> the</c>

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mean, I don't really care what's on the
 

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mean, I don't really care what's on the
other<00:06:15.560><c> side</c><00:06:15.800><c> of</c><00:06:15.880><c> the</c><00:06:16.000><c> eight</c><00:06:16.640><c> because</c><00:06:17.360><c> even</c><00:06:17.680><c> if</c>

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other side of the eight because even if
 

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other side of the eight because even if
it<00:06:18.160><c> it's</c><00:06:18.360><c> an</c><00:06:18.600><c> A,</c>

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it it's an A,
 

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it it's an A,
uh<00:06:20.000><c> Oh,</c><00:06:20.240><c> no</c><00:06:20.520><c> way.</c><00:06:20.720><c> That's</c><00:06:20.960><c> not</c><00:06:21.120><c> true.</c><00:06:21.720><c> Mhm.</c>

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uh Oh, no way. That's not true. Mhm.
 

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uh Oh, no way. That's not true. Mhm.
Oh,<00:06:23.520><c> hold</c><00:06:23.880><c> on.</c><00:06:24.040><c> I've</c><00:06:24.200><c> got</c><00:06:24.400><c> it</c><00:06:24.560><c> wrong</c><00:06:24.960><c> already.</c>

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Oh, hold on. I've got it wrong already.
 

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Oh, hold on. I've got it wrong already.
Yeah.<00:06:26.440><c> What</c><00:06:26.640><c> I</c><00:06:26.680><c> was</c><00:06:26.840><c> immediately</c><00:06:27.280><c> thinking</c>

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Yeah. What I was immediately thinking
 

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Yeah. What I was immediately thinking
was<00:06:28.640><c> I</c><00:06:28.880><c> want</c><00:06:29.280><c> to</c><00:06:29.480><c> turn</c><00:06:30.280><c> over</c><00:06:31.440><c> the</c><00:06:31.760><c> A</c>

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was I want to turn over the A
 

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was I want to turn over the A
to<00:06:33.080><c> see</c><00:06:33.200><c> if</c><00:06:33.320><c> there's</c><00:06:33.480><c> a</c><00:06:33.520><c> seven</c><00:06:33.800><c> on</c><00:06:33.880><c> the</c><00:06:34.000><c> other</c>

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to see if there's a seven on the other
 

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to see if there's a seven on the other
side,<00:06:34.520><c> right?</c>

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side, right?
 

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side, right?
&gt;&gt; Okay.<00:06:35.200><c> So</c><00:06:36.160><c> Immediately,</c><00:06:36.440><c> the</c><00:06:36.480><c> first</c><00:06:36.760><c> thing</c>

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&gt;&gt; Okay. So Immediately, the first thing
 

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&gt;&gt; Okay. So Immediately, the first thing
you<00:06:37.040><c> want</c><00:06:37.200><c> to</c><00:06:37.240><c> do</c><00:06:37.960><c> is</c><00:06:38.160><c> check</c><00:06:38.400><c> whether</c><00:06:38.640><c> there's</c>

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you want to do is check whether there's
 

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you want to do is check whether there's
a<00:06:38.880><c> seven</c><00:06:39.240><c> on</c><00:06:39.360><c> the</c><00:06:39.560><c> on</c><00:06:39.680><c> the</c><00:06:39.760><c> reverse</c><00:06:40.160><c> of</c><00:06:40.280><c> the</c><00:06:40.480><c> A.</c>

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a seven on the on the reverse of the A.
 

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a seven on the on the reverse of the A.
Okay.<00:06:41.360><c> All</c><00:06:41.520><c> right.</c><00:06:41.960><c> So,</c><00:06:42.400><c> you're</c><00:06:42.520><c> going</c><00:06:42.640><c> to</c>

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Okay. All right. So, you're going to
 

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Okay. All right. So, you're going to
turn<00:06:42.880><c> over</c><00:06:43.040><c> the</c><00:06:43.280><c> A</c><00:06:43.440><c> card.</c><00:06:44.080><c> Any</c><00:06:44.280><c> others?</c><00:06:45.000><c> To</c><00:06:45.200><c> see</c>

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turn over the A card. Any others? To see
 

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turn over the A card. Any others? To see
if<00:06:45.480><c> there's</c><00:06:45.640><c> a</c><00:06:45.720><c> seven.</c><00:06:46.600><c> Turning</c><00:06:47.040><c> over</c><00:06:47.320><c> the</c><00:06:47.560><c> G,</c>

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if there's a seven. Turning over the G,
 

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if there's a seven. Turning over the G,
I<00:06:49.320><c> don't</c><00:06:49.560><c> think</c><00:06:49.720><c> tells</c><00:06:49.920><c> me</c><00:06:50.000><c> anything</c><00:06:50.400><c> because</c>

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I don't think tells me anything because
 

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I don't think tells me anything because
I<00:06:51.200><c> don't</c><00:06:51.480><c> really</c><00:06:51.800><c> care</c><00:06:52.080><c> what's</c><00:06:52.280><c> on</c><00:06:52.400><c> the</c>

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I don't really care what's on the
 

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I don't really care what's on the
reverse<00:06:53.120><c> of</c><00:06:53.240><c> the</c><00:06:53.360><c> G.</c><00:06:54.040><c> The</c><00:06:54.160><c> rule</c><00:06:54.440><c> doesn't</c>

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reverse of the G. The rule doesn't
 

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reverse of the G. The rule doesn't
involve<00:06:55.800><c> G's.</c>

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involve G's.
 

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involve G's.
Okay.<00:06:58.120><c> It</c><00:06:58.280><c> says,</c><00:06:58.520><c> "If</c><00:06:58.720><c> there</c><00:06:58.880><c> is</c><00:06:58.960><c> an</c><00:06:59.120><c> A</c><00:06:59.240><c> on</c><00:06:59.400><c> one</c>

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Okay. It says, "If there is an A on one
 

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Okay. It says, "If there is an A on one
side,"<00:06:59.720><c> which</c><00:06:59.880><c> there</c><00:07:00.040><c> isn't,</c><00:07:00.440><c> so</c><00:07:00.520><c> I</c><00:07:00.560><c> don't</c>

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side," which there isn't, so I don't
 

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side," which there isn't, so I don't
care.

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care.
 

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care.
So<00:07:01.920><c> I</c><00:07:01.960><c> can</c><00:07:02.120><c> ignore</c><00:07:02.440><c> the</c><00:07:02.560><c> G</c><00:07:02.800><c> card.</c>

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So I can ignore the G card.
 

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So I can ignore the G card.
The<00:07:04.480><c> seven</c><00:07:05.120><c> card,</c><00:07:05.680><c> I'd</c><00:07:05.840><c> be</c><00:07:06.000><c> really</c><00:07:06.360><c> tempted</c><00:07:06.840><c> to</c>

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The seven card, I'd be really tempted to
 

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The seven card, I'd be really tempted to
turn<00:07:07.360><c> over</c><00:07:07.720><c> to</c><00:07:07.840><c> see</c><00:07:07.960><c> if</c><00:07:08.080><c> there</c><00:07:08.200><c> was</c><00:07:08.320><c> an</c><00:07:08.560><c> A</c><00:07:08.760><c> on</c>

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turn over to see if there was an A on
 

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turn over to see if there was an A on
the<00:07:09.000><c> other</c><00:07:09.160><c> side</c><00:07:09.480><c> because</c><00:07:09.680><c> then</c><00:07:09.880><c> that</c><00:07:10.000><c> would</c>

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the other side because then that would
 

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the other side because then that would
be<00:07:10.240><c> another</c><00:07:11.480><c> instance</c><00:07:12.120><c> of</c><00:07:12.240><c> the</c><00:07:12.400><c> rule.</c><00:07:13.360><c> Right.</c>

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be another instance of the rule. Right.
 

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be another instance of the rule. Right.
&gt;&gt; But<00:07:14.400><c> the</c><00:07:14.600><c> way</c><00:07:14.920><c> the</c><00:07:15.080><c> rule</c><00:07:15.440><c> is</c><00:07:15.640><c> phrased</c><00:07:16.240><c> is</c><00:07:16.400><c> that</c>

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&gt;&gt; But the way the rule is phrased is that
 

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&gt;&gt; But the way the rule is phrased is that
it<00:07:16.680><c> says,</c><00:07:17.080><c> "If</c><00:07:17.520><c> there</c><00:07:17.720><c> is</c><00:07:17.880><c> an</c><00:07:18.000><c> A</c><00:07:18.120><c> on</c><00:07:18.280><c> one</c><00:07:18.480><c> side,</c>

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it says, "If there is an A on one side,
 

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it says, "If there is an A on one side,
there<00:07:19.000><c> is</c><00:07:19.120><c> a</c><00:07:19.200><c> seven</c><00:07:19.560><c> on</c><00:07:19.640><c> the</c><00:07:19.760><c> other."</c><00:07:19.960><c> It</c>

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there is a seven on the other." It
 

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there is a seven on the other." It
doesn't<00:07:20.400><c> say</c><00:07:20.760><c> you</c><00:07:20.960><c> can</c><00:07:21.200><c> only</c><00:07:21.600><c> have</c><00:07:21.840><c> sevens</c>

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doesn't say you can only have sevens
 

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doesn't say you can only have sevens
where<00:07:23.720><c> A's</c><00:07:24.080><c> exist.</c><00:07:25.160><c> Correct.</c>

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where A's exist. Correct.
 

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where A's exist. Correct.
&gt;&gt; So<00:07:26.000><c> actually,</c><00:07:26.440><c> you</c><00:07:26.560><c> could</c><00:07:26.720><c> have</c><00:07:26.880><c> a</c><00:07:27.280><c> J</c><00:07:28.280><c> on</c><00:07:28.400><c> the</c>

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&gt;&gt; So actually, you could have a J on the
 

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&gt;&gt; So actually, you could have a J on the
other<00:07:28.640><c> side</c><00:07:28.880><c> of</c><00:07:28.920><c> the</c><00:07:29.000><c> seven,</c><00:07:29.320><c> and</c><00:07:29.400><c> it</c><00:07:29.520><c> wouldn't</c>

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other side of the seven, and it wouldn't
 

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other side of the seven, and it wouldn't
violate<00:07:30.120><c> the</c><00:07:30.240><c> rule.</c><00:07:30.760><c> That'd</c><00:07:31.000><c> be</c><00:07:31.120><c> fine.</c><00:07:31.760><c> That</c>

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violate the rule. That'd be fine. That
 

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violate the rule. That'd be fine. That
would<00:07:32.120><c> be</c><00:07:32.240><c> fine.</c><00:07:33.120><c> So</c><00:07:33.360><c> even</c><00:07:33.600><c> though</c><00:07:33.720><c> my</c>

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would be fine. So even though my
 

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would be fine. So even though my
temptation<00:07:34.600><c> is</c><00:07:34.720><c> to</c><00:07:34.840><c> say</c><00:07:35.120><c> turn</c><00:07:35.400><c> over</c><00:07:35.640><c> A</c><00:07:35.800><c> and</c>

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temptation is to say turn over A and
 

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temptation is to say turn over A and
seven,<00:07:36.880><c> actually</c><00:07:37.320><c> I</c><00:07:37.400><c> think</c><00:07:37.640><c> you</c><00:07:37.680><c> need</c><00:07:37.840><c> to</c><00:07:37.920><c> turn</c>

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seven, actually I think you need to turn
 

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seven, actually I think you need to turn
over<00:07:38.400><c> A</c><00:07:38.520><c> and</c><00:07:38.800><c> eight.</c>

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over A and eight.
 

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over A and eight.
Because<00:07:40.200><c> if</c><00:07:40.360><c> you</c><00:07:40.520><c> turn</c><00:07:40.960><c> over</c><00:07:41.280><c> eight</c><00:07:41.560><c> and</c><00:07:41.680><c> it's</c>

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Because if you turn over eight and it's
 

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Because if you turn over eight and it's
got<00:07:42.040><c> an</c><00:07:42.200><c> A</c><00:07:42.360><c> on</c><00:07:42.480><c> the</c><00:07:42.600><c> other</c><00:07:42.800><c> side,</c>

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got an A on the other side,
 

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got an A on the other side,
that<00:07:44.360><c> would</c><00:07:44.560><c> violate</c><00:07:45.240><c> the</c><00:07:45.360><c> rule,</c><00:07:45.760><c> right?</c>

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that would violate the rule, right?
 

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that would violate the rule, right?
Correct.<00:07:47.200><c> You</c><00:07:47.680><c> aced</c><00:07:48.000><c> it,</c><00:07:48.120><c> Hannah.</c><00:07:48.640><c> I</c><00:07:48.800><c> mean,</c><00:07:49.000><c> I</c>

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Correct. You aced it, Hannah. I mean, I
 

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Correct. You aced it, Hannah. I mean, I
did,<00:07:49.320><c> but</c><00:07:49.440><c> I</c><00:07:49.520><c> almost</c><00:07:49.880><c> mucked</c><00:07:50.160><c> up</c><00:07:50.280><c> at</c><00:07:50.360><c> the</c>

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did, but I almost mucked up at the
 

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did, but I almost mucked up at the
beginning<00:07:50.840><c> there.</c><00:07:51.040><c> Let's</c><00:07:51.280><c> be</c><00:07:51.400><c> honest.</c><00:07:52.480><c> Well,</c>

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beginning there. Let's be honest. Well,
 

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beginning there. Let's be honest. Well,
it<00:07:53.720><c> it's</c><00:07:53.880><c> amazingly</c><00:07:54.720><c> tough</c><00:07:55.080><c> like</c><00:07:55.280><c> that.</c><00:07:55.800><c> Now,</c>

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it it's amazingly tough like that. Now,
 

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it it's amazingly tough like that. Now,
imagine<00:07:56.640><c> that</c><00:07:56.800><c> you</c><00:07:57.000><c> weren't</c><00:07:57.760><c> a</c><00:07:58.600><c> professor</c><00:07:59.040><c> of</c>

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imagine that you weren't a professor of
 

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imagine that you weren't a professor of
mathematics<00:07:59.720><c> at</c><00:08:00.040><c> Cambridge</c><00:08:00.480><c> on</c><00:08:00.600><c> a</c><00:08:00.680><c> podcast</c>

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mathematics at Cambridge on a podcast
 

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mathematics at Cambridge on a podcast
called<00:08:03.480><c> The</c><00:08:03.680><c> Puzzle</c><00:08:04.120><c> Almost</c><00:08:04.440><c> Everyone</c><00:08:04.800><c> Gets</c>

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called The Puzzle Almost Everyone Gets
 

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called The Puzzle Almost Everyone Gets
Wrong.<00:08:05.720><c> Yeah.</c><00:08:06.015><c> [laughter and gasps]</c>

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Wrong. Yeah. [laughter and gasps]
 

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Wrong. Yeah. [laughter and gasps]
Yeah,<00:08:07.160><c> and</c><00:08:07.400><c> having</c><00:08:07.720><c> seen</c><00:08:08.000><c> it</c><00:08:08.120><c> before.</c><00:08:08.920><c> And</c>

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Yeah, and having seen it before. And
 

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Yeah, and having seen it before. And
having<00:08:09.480><c> seen</c><00:08:09.720><c> it</c><00:08:09.840><c> before.</c>

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having seen it before.
 

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having seen it before.
&gt;&gt; [gasps]

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&gt;&gt; [gasps]
 

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&gt;&gt; [gasps]
&gt;&gt; Yeah.<00:08:11.960><c> Wow.</c><00:08:12.720><c> You're</c><00:08:12.880><c> right.</c>

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&gt;&gt; Yeah. Wow. You're right.
 

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&gt;&gt; Yeah. Wow. You're right.
&gt;&gt; So<00:08:13.960><c> So</c><00:08:14.440><c> I</c><00:08:14.520><c> want</c><00:08:14.680><c> to</c><00:08:14.800><c> immediately</c><00:08:15.440><c> jump</c><00:08:15.800><c> to</c><00:08:15.920><c> a</c>

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&gt;&gt; So So I want to immediately jump to a
 

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&gt;&gt; So So I want to immediately jump to a
different<00:08:16.400><c> version.</c><00:08:17.040><c> Okay.</c>

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different version. Okay.
 

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different version. Okay.
&gt;&gt; This<00:08:17.680><c> is</c><00:08:17.840><c> the</c><00:08:17.920><c> exact</c><00:08:18.400><c> same</c><00:08:18.640><c> problem,</c><00:08:19.160><c> except</c>

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&gt;&gt; This is the exact same problem, except
 

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&gt;&gt; This is the exact same problem, except
this<00:08:19.800><c> time</c><00:08:20.720><c> instead</c><00:08:21.320><c> of</c><00:08:21.560><c> letters</c><00:08:22.560><c> and</c>

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this time instead of letters and
 

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this time instead of letters and
numbers,<00:08:23.920><c> the</c><00:08:24.080><c> cards</c><00:08:24.640><c> are</c><00:08:24.800><c> about</c><00:08:25.160><c> people</c><00:08:25.960><c> in</c><00:08:26.120><c> a</c>

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numbers, the cards are about people in a
 

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numbers, the cards are about people in a
bar.<00:08:26.840><c> Okay.</c>

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bar. Okay.
 

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bar. Okay.
&gt;&gt; Or<00:08:27.280><c> a</c><00:08:27.360><c> pub</c><00:08:27.920><c> for</c><00:08:28.040><c> those</c><00:08:28.280><c> of</c><00:08:28.400><c> you</c><00:08:28.520><c> across</c><00:08:28.840><c> the</c>

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&gt;&gt; Or a pub for those of you across the
 

00:08:28.960 --> 00:08:29.430 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Or a pub for those of you across the
Atlantic.

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Atlantic.
 

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Atlantic.
&gt;&gt; Thank<00:08:29.640><c> you.</c><00:08:30.280><c> You're</c><00:08:30.560><c> welcome.</c><00:08:31.120><c> I'm</c><00:08:31.280><c> I'm</c><00:08:31.440><c> sure</c>

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&gt;&gt; Thank you. You're welcome. I'm I'm sure
 

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&gt;&gt; Thank you. You're welcome. I'm I'm sure
you<00:08:31.720><c> all</c><00:08:31.840><c> were</c><00:08:31.960><c> going,</c><00:08:32.200><c> "Oh,</c><00:08:32.360><c> what's</c><00:08:32.719><c> he</c>

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you all were going, "Oh, what's he
 

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you all were going, "Oh, what's he
talking<00:08:33.280><c> about?"</c><00:08:34.000><c> A</c><00:08:34.240><c> bar?</c>

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talking about?" A bar?
 

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talking about?" A bar?
&gt;&gt; [laughter]

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&gt;&gt; [laughter]
 

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&gt;&gt; [laughter]
&gt;&gt; A<00:08:36.000><c> bar?</c>

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&gt;&gt; A bar?
 

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&gt;&gt; A bar?
All<00:08:37.760><c> right.</c><00:08:38.159><c> Look,</c><00:08:38.919><c> the</c><00:08:39.039><c> deal</c><00:08:39.320><c> is</c><00:08:39.560><c> that</c><00:08:39.800><c> in</c>

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All right. Look, the deal is that in
 

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All right. Look, the deal is that in
this<00:08:40.159><c> case,</c><00:08:40.960><c> the</c><00:08:41.120><c> cards</c><00:08:41.520><c> are</c><00:08:41.640><c> about</c><00:08:41.919><c> people</c><00:08:42.200><c> in</c>

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this case, the cards are about people in
 

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this case, the cards are about people in
a<00:08:42.360><c> bar.</c><00:08:42.960><c> And</c><00:08:43.320><c> on</c><00:08:43.520><c> one</c><00:08:43.680><c> side</c><00:08:43.880><c> of</c><00:08:43.960><c> the</c><00:08:44.039><c> card,</c><00:08:44.320><c> you</c>

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a bar. And on one side of the card, you
 

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a bar. And on one side of the card, you
have<00:08:44.640><c> the</c><00:08:44.720><c> person's</c><00:08:45.320><c> age.</c><00:08:46.000><c> And</c><00:08:46.160><c> on</c><00:08:46.280><c> the</c><00:08:46.520><c> other</c>

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have the person's age. And on the other
 

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have the person's age. And on the other
side,<00:08:47.560><c> you</c><00:08:47.720><c> have</c><00:08:48.280><c> what</c><00:08:48.520><c> it</c><00:08:48.720><c> is</c><00:08:48.920><c> they</c><00:08:49.120><c> are</c>

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side, you have what it is they are
 

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side, you have what it is they are
currently<00:08:49.840><c> drinking.</c>

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currently drinking.
 

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currently drinking.
Okay.<00:08:52.160><c> Once</c><00:08:52.440><c> again,</c><00:08:52.840><c> you</c><00:08:52.960><c> have</c><00:08:53.160><c> four</c><00:08:53.440><c> cards,</c>

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Okay. Once again, you have four cards,
 

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Okay. Once again, you have four cards,
and<00:08:54.440><c> you</c><00:08:54.800><c> are</c><00:08:55.840><c> a</c><00:08:56.280><c> police</c><00:08:56.640><c> officer,</c><00:08:57.040><c> and</c><00:08:57.160><c> it's</c>

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and you are a police officer, and it's
 

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and you are a police officer, and it's
your<00:08:57.560><c> job</c><00:08:57.840><c> to</c><00:08:57.960><c> make</c><00:08:58.120><c> sure</c><00:08:58.360><c> that</c><00:08:58.600><c> no</c><00:08:58.800><c> one</c><00:08:58.960><c> is</c>

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your job to make sure that no one is
 

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your job to make sure that no one is
drinking<00:08:59.600><c> under</c><00:09:00.040><c> age.</c><00:09:00.600><c> On</c><00:09:00.760><c> some</c><00:09:00.920><c> of</c><00:09:01.000><c> these</c>

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drinking under age. On some of these
 

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drinking under age. On some of these
cards,<00:09:01.480><c> you</c><00:09:01.600><c> can</c><00:09:01.720><c> only</c><00:09:01.920><c> see</c><00:09:02.040><c> their</c><00:09:02.320><c> age.</c>

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cards, you can only see their age.
 

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cards, you can only see their age.
You're<00:09:02.800><c> going</c><00:09:02.920><c> to</c><00:09:02.960><c> have</c><00:09:03.040><c> to</c><00:09:03.080><c> turn</c><00:09:03.200><c> them</c><00:09:03.280><c> over</c>

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You're going to have to turn them over
 

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You're going to have to turn them over
to<00:09:03.560><c> see</c><00:09:03.680><c> what</c><00:09:03.800><c> they're</c><00:09:03.920><c> drinking.</c><00:09:04.320><c> On</c><00:09:04.480><c> others,</c>

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to see what they're drinking. On others,
 

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to see what they're drinking. On others,
you<00:09:04.920><c> only</c><00:09:05.120><c> see</c><00:09:05.320><c> what</c><00:09:05.480><c> they're</c><00:09:05.640><c> drinking,</c>

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you only see what they're drinking,
 

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you only see what they're drinking,
you'll<00:09:06.280><c> have</c><00:09:06.360><c> to</c><00:09:06.440><c> turn</c><00:09:06.560><c> them</c><00:09:06.680><c> over</c><00:09:06.840><c> to</c><00:09:06.920><c> get</c>

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you'll have to turn them over to get
 

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you'll have to turn them over to get
their<00:09:07.280><c> age.</c><00:09:07.920><c> This</c><00:09:08.120><c> is</c><00:09:08.200><c> what</c><00:09:08.320><c> you</c><00:09:08.440><c> see</c><00:09:08.560><c> in</c><00:09:08.680><c> front</c>

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their age. This is what you see in front
 

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their age. This is what you see in front
of<00:09:09.000><c> you,</c><00:09:09.120><c> these</c><00:09:09.280><c> four</c><00:09:09.520><c> cards.</c><00:09:10.440><c> The</c><00:09:10.680><c> age</c><00:09:11.160><c> 12,</c>

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of you, these four cards. The age 12,
 

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of you, these four cards. The age 12,
Mhm.<00:09:12.920><c> the</c><00:09:13.240><c> age</c><00:09:13.920><c> 35,</c><00:09:14.920><c> the</c><00:09:15.080><c> drink</c><00:09:15.840><c> soda,</c>

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Mhm. the age 35, the drink soda,
 

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Mhm. the age 35, the drink soda,
and<00:09:17.400><c> the</c><00:09:17.480><c> drink</c><00:09:18.480><c> beer.</c>

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and the drink beer.
 

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and the drink beer.
Okay.<00:09:21.240><c> Which</c><00:09:21.600><c> ones</c><00:09:22.520><c> do</c><00:09:22.600><c> you</c><00:09:22.680><c> need</c><00:09:22.840><c> to</c><00:09:22.960><c> turn</c>

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Okay. Which ones do you need to turn
 

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Okay. Which ones do you need to turn
over<00:09:23.840><c> to</c><00:09:23.960><c> determine</c><00:09:24.440><c> whether</c><00:09:24.720><c> or</c><00:09:24.840><c> not</c><00:09:25.080><c> the</c>

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over to determine whether or not the
 

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over to determine whether or not the
rule<00:09:25.480><c> is</c><00:09:25.640><c> being</c><00:09:25.880><c> obeyed</c><00:09:26.640><c> that</c><00:09:26.800><c> you</c><00:09:26.880><c> cannot</c>

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rule is being obeyed that you cannot
 

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rule is being obeyed that you cannot
drink<00:09:27.440><c> under</c><00:09:27.760><c> age?</c><00:09:28.440><c> Okay.</c><00:09:28.720><c> Well</c><00:09:28.960><c> Well,</c><00:09:29.120><c> now</c><00:09:29.720><c> is</c>

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drink under age? Okay. Well Well, now is
 

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drink under age? Okay. Well Well, now is
immediately<00:09:30.600><c> obvious</c><00:09:30.960><c> to</c><00:09:31.040><c> me</c><00:09:31.200><c> that</c><00:09:31.400><c> the</c>

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immediately obvious to me that the
 

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immediately obvious to me that the
the<00:09:32.360><c> person</c><00:09:32.720><c> who</c><00:09:32.840><c> is</c><00:09:32.960><c> 30,</c><00:09:33.400><c> they</c><00:09:33.520><c> can</c><00:09:33.640><c> drink</c>

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the person who is 30, they can drink
 

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the person who is 30, they can drink
whatever<00:09:34.080><c> they</c><00:09:34.200><c> like.</c><00:09:34.440><c> I</c><00:09:34.480><c> don't</c><00:09:34.680><c> need</c><00:09:34.920><c> I</c><00:09:34.960><c> don't</c>

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whatever they like. I don't need I don't
 

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whatever they like. I don't need I don't
care<00:09:35.400><c> what</c><00:09:35.560><c> they're</c><00:09:35.760><c> drinking.</c><00:09:36.840><c> Yeah.</c><00:09:37.280><c> And</c>

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care what they're drinking. Yeah. And
 

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care what they're drinking. Yeah. And
And<00:09:37.600><c> likewise,</c><00:09:38.000><c> the</c><00:09:38.080><c> person</c><00:09:38.320><c> who's</c><00:09:38.440><c> drinking</c>

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And likewise, the person who's drinking
 

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And likewise, the person who's drinking
soda,<00:09:39.600><c> I</c><00:09:39.680><c> mean,</c><00:09:40.240><c> someone</c><00:09:40.520><c> should</c><00:09:40.640><c> speak</c><00:09:40.840><c> to</c>

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soda, I mean, someone should speak to
 

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soda, I mean, someone should speak to
their<00:09:41.040><c> parents</c><00:09:41.360><c> about</c><00:09:41.560><c> them</c><00:09:41.680><c> being</c><00:09:41.920><c> in</c><00:09:42.000><c> a</c><00:09:42.040><c> bar.</c>

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their parents about them being in a bar.
 

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their parents about them being in a bar.
But

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But
 

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But
&gt;&gt; [laughter]

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&gt;&gt; [laughter]
 

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&gt;&gt; [laughter]
&gt;&gt; I<00:09:44.400><c> don't</c><00:09:44.600><c> care</c><00:09:44.960><c> I</c><00:09:45.040><c> don't</c><00:09:45.280><c> care</c><00:09:45.520><c> what</c><00:09:45.640><c> they're</c><00:09:46.080><c> I</c>

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&gt;&gt; I don't care I don't care what they're I
 

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&gt;&gt; I don't care I don't care what they're I
don't<00:09:46.360><c> care</c><00:09:46.600><c> what</c><00:09:46.760><c> their</c><00:09:46.960><c> age</c><00:09:47.200><c> is.</c><00:09:47.440><c> It's</c><00:09:47.600><c> not</c>

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don't care what their age is. It's not
 

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don't care what their age is. It's not
It's<00:09:47.880><c> not</c><00:09:48.080><c> relevant.</c><00:09:48.880><c> Yes.</c>

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It's not relevant. Yes.
 

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It's not relevant. Yes.
&gt;&gt; So<00:09:50.000><c> immediately,</c><00:09:51.040><c> it's</c><00:09:51.160><c> like,</c><00:09:51.280><c> well,</c><00:09:51.400><c> what's</c>

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&gt;&gt; So immediately, it's like, well, what's
 

00:09:51.600 --> 00:09:52.830 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; So immediately, it's like, well, what's
the<00:09:51.680><c> 12-year-old</c><00:09:52.160><c> drinking</c><00:09:52.520><c> and</c><00:09:52.640><c> who's</c>

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the 12-year-old drinking and who's
 

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the 12-year-old drinking and who's
drinking<00:09:53.160><c> the</c><00:09:53.240><c> beer?</c><00:09:53.720><c> That's</c><00:09:54.000><c> That's</c>

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drinking the beer? That's That's
 

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drinking the beer? That's That's
&gt;&gt; That's<00:09:54.360><c> it,</c><00:09:54.920><c> right?</c><00:09:55.240><c> I</c><00:09:55.280><c> mean,</c><00:09:55.440><c> that's</c><00:09:55.600><c> it.</c>

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&gt;&gt; That's it, right? I mean, that's it.
 

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&gt;&gt; That's it, right? I mean, that's it.
It's<00:09:56.240><c> It's</c><00:09:56.440><c> the</c><00:09:56.520><c> exact</c><00:09:56.920><c> same</c><00:09:57.200><c> answer</c><00:09:57.560><c> as</c><00:09:57.680><c> the</c>

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It's It's the exact same answer as the
 

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It's It's the exact same answer as the
one<00:09:57.960><c> before,</c><00:09:58.320><c> the</c><00:09:58.440><c> first</c><00:09:58.720><c> and</c><00:09:58.800><c> the</c><00:09:58.880><c> last</c><00:09:59.160><c> card,</c>

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one before, the first and the last card,
 

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one before, the first and the last card,
except<00:10:00.760><c> it's</c><00:10:01.040><c> just</c><00:10:01.360><c> so</c><00:10:01.560><c> much</c><00:10:01.800><c> faster</c><00:10:02.760><c> to</c><00:10:02.880><c> get</c>

00:10:03.070 --> 00:10:03.080 align:start position:0%
except it's just so much faster to get
 

00:10:03.080 --> 00:10:03.830 align:start position:0%
except it's just so much faster to get
to<00:10:03.160><c> the</c><00:10:03.320><c> answer.</c>

00:10:03.830 --> 00:10:03.840 align:start position:0%
to the answer.
 

00:10:03.840 --> 00:10:06.150 align:start position:0%
to the answer.
&gt;&gt; Yeah,<00:10:04.080><c> what</c><00:10:04.360><c> like</c><00:10:04.920><c> the</c><00:10:05.240><c> the</c><00:10:05.520><c> original</c>

00:10:06.150 --> 00:10:06.160 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Yeah, what like the the original
 

00:10:06.160 --> 00:10:08.150 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Yeah, what like the the original
formulation<00:10:06.640><c> of</c><00:10:06.720><c> that</c><00:10:06.920><c> is</c><00:10:07.280><c> genuinely</c>

00:10:08.150 --> 00:10:08.160 align:start position:0%
formulation of that is genuinely
 

00:10:08.160 --> 00:10:11.430 align:start position:0%
formulation of that is genuinely
confusing,<00:10:09.520><c> extremely</c><00:10:10.600><c> difficult</c><00:10:11.240><c> to</c>

00:10:11.430 --> 00:10:11.440 align:start position:0%
confusing, extremely difficult to
 

00:10:11.440 --> 00:10:13.790 align:start position:0%
confusing, extremely difficult to
logically<00:10:12.080><c> work</c><00:10:12.360><c> your</c><00:10:12.520><c> way</c><00:10:12.680><c> through,</c><00:10:13.560><c> and</c>

00:10:13.790 --> 00:10:13.800 align:start position:0%
logically work your way through, and
 

00:10:13.800 --> 00:10:16.390 align:start position:0%
logically work your way through, and
even<00:10:14.200><c> when</c><00:10:14.440><c> you</c><00:10:14.600><c> get</c><00:10:14.920><c> there,</c><00:10:15.320><c> you're</c><00:10:16.080><c> I</c><00:10:16.160><c> don't</c>

00:10:16.390 --> 00:10:16.400 align:start position:0%
even when you get there, you're I don't
 

00:10:16.400 --> 00:10:18.270 align:start position:0%
even when you get there, you're I don't
know.<00:10:16.680><c> I'm</c><00:10:16.960><c> really</c><00:10:17.280><c> like</c><00:10:17.560><c> double-checking</c>

00:10:18.270 --> 00:10:18.280 align:start position:0%
know. I'm really like double-checking
 

00:10:18.280 --> 00:10:20.230 align:start position:0%
know. I'm really like double-checking
myself,<00:10:19.280><c> but</c><00:10:19.440><c> that</c><00:10:19.800><c> other</c><00:10:19.960><c> one</c><00:10:20.080><c> is</c>

00:10:20.230 --> 00:10:20.240 align:start position:0%
myself, but that other one is
 

00:10:20.240 --> 00:10:22.710 align:start position:0%
myself, but that other one is
instinctive.<00:10:21.120><c> It's</c><00:10:21.320><c> It's</c><00:10:21.520><c> automatic.</c>

00:10:22.710 --> 00:10:22.720 align:start position:0%
instinctive. It's It's automatic.
 

00:10:22.720 --> 00:10:25.030 align:start position:0%
instinctive. It's It's automatic.
&gt;&gt; Yeah,<00:10:22.960><c> no</c><00:10:23.280><c> one</c><00:10:23.560><c> needs</c><00:10:23.880><c> an</c><00:10:23.960><c> explanation</c><00:10:24.760><c> for</c>

00:10:25.030 --> 00:10:25.040 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Yeah, no one needs an explanation for
 

00:10:25.040 --> 00:10:26.870 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Yeah, no one needs an explanation for
why<00:10:25.600><c> you</c><00:10:25.680><c> need</c><00:10:25.800><c> to</c><00:10:25.880><c> check</c><00:10:26.120><c> the</c><00:10:26.200><c> 12-year-old</c>

00:10:26.870 --> 00:10:26.880 align:start position:0%
why you need to check the 12-year-old
 

00:10:26.880 --> 00:10:29.110 align:start position:0%
why you need to check the 12-year-old
and<00:10:26.960><c> the</c><00:10:27.000><c> beer</c><00:10:27.240><c> drinker.</c><00:10:28.200><c> It's</c><00:10:28.480><c> It's</c><00:10:28.760><c> almost</c>

00:10:29.110 --> 00:10:29.120 align:start position:0%
and the beer drinker. It's It's almost
 

00:10:29.120 --> 00:10:31.310 align:start position:0%
and the beer drinker. It's It's almost
just<00:10:29.440><c> evident</c><00:10:30.040><c> prima</c><00:10:30.320><c> facie.</c><00:10:30.800><c> Like,</c><00:10:31.040><c> I</c><00:10:31.120><c> get</c>

00:10:31.310 --> 00:10:31.320 align:start position:0%
just evident prima facie. Like, I get
 

00:10:31.320 --> 00:10:34.750 align:start position:0%
just evident prima facie. Like, I get
it.<00:10:32.040><c> Whereas,</c><00:10:32.600><c> when</c><00:10:32.760><c> we</c><00:10:32.920><c> replace</c><00:10:33.880><c> the</c><00:10:34.160><c> ages</c>

00:10:34.750 --> 00:10:34.760 align:start position:0%
it. Whereas, when we replace the ages
 

00:10:34.760 --> 00:10:37.310 align:start position:0%
it. Whereas, when we replace the ages
and<00:10:34.960><c> the</c><00:10:35.640><c> beverage</c><00:10:36.480><c> with</c><00:10:36.800><c> numbers</c><00:10:37.160><c> and</c>

00:10:37.310 --> 00:10:37.320 align:start position:0%
and the beverage with numbers and
 

00:10:37.320 --> 00:10:40.430 align:start position:0%
and the beverage with numbers and
letters,<00:10:37.680><c> it</c><00:10:37.800><c> becomes</c><00:10:38.200><c> very</c><00:10:38.560><c> abstract.</c>

00:10:40.430 --> 00:10:40.440 align:start position:0%
letters, it becomes very abstract.
 

00:10:40.440 --> 00:10:43.750 align:start position:0%
letters, it becomes very abstract.
And,<00:10:40.960><c> of</c><00:10:41.120><c> course,</c><00:10:41.920><c> we</c><00:10:42.200><c> see</c><00:10:42.760><c> this</c><00:10:43.080><c> reflect</c><00:10:43.560><c> in</c>

00:10:43.750 --> 00:10:43.760 align:start position:0%
And, of course, we see this reflect in
 

00:10:43.760 --> 00:10:46.310 align:start position:0%
And, of course, we see this reflect in
people's<00:10:44.160><c> performance.</c><00:10:45.240><c> When</c><00:10:45.400><c> it</c><00:10:45.520><c> comes</c><00:10:45.880><c> to</c>

00:10:46.310 --> 00:10:46.320 align:start position:0%
people's performance. When it comes to
 

00:10:46.320 --> 00:10:49.150 align:start position:0%
people's performance. When it comes to
letters<00:10:46.640><c> and</c><00:10:46.760><c> numbers,</c><00:10:47.320><c> like</c><00:10:47.520><c> I</c><00:10:47.600><c> said,</c><00:10:48.360><c> four,</c>

00:10:49.150 --> 00:10:49.160 align:start position:0%
letters and numbers, like I said, four,
 

00:10:49.160 --> 00:10:51.590 align:start position:0%
letters and numbers, like I said, four,
maybe<00:10:49.480><c> 10%</c><00:10:50.080><c> of</c><00:10:50.160><c> people</c><00:10:50.440><c> get</c><00:10:50.600><c> it</c><00:10:50.720><c> right,</c><00:10:51.440><c> but</c>

00:10:51.590 --> 00:10:51.600 align:start position:0%
maybe 10% of people get it right, but
 

00:10:51.600 --> 00:10:54.470 align:start position:0%
maybe 10% of people get it right, but
when<00:10:51.720><c> it</c><00:10:51.840><c> comes</c><00:10:52.200><c> to</c><00:10:52.720><c> the</c><00:10:52.920><c> beer</c><00:10:53.320><c> and</c><00:10:53.440><c> the</c><00:10:53.560><c> ages,</c>

00:10:54.470 --> 00:10:54.480 align:start position:0%
when it comes to the beer and the ages,
 

00:10:54.480 --> 00:10:56.510 align:start position:0%
when it comes to the beer and the ages,
everyone<00:10:54.840><c> gets</c><00:10:55.040><c> it</c><00:10:55.160><c> right.</c><00:10:55.680><c> I</c><00:10:55.760><c> mean,</c><00:10:56.400><c> the</c>

00:10:56.510 --> 00:10:56.520 align:start position:0%
everyone gets it right. I mean, the
 

00:10:56.520 --> 00:10:57.910 align:start position:0%
everyone gets it right. I mean, the
people<00:10:56.760><c> who</c><00:10:56.880><c> get</c><00:10:57.040><c> it</c><00:10:57.160><c> wrong</c><00:10:57.400><c> are</c><00:10:57.480><c> the</c><00:10:57.600><c> people</c>

00:10:57.910 --> 00:10:57.920 align:start position:0%
people who get it wrong are the people
 

00:10:57.920 --> 00:10:59.670 align:start position:0%
people who get it wrong are the people
who<00:10:58.320><c> are</c><00:10:58.520><c> like</c><00:10:58.760><c> just</c><00:10:59.000><c> trying</c><00:10:59.280><c> to</c><00:10:59.480><c> be</c>

00:10:59.670 --> 00:10:59.680 align:start position:0%
who are like just trying to be
 

00:10:59.680 --> 00:11:02.070 align:start position:0%
who are like just trying to be
goof-offs.<00:11:00.280><c> I</c><00:11:00.320><c> mean,</c><00:11:00.440><c> seriously,</c><00:11:01.000><c> it's</c><00:11:01.120><c> like</c>

00:11:02.070 --> 00:11:02.080 align:start position:0%
goof-offs. I mean, seriously, it's like
 

00:11:02.080 --> 00:11:03.670 align:start position:0%
goof-offs. I mean, seriously, it's like
It's<00:11:02.240><c> like</c><00:11:02.400><c> this</c><00:11:02.600><c> not</c><00:11:02.800><c> It's</c><00:11:02.960><c> not</c><00:11:03.160><c> even</c><00:11:03.400><c> really</c>

00:11:03.670 --> 00:11:03.680 align:start position:0%
It's like this not It's not even really
 

00:11:03.680 --> 00:11:05.750 align:start position:0%
It's like this not It's not even really
a<00:11:03.760><c> question.</c><00:11:04.560><c> So,</c>

00:11:05.750 --> 00:11:05.760 align:start position:0%
a question. So,
 

00:11:05.760 --> 00:11:09.350 align:start position:0%
a question. So,
why<00:11:06.160><c> is</c><00:11:06.360><c> it</c><00:11:06.560><c> so</c><00:11:06.760><c> much</c><00:11:07.520><c> more</c><00:11:07.760><c> difficult</c><00:11:08.400><c> for</c><00:11:08.680><c> us</c>

00:11:09.350 --> 00:11:09.360 align:start position:0%
why is it so much more difficult for us
 

00:11:09.360 --> 00:11:11.070 align:start position:0%
why is it so much more difficult for us
to<00:11:09.480><c> solve</c><00:11:09.760><c> the</c><00:11:09.880><c> problem</c><00:11:10.280><c> when</c><00:11:10.400><c> it's</c><00:11:10.560><c> abstract</c>

00:11:11.070 --> 00:11:11.080 align:start position:0%
to solve the problem when it's abstract
 

00:11:11.080 --> 00:11:13.950 align:start position:0%
to solve the problem when it's abstract
like<00:11:11.280><c> this?</c><00:11:11.920><c> Is</c><00:11:12.280><c> that</c><00:11:12.600><c> the</c><00:11:12.720><c> key</c><00:11:13.120><c> to</c><00:11:13.280><c> explaining</c>

00:11:13.950 --> 00:11:13.960 align:start position:0%
like this? Is that the key to explaining
 

00:11:13.960 --> 00:11:16.270 align:start position:0%
like this? Is that the key to explaining
why<00:11:14.160><c> this</c><00:11:14.360><c> is</c><00:11:14.480><c> so</c><00:11:14.640><c> difficult?</c><00:11:15.560><c> Well,</c><00:11:16.080><c> as</c><00:11:16.200><c> you</c>

00:11:16.270 --> 00:11:16.280 align:start position:0%
why this is so difficult? Well, as you
 

00:11:16.280 --> 00:11:18.510 align:start position:0%
why this is so difficult? Well, as you
can<00:11:16.400><c> imagine,</c><00:11:17.120><c> for</c><00:11:17.240><c> the</c><00:11:17.360><c> last,</c><00:11:18.000><c> you</c><00:11:18.080><c> know,</c>

00:11:18.510 --> 00:11:18.520 align:start position:0%
can imagine, for the last, you know,
 

00:11:18.520 --> 00:11:21.910 align:start position:0%
can imagine, for the last, you know,
gosh,<00:11:18.960><c> 50,</c><00:11:19.680><c> 60</c><00:11:20.200><c> years,</c><00:11:20.960><c> 60</c><00:11:21.320><c> years</c><00:11:21.640><c> now,</c>

00:11:21.910 --> 00:11:21.920 align:start position:0%
gosh, 50, 60 years, 60 years now,
 

00:11:21.920 --> 00:11:23.910 align:start position:0%
gosh, 50, 60 years, 60 years now,
actually,<00:11:22.360><c> this</c><00:11:22.600><c> year.</c><00:11:23.320><c> Happy</c><00:11:23.560><c> birthday,</c>

00:11:23.910 --> 00:11:23.920 align:start position:0%
actually, this year. Happy birthday,
 

00:11:23.920 --> 00:11:25.829 align:start position:0%
actually, this year. Happy birthday,
Wason<00:11:24.280><c> selection</c><00:11:24.720><c> task.</c>

00:11:25.829 --> 00:11:25.839 align:start position:0%
Wason selection task.
 

00:11:25.839 --> 00:11:27.670 align:start position:0%
Wason selection task.
Um<00:11:26.480><c> You</c><00:11:26.640><c> are</c><00:11:26.839><c> old</c><00:11:27.000><c> enough</c><00:11:27.200><c> to</c><00:11:27.280><c> drink.</c>

00:11:27.670 --> 00:11:27.680 align:start position:0%
Um You are old enough to drink.
 

00:11:27.680 --> 00:11:28.590 align:start position:0%
Um You are old enough to drink.
Congratulations.

00:11:28.590 --> 00:11:28.600 align:start position:0%
Congratulations.
 

00:11:28.600 --> 00:11:30.590 align:start position:0%
Congratulations.
&gt;&gt; to<00:11:28.720><c> drink,</c><00:11:29.080><c> for</c><00:11:29.240><c> sure.</c><00:11:29.680><c> You're</c><00:11:29.880><c> not</c><00:11:30.120><c> quite</c><00:11:30.440><c> old</c>

00:11:30.590 --> 00:11:30.600 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; to drink, for sure. You're not quite old
 

00:11:30.600 --> 00:11:31.910 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; to drink, for sure. You're not quite old
enough<00:11:30.800><c> to</c><00:11:30.880><c> collect</c><00:11:31.160><c> social</c><00:11:31.440><c> security</c><00:11:31.839><c> in</c>

00:11:31.910 --> 00:11:31.920 align:start position:0%
enough to collect social security in
 

00:11:31.920 --> 00:11:33.310 align:start position:0%
enough to collect social security in
America,<00:11:32.360><c> though.</c>

00:11:33.310 --> 00:11:33.320 align:start position:0%
America, though.
 

00:11:33.320 --> 00:11:36.230 align:start position:0%
America, though.
No.<00:11:33.480><c> But,</c><00:11:33.839><c> when</c><00:11:34.080><c> that</c><00:11:34.320><c> day</c><00:11:34.560><c> comes,</c><00:11:35.640><c> uh</c><00:11:35.800><c> we</c><00:11:36.000><c> will</c>

00:11:36.230 --> 00:11:36.240 align:start position:0%
No. But, when that day comes, uh we will
 

00:11:36.240 --> 00:11:38.270 align:start position:0%
No. But, when that day comes, uh we will
we<00:11:36.360><c> will</c><00:11:36.480><c> be</c><00:11:36.640><c> here</c><00:11:36.839><c> for</c><00:11:37.120><c> you.</c>

00:11:38.270 --> 00:11:38.280 align:start position:0%
we will be here for you.
 

00:11:38.280 --> 00:11:40.590 align:start position:0%
we will be here for you.
Researchers<00:11:39.080><c> have</c><00:11:39.280><c> spent</c><00:11:39.600><c> decades</c><00:11:40.120><c> creating</c>

00:11:40.590 --> 00:11:40.600 align:start position:0%
Researchers have spent decades creating
 

00:11:40.600 --> 00:11:42.630 align:start position:0%
Researchers have spent decades creating
slightly<00:11:41.120><c> different</c><00:11:41.480><c> versions,</c><00:11:42.280><c> uh</c>

00:11:42.630 --> 00:11:42.640 align:start position:0%
slightly different versions, uh
 

00:11:42.640 --> 00:11:45.670 align:start position:0%
slightly different versions, uh
including<00:11:43.240><c> the</c><00:11:43.920><c> drinking</c><00:11:44.360><c> in</c><00:11:44.440><c> a</c><00:11:44.480><c> bar</c><00:11:44.760><c> version.</c>

00:11:45.670 --> 00:11:45.680 align:start position:0%
including the drinking in a bar version.
 

00:11:45.680 --> 00:11:47.990 align:start position:0%
including the drinking in a bar version.
The<00:11:45.800><c> question</c><00:11:46.240><c> is,</c><00:11:46.720><c> is</c><00:11:46.960><c> this</c><00:11:47.200><c> revealing</c>

00:11:47.990 --> 00:11:48.000 align:start position:0%
The question is, is this revealing
 

00:11:48.000 --> 00:11:49.990 align:start position:0%
The question is, is this revealing
something<00:11:48.480><c> about</c><00:11:49.280><c> an</c><00:11:49.400><c> individual's</c>

00:11:49.990 --> 00:11:50.000 align:start position:0%
something about an individual's
 

00:11:50.000 --> 00:11:51.829 align:start position:0%
something about an individual's
abilities,<00:11:50.640><c> or</c><00:11:50.760><c> is</c><00:11:50.839><c> it</c><00:11:50.960><c> revealing</c><00:11:51.360><c> something</c>

00:11:51.829 --> 00:11:51.839 align:start position:0%
abilities, or is it revealing something
 

00:11:51.839 --> 00:11:53.590 align:start position:0%
abilities, or is it revealing something
even<00:11:52.160><c> deeper</c><00:11:52.560><c> just</c><00:11:52.760><c> about</c><00:11:53.000><c> humans</c><00:11:53.440><c> in</c>

00:11:53.590 --> 00:11:53.600 align:start position:0%
even deeper just about humans in
 

00:11:53.600 --> 00:11:54.750 align:start position:0%
even deeper just about humans in
general?

00:11:54.750 --> 00:11:54.760 align:start position:0%
general?
 

00:11:54.760 --> 00:11:57.470 align:start position:0%
general?
Because<00:11:55.320><c> it</c><00:11:55.480><c> doesn't</c><00:11:55.839><c> necessarily</c><00:11:56.560><c> seem</c><00:11:57.000><c> to</c>

00:11:57.470 --> 00:11:57.480 align:start position:0%
Because it doesn't necessarily seem to
 

00:11:57.480 --> 00:12:00.270 align:start position:0%
Because it doesn't necessarily seem to
separate<00:11:58.120><c> the</c><00:11:58.240><c> smarty-pants</c><00:11:59.120><c> people</c><00:11:59.560><c> from</c>

00:12:00.270 --> 00:12:00.280 align:start position:0%
separate the smarty-pants people from
 

00:12:00.280 --> 00:12:02.870 align:start position:0%
separate the smarty-pants people from
the<00:12:00.400><c> dum-dums.</c><00:12:01.400><c> Even</c><00:12:01.760><c> really</c><00:12:02.040><c> smart</c><00:12:02.440><c> people</c>

00:12:02.870 --> 00:12:02.880 align:start position:0%
the dum-dums. Even really smart people
 

00:12:02.880 --> 00:12:05.190 align:start position:0%
the dum-dums. Even really smart people
tend<00:12:03.160><c> to</c><00:12:03.360><c> perform</c><00:12:04.120><c> about</c><00:12:04.480><c> as</c><00:12:04.600><c> badly.</c><00:12:05.000><c> You</c><00:12:05.080><c> can</c>

00:12:05.190 --> 00:12:05.200 align:start position:0%
tend to perform about as badly. You can
 

00:12:05.200 --> 00:12:07.829 align:start position:0%
tend to perform about as badly. You can
take,<00:12:05.560><c> you</c><00:12:05.640><c> know,</c><00:12:05.800><c> a</c><00:12:05.880><c> big</c><00:12:06.800><c> Harvard</c><00:12:07.200><c> graduating</c>

00:12:07.829 --> 00:12:07.839 align:start position:0%
take, you know, a big Harvard graduating
 

00:12:07.839 --> 00:12:09.550 align:start position:0%
take, you know, a big Harvard graduating
class,<00:12:08.360><c> and</c><00:12:08.640><c> they'll</c><00:12:08.800><c> struggle</c><00:12:09.200><c> with</c><00:12:09.400><c> it,</c>

00:12:09.550 --> 00:12:09.560 align:start position:0%
class, and they'll struggle with it,
 

00:12:09.560 --> 00:12:10.790 align:start position:0%
class, and they'll struggle with it,
too.

00:12:10.790 --> 00:12:10.800 align:start position:0%
too.
 

00:12:10.800 --> 00:12:13.550 align:start position:0%
too.
The<00:12:11.160><c> The</c><00:12:11.320><c> things</c><00:12:11.800><c> that</c><00:12:11.960><c> we</c><00:12:12.120><c> know</c><00:12:12.480><c> help</c><00:12:12.800><c> people</c>

00:12:13.550 --> 00:12:13.560 align:start position:0%
The The things that we know help people
 

00:12:13.560 --> 00:12:17.510 align:start position:0%
The The things that we know help people
solve<00:12:14.080><c> it</c><00:12:14.680><c> is</c><00:12:15.080><c> making</c><00:12:15.680><c> the</c><00:12:15.800><c> puzzle</c><00:12:16.320><c> be</c><00:12:16.640><c> about</c><00:12:17.280><c> a</c>

00:12:17.510 --> 00:12:17.520 align:start position:0%
solve it is making the puzzle be about a
 

00:12:17.520 --> 00:12:19.390 align:start position:0%
solve it is making the puzzle be about a
social<00:12:18.160><c> rule,</c>

00:12:19.390 --> 00:12:19.400 align:start position:0%
social rule,
 

00:12:19.400 --> 00:12:22.190 align:start position:0%
social rule,
or<00:12:20.360><c> phrasing</c><00:12:20.920><c> the</c><00:12:21.040><c> question</c><00:12:21.520><c> in</c><00:12:21.640><c> a</c><00:12:21.720><c> way</c><00:12:21.960><c> that</c>

00:12:22.190 --> 00:12:22.200 align:start position:0%
or phrasing the question in a way that
 

00:12:22.200 --> 00:12:24.350 align:start position:0%
or phrasing the question in a way that
makes<00:12:22.480><c> it</c><00:12:22.600><c> extremely</c><00:12:23.400><c> clear</c><00:12:23.760><c> that</c><00:12:23.880><c> they</c><00:12:24.040><c> need</c>

00:12:24.350 --> 00:12:24.360 align:start position:0%
makes it extremely clear that they need
 

00:12:24.360 --> 00:12:28.110 align:start position:0%
makes it extremely clear that they need
to<00:12:24.440><c> be</c><00:12:24.600><c> looking</c><00:12:25.120><c> for</c><00:12:26.040><c> today's</c><00:12:26.720><c> magic</c><00:12:27.160><c> word,</c>

00:12:28.110 --> 00:12:28.120 align:start position:0%
to be looking for today's magic word,
 

00:12:28.120 --> 00:12:30.870 align:start position:0%
to be looking for today's magic word,
counterexamples.

00:12:30.870 --> 00:12:30.880 align:start position:0%
counterexamples.
 

00:12:30.880 --> 00:12:32.030 align:start position:0%
counterexamples.
Right.<00:12:31.200><c> So,</c><00:12:31.320><c> can</c><00:12:31.520><c> I</c><00:12:31.560><c> can</c><00:12:31.760><c> I</c><00:12:31.800><c> ask</c><00:12:31.920><c> some</c>

00:12:32.030 --> 00:12:32.040 align:start position:0%
Right. So, can I can I ask some
 

00:12:32.040 --> 00:12:35.110 align:start position:0%
Right. So, can I can I ask some
questions?<00:12:32.839><c> You</c><00:12:33.040><c> can.</c><00:12:33.880><c> The</c><00:12:34.000><c> 4%</c><00:12:34.600><c> of</c><00:12:34.680><c> people</c><00:12:34.960><c> who</c>

00:12:35.110 --> 00:12:35.120 align:start position:0%
questions? You can. The 4% of people who
 

00:12:35.120 --> 00:12:37.829 align:start position:0%
questions? You can. The 4% of people who
do<00:12:35.280><c> get</c><00:12:35.440><c> it</c><00:12:35.560><c> right,</c><00:12:35.960><c> who</c><00:12:36.440><c> who</c><00:12:36.720><c> are</c><00:12:36.960><c> they</c><00:12:37.200><c> then?</c>

00:12:37.829 --> 00:12:37.839 align:start position:0%
do get it right, who who are they then?
 

00:12:37.839 --> 00:12:39.829 align:start position:0%
do get it right, who who are they then?
In<00:12:38.000><c> the</c><00:12:38.120><c> original</c><00:12:38.520><c> formulation</c><00:12:39.080><c> of</c><00:12:39.200><c> the</c><00:12:39.280><c> test,</c>

00:12:39.829 --> 00:12:39.839 align:start position:0%
In the original formulation of the test,
 

00:12:39.839 --> 00:12:42.790 align:start position:0%
In the original formulation of the test,
or<00:12:40.080><c> or</c><00:12:40.360><c> some</c><00:12:40.920><c> some</c><00:12:41.160><c> variant</c><00:12:41.680><c> of?</c><00:12:42.240><c> I</c><00:12:42.360><c> haven't</c>

00:12:42.790 --> 00:12:42.800 align:start position:0%
or or some some variant of? I haven't
 

00:12:42.800 --> 00:12:46.430 align:start position:0%
or or some some variant of? I haven't
actually<00:12:43.320><c> found</c><00:12:44.440><c> a</c><00:12:44.560><c> lot</c><00:12:44.960><c> of</c><00:12:45.200><c> good</c><00:12:45.880><c> breakdowns</c>

00:12:46.430 --> 00:12:46.440 align:start position:0%
actually found a lot of good breakdowns
 

00:12:46.440 --> 00:12:48.470 align:start position:0%
actually found a lot of good breakdowns
on<00:12:46.560><c> who</c><00:12:46.720><c> those</c><00:12:47.000><c> people</c><00:12:47.400><c> are.</c><00:12:47.800><c> Like,</c><00:12:48.040><c> literally</c>

00:12:48.470 --> 00:12:48.480 align:start position:0%
on who those people are. Like, literally
 

00:12:48.480 --> 00:12:50.190 align:start position:0%
on who those people are. Like, literally
in<00:12:48.640><c> the</c><00:12:48.760><c> literature,</c><00:12:49.280><c> they're</c><00:12:49.440><c> often</c><00:12:49.720><c> called</c>

00:12:50.190 --> 00:12:50.200 align:start position:0%
in the literature, they're often called
 

00:12:50.200 --> 00:12:52.898 align:start position:0%
in the literature, they're often called
exceptional<00:12:50.920><c> people.</c>

00:12:52.898 --> 00:12:52.908 align:start position:0%
exceptional people.
 

00:12:52.908 --> 00:12:53.590 align:start position:0%
exceptional people.
&gt;&gt; [laughter]

00:12:53.590 --> 00:12:53.600 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
 

00:12:53.600 --> 00:12:55.510 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
&gt;&gt; Oh,<00:12:54.040><c> to</c><00:12:54.120><c> be</c><00:12:54.240><c> an</c><00:12:54.360><c> exceptional</c><00:12:55.040><c> person.</c><00:12:55.280><c> I'll</c>

00:12:55.510 --> 00:12:55.520 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Oh, to be an exceptional person. I'll
 

00:12:55.520 --> 00:12:56.990 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Oh, to be an exceptional person. I'll
I'll<00:12:55.640><c> show</c><00:12:55.880><c> you</c><00:12:56.000><c> the</c><00:12:56.120><c> papers.</c><00:12:56.560><c> They're</c><00:12:56.720><c> like,</c>

00:12:56.990 --> 00:12:57.000 align:start position:0%
I'll show you the papers. They're like,
 

00:12:57.000 --> 00:12:58.870 align:start position:0%
I'll show you the papers. They're like,
if<00:12:57.200><c> you</c><00:12:57.320><c> get</c><00:12:57.480><c> it</c><00:12:57.680><c> right,</c><00:12:58.280><c> you're</c><00:12:58.520><c> either</c><00:12:58.760><c> an</c>

00:12:58.870 --> 00:12:58.880 align:start position:0%
if you get it right, you're either an
 

00:12:58.880 --> 00:13:01.630 align:start position:0%
if you get it right, you're either an
exceptional<00:12:59.440><c> person</c><00:13:00.240><c> or</c>

00:13:01.630 --> 00:13:01.640 align:start position:0%
exceptional person or
 

00:13:01.640 --> 00:13:03.670 align:start position:0%
exceptional person or
uh<00:13:01.720><c> a</c><00:13:01.760><c> lucky</c><00:13:02.080><c> guesser.</c><00:13:02.800><c> There</c><00:13:02.960><c> was</c><00:13:03.120><c> one</c><00:13:03.360><c> paper</c>

00:13:03.670 --> 00:13:03.680 align:start position:0%
uh a lucky guesser. There was one paper
 

00:13:03.680 --> 00:13:05.430 align:start position:0%
uh a lucky guesser. There was one paper
that<00:13:03.880><c> said</c><00:13:04.240><c> like</c><00:13:04.480><c> the</c><00:13:04.600><c> best</c><00:13:05.000><c> The</c><00:13:05.080><c> most</c><00:13:05.360><c> The</c>

00:13:05.430 --> 00:13:05.440 align:start position:0%
that said like the best The most The
 

00:13:05.440 --> 00:13:06.430 align:start position:0%
that said like the best The most The
most

00:13:06.430 --> 00:13:06.440 align:start position:0%
most
 

00:13:06.440 --> 00:13:08.150 align:start position:0%
most
um<00:13:06.680><c> strong</c><00:13:07.040><c> correlation</c><00:13:07.640><c> is</c><00:13:07.760><c> whether</c><00:13:08.040><c> you</c>

00:13:08.150 --> 00:13:08.160 align:start position:0%
um strong correlation is whether you
 

00:13:08.160 --> 00:13:11.510 align:start position:0%
um strong correlation is whether you
have<00:13:08.320><c> taken</c><00:13:08.880><c> logic</c><00:13:09.320><c> classes.</c><00:13:10.360><c> Okay.</c><00:13:11.160><c> So,</c><00:13:11.360><c> it's</c>

00:13:11.510 --> 00:13:11.520 align:start position:0%
have taken logic classes. Okay. So, it's
 

00:13:11.520 --> 00:13:13.670 align:start position:0%
have taken logic classes. Okay. So, it's
sort<00:13:11.680><c> of</c><00:13:11.800><c> mathematically</c><00:13:12.440><c> minded</c><00:13:12.839><c> people.</c>

00:13:13.670 --> 00:13:13.680 align:start position:0%
sort of mathematically minded people.
 

00:13:13.680 --> 00:13:16.630 align:start position:0%
sort of mathematically minded people.
Exactly.<00:13:14.360><c> It's</c><00:13:14.640><c> people</c><00:13:15.000><c> who</c><00:13:15.120><c> go,</c><00:13:15.360><c> "Aha,</c><00:13:16.080><c> yes,</c>

00:13:16.630 --> 00:13:16.640 align:start position:0%
Exactly. It's people who go, "Aha, yes,
 

00:13:16.640 --> 00:13:20.470 align:start position:0%
Exactly. It's people who go, "Aha, yes,
I<00:13:16.920><c> am</c><00:13:17.160><c> familiar</c><00:13:18.280><c> with</c><00:13:18.839><c> modus</c><00:13:19.240><c> tollens</c><00:13:20.040><c> and</c>

00:13:20.470 --> 00:13:20.480 align:start position:0%
I am familiar with modus tollens and
 

00:13:20.480 --> 00:13:23.390 align:start position:0%
I am familiar with modus tollens and
denying<00:13:21.000><c> the</c><00:13:21.160><c> antecedent,</c><00:13:22.040><c> and</c><00:13:22.320><c> here</c><00:13:22.600><c> we</c><00:13:22.720><c> go."</c>

00:13:23.390 --> 00:13:23.400 align:start position:0%
denying the antecedent, and here we go."
 

00:13:23.400 --> 00:13:24.510 align:start position:0%
denying the antecedent, and here we go."
&gt;&gt; Do you<00:13:23.440><c> want</c><00:13:23.560><c> to</c><00:13:23.600><c> give</c><00:13:23.680><c> us</c><00:13:23.760><c> a</c><00:13:23.800><c> quick</c><00:13:24.120><c> quick</c><00:13:24.360><c> run</c>

00:13:24.510 --> 00:13:24.520 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Do you want to give us a quick quick run
 

00:13:24.520 --> 00:13:25.649 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Do you want to give us a quick quick run
down<00:13:24.760><c> on</c>

00:13:25.649 --> 00:13:25.659 align:start position:0%
down on
 

00:13:25.659 --> 00:13:25.990 align:start position:0%
down on
&gt;&gt; [laughter]

00:13:25.990 --> 00:13:26.000 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
 

00:13:26.000 --> 00:13:28.190 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
&gt;&gt; modus<00:13:26.320><c> tollens?</c><00:13:26.920><c> Oh,</c><00:13:27.160><c> yeah,</c><00:13:27.480><c> for</c><00:13:27.640><c> sure.</c><00:13:27.960><c> Okay.</c>

00:13:28.190 --> 00:13:28.200 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; modus tollens? Oh, yeah, for sure. Okay.
 

00:13:28.200 --> 00:13:30.829 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; modus tollens? Oh, yeah, for sure. Okay.
So,<00:13:28.800><c> I</c><00:13:28.880><c> mean,</c><00:13:29.320><c> look,</c><00:13:29.880><c> the</c><00:13:30.000><c> Wason</c><00:13:30.400><c> selection</c>

00:13:30.829 --> 00:13:30.839 align:start position:0%
So, I mean, look, the Wason selection
 

00:13:30.839 --> 00:13:32.670 align:start position:0%
So, I mean, look, the Wason selection
task<00:13:31.280><c> presents</c><00:13:31.680><c> us</c><00:13:31.880><c> with</c><00:13:32.040><c> what's</c><00:13:32.240><c> called</c><00:13:32.560><c> a</c>

00:13:32.670 --> 00:13:32.680 align:start position:0%
task presents us with what's called a
 

00:13:32.680 --> 00:13:36.150 align:start position:0%
task presents us with what's called a
conditional<00:13:33.480><c> statement,</c><00:13:34.560><c> if</c><00:13:35.240><c> then.</c><00:13:35.640><c> We</c><00:13:35.920><c> use</c>

00:13:36.150 --> 00:13:36.160 align:start position:0%
conditional statement, if then. We use
 

00:13:36.160 --> 00:13:38.150 align:start position:0%
conditional statement, if then. We use
these<00:13:36.520><c> all</c><00:13:36.839><c> the</c><00:13:36.960><c> time.</c><00:13:37.480><c> Hey,</c><00:13:37.720><c> if</c><00:13:37.920><c> you</c><00:13:38.000><c> don't</c>

00:13:38.150 --> 00:13:38.160 align:start position:0%
these all the time. Hey, if you don't
 

00:13:38.160 --> 00:13:40.870 align:start position:0%
these all the time. Hey, if you don't
call<00:13:38.320><c> me</c><00:13:38.440><c> back,</c><00:13:39.040><c> then</c><00:13:39.640><c> I'm</c><00:13:39.880><c> going</c><00:13:40.040><c> to</c><00:13:40.640><c> punch</c>

00:13:40.870 --> 00:13:40.880 align:start position:0%
call me back, then I'm going to punch
 

00:13:40.880 --> 00:13:43.310 align:start position:0%
call me back, then I'm going to punch
you<00:13:41.000><c> in</c><00:13:41.080><c> the</c><00:13:41.160><c> nose,</c><00:13:41.680><c> right?</c><00:13:42.080><c> If</c><00:13:42.520><c> then.</c><00:13:43.240><c> All</c>

00:13:43.310 --> 00:13:43.320 align:start position:0%
you in the nose, right? If then. All
 

00:13:43.320 --> 00:13:46.230 align:start position:0%
you in the nose, right? If then. All
right?<00:13:43.920><c> Now,</c><00:13:44.440><c> logicians,</c><00:13:45.160><c> people</c><00:13:45.520><c> who</c><00:13:45.680><c> study</c>

00:13:46.230 --> 00:13:46.240 align:start position:0%
right? Now, logicians, people who study
 

00:13:46.240 --> 00:13:48.350 align:start position:0%
right? Now, logicians, people who study
the<00:13:46.400><c> rules</c><00:13:46.800><c> of</c><00:13:46.920><c> reasoning,</c><00:13:47.760><c> people</c><00:13:47.960><c> who</c><00:13:48.080><c> study</c>

00:13:48.350 --> 00:13:48.360 align:start position:0%
the rules of reasoning, people who study
 

00:13:48.360 --> 00:13:50.470 align:start position:0%
the rules of reasoning, people who study
logic,<00:13:49.160><c> they</c><00:13:49.360><c> have</c><00:13:49.520><c> all</c><00:13:49.640><c> kinds</c><00:13:49.920><c> of</c><00:13:50.000><c> fancy</c>

00:13:50.470 --> 00:13:50.480 align:start position:0%
logic, they have all kinds of fancy
 

00:13:50.480 --> 00:13:53.870 align:start position:0%
logic, they have all kinds of fancy
terminology<00:13:51.240><c> and</c><00:13:51.400><c> symbols</c><00:13:52.280><c> for</c><00:13:53.280><c> the</c><00:13:53.440><c> parts</c><00:13:53.800><c> of</c>

00:13:53.870 --> 00:13:53.880 align:start position:0%
terminology and symbols for the parts of
 

00:13:53.880 --> 00:13:56.670 align:start position:0%
terminology and symbols for the parts of
a<00:13:53.960><c> conditional</c><00:13:54.440><c> statement.</c><00:13:55.360><c> The</c><00:13:55.680><c> if</c>

00:13:56.670 --> 00:13:56.680 align:start position:0%
a conditional statement. The if
 

00:13:56.680 --> 00:13:59.630 align:start position:0%
a conditional statement. The if
part<00:13:57.160><c> is</c><00:13:57.480><c> called</c><00:13:57.839><c> the</c><00:13:58.000><c> antecedent.</c><00:13:59.240><c> It</c><00:13:59.360><c> comes</c>

00:13:59.630 --> 00:13:59.640 align:start position:0%
part is called the antecedent. It comes
 

00:13:59.640 --> 00:14:01.950 align:start position:0%
part is called the antecedent. It comes
before<00:14:00.680><c> the</c><00:14:01.000><c> end,</c><00:14:01.360><c> which</c><00:14:01.520><c> is</c><00:14:01.600><c> called</c><00:14:01.839><c> the</c>

00:14:01.950 --> 00:14:01.960 align:start position:0%
before the end, which is called the
 

00:14:01.960 --> 00:14:04.790 align:start position:0%
before the end, which is called the
consequent.<00:14:02.880><c> An</c><00:14:03.000><c> example</c><00:14:03.600><c> would</c><00:14:03.760><c> be,</c>

00:14:04.790 --> 00:14:04.800 align:start position:0%
consequent. An example would be,
 

00:14:04.800 --> 00:14:07.350 align:start position:0%
consequent. An example would be,
"If<00:14:05.120><c> it</c><00:14:05.360><c> rains</c><00:14:05.800><c> tomorrow,</c><00:14:06.720><c> I</c><00:14:06.880><c> will</c><00:14:07.080><c> stay</c>

00:14:07.350 --> 00:14:07.360 align:start position:0%
"If it rains tomorrow, I will stay
 

00:14:07.360 --> 00:14:09.430 align:start position:0%
"If it rains tomorrow, I will stay
indoors."<00:14:08.280><c> Mhm.</c>

00:14:09.430 --> 00:14:09.440 align:start position:0%
indoors." Mhm.
 

00:14:09.440 --> 00:14:10.510 align:start position:0%
indoors." Mhm.
"If<00:14:09.600><c> it</c><00:14:09.720><c> rains</c><00:14:09.960><c> tomorrow"</c><00:14:10.280><c> is</c><00:14:10.400><c> the</c>

00:14:10.510 --> 00:14:10.520 align:start position:0%
"If it rains tomorrow" is the
 

00:14:10.520 --> 00:14:11.870 align:start position:0%
"If it rains tomorrow" is the
antecedent.

00:14:11.870 --> 00:14:11.880 align:start position:0%
antecedent.
 

00:14:11.880 --> 00:14:13.990 align:start position:0%
antecedent.
"I<00:14:12.000><c> will</c><00:14:12.160><c> stay</c><00:14:12.400><c> inside"</c><00:14:12.920><c> is</c><00:14:13.040><c> the</c><00:14:13.160><c> consequent.</c>

00:14:13.990 --> 00:14:14.000 align:start position:0%
"I will stay inside" is the consequent.
 

00:14:14.000 --> 00:14:15.750 align:start position:0%
"I will stay inside" is the consequent.
So,<00:14:14.480><c> if</c><00:14:14.720><c> this</c><00:14:14.959><c> thing</c><00:14:15.200><c> happens,</c><00:14:15.640><c> the</c>

00:14:15.750 --> 00:14:15.760 align:start position:0%
So, if this thing happens, the
 

00:14:15.760 --> 00:14:17.750 align:start position:0%
So, if this thing happens, the
consequence<00:14:16.360><c> will</c><00:14:16.520><c> be</c><00:14:16.680><c> this.</c><00:14:17.160><c> If</c><00:14:17.320><c> it</c><00:14:17.480><c> rains</c>

00:14:17.750 --> 00:14:17.760 align:start position:0%
consequence will be this. If it rains
 

00:14:17.760 --> 00:14:19.710 align:start position:0%
consequence will be this. If it rains
tomorrow,<00:14:18.280><c> I</c><00:14:18.400><c> will</c><00:14:18.520><c> stay</c><00:14:18.760><c> indoors.</c><00:14:19.400><c> Okay.</c><00:14:19.600><c> So,</c>

00:14:19.710 --> 00:14:19.720 align:start position:0%
tomorrow, I will stay indoors. Okay. So,
 

00:14:19.720 --> 00:14:21.390 align:start position:0%
tomorrow, I will stay indoors. Okay. So,
if<00:14:19.839><c> you</c><00:14:19.959><c> can</c><00:14:20.240><c> you</c><00:14:20.440><c> can</c><00:14:20.560><c> take</c><00:14:20.839><c> that</c><00:14:21.040><c> single</c>

00:14:21.390 --> 00:14:21.400 align:start position:0%
if you can you can take that single
 

00:14:21.400 --> 00:14:23.550 align:start position:0%
if you can you can take that single
state<00:14:22.160><c> that</c><00:14:22.360><c> that</c><00:14:22.640><c> that</c><00:14:22.800><c> single</c><00:14:23.040><c> sentence,</c>

00:14:23.550 --> 00:14:23.560 align:start position:0%
state that that that single sentence,
 

00:14:23.560 --> 00:14:24.510 align:start position:0%
state that that that single sentence,
"If<00:14:23.680><c> it</c><00:14:23.760><c> rains</c><00:14:23.959><c> tomorrow,</c><00:14:24.240><c> I'll</c><00:14:24.360><c> stay</c>

00:14:24.510 --> 00:14:24.520 align:start position:0%
"If it rains tomorrow, I'll stay
 

00:14:24.520 --> 00:14:27.030 align:start position:0%
"If it rains tomorrow, I'll stay
indoors,"<00:14:25.280><c> and</c><00:14:25.360><c> sort</c><00:14:25.520><c> of</c><00:14:25.640><c> chop</c><00:14:25.920><c> it</c><00:14:26.000><c> in</c><00:14:26.160><c> two,</c>

00:14:27.030 --> 00:14:27.040 align:start position:0%
indoors," and sort of chop it in two,
 

00:14:27.040 --> 00:14:28.990 align:start position:0%
indoors," and sort of chop it in two,
and<00:14:27.200><c> then</c><00:14:27.839><c> it's</c><00:14:28.079><c> almost</c><00:14:28.360><c> like</c><00:14:28.480><c> there's</c><00:14:28.680><c> two</c>

00:14:28.990 --> 00:14:29.000 align:start position:0%
and then it's almost like there's two
 

00:14:29.000 --> 00:14:30.910 align:start position:0%
and then it's almost like there's two
logical<00:14:29.560><c> chunks</c><00:14:29.959><c> there,</c><00:14:30.240><c> right?</c><00:14:30.560><c> Raining</c>

00:14:30.910 --> 00:14:30.920 align:start position:0%
logical chunks there, right? Raining
 

00:14:30.920 --> 00:14:33.590 align:start position:0%
logical chunks there, right? Raining
tomorrow,<00:14:31.959><c> which</c><00:14:32.160><c> it</c><00:14:32.280><c> can</c><00:14:32.560><c> or</c><00:14:32.760><c> or</c><00:14:33.040><c> it</c><00:14:33.240><c> can</c><00:14:33.480><c> be</c>

00:14:33.590 --> 00:14:33.600 align:start position:0%
tomorrow, which it can or or it can be
 

00:14:33.600 --> 00:14:35.590 align:start position:0%
tomorrow, which it can or or it can be
or<00:14:33.680><c> not.</c><00:14:34.040><c> It's</c><00:14:34.160><c> either</c><00:14:34.320><c> raining</c><00:14:34.520><c> or</c><00:14:34.600><c> it's</c><00:14:34.720><c> not.</c>

00:14:35.590 --> 00:14:35.600 align:start position:0%
or not. It's either raining or it's not.
 

00:14:35.600 --> 00:14:37.069 align:start position:0%
or not. It's either raining or it's not.
And<00:14:35.920><c> then</c><00:14:36.079><c> you've</c><00:14:36.200><c> also</c><00:14:36.440><c> got</c><00:14:36.680><c> you</c><00:14:36.800><c> staying</c>

00:14:37.069 --> 00:14:37.079 align:start position:0%
And then you've also got you staying
 

00:14:37.079 --> 00:14:38.710 align:start position:0%
And then you've also got you staying
inside,<00:14:37.560><c> which</c><00:14:37.760><c> you</c><00:14:37.880><c> could</c><00:14:38.120><c> be</c><00:14:38.280><c> or</c><00:14:38.440><c> you</c><00:14:38.560><c> could</c>

00:14:38.710 --> 00:14:38.720 align:start position:0%
inside, which you could be or you could
 

00:14:38.720 --> 00:14:41.030 align:start position:0%
inside, which you could be or you could
not<00:14:38.959><c> be.</c><00:14:39.520><c> So,</c><00:14:39.680><c> you</c><00:14:39.839><c> could</c><00:14:40.079><c> sort</c><00:14:40.320><c> of</c><00:14:40.400><c> imagine</c>

00:14:41.030 --> 00:14:41.040 align:start position:0%
not be. So, you could sort of imagine
 

00:14:41.040 --> 00:14:43.110 align:start position:0%
not be. So, you could sort of imagine
like<00:14:41.240><c> a</c><00:14:41.280><c> little</c><00:14:41.520><c> grid,</c><00:14:41.920><c> right?</c><00:14:42.200><c> So,</c><00:14:42.360><c> it's</c><00:14:42.560><c> like</c>

00:14:43.110 --> 00:14:43.120 align:start position:0%
like a little grid, right? So, it's like
 

00:14:43.120 --> 00:14:44.949 align:start position:0%
like a little grid, right? So, it's like
whether<00:14:43.400><c> it's</c><00:14:43.560><c> raining</c><00:14:43.920><c> or</c><00:14:44.040><c> not</c><00:14:44.480><c> is</c><00:14:44.640><c> on</c><00:14:44.760><c> one</c>

00:14:44.949 --> 00:14:44.959 align:start position:0%
whether it's raining or not is on one
 

00:14:44.959 --> 00:14:47.030 align:start position:0%
whether it's raining or not is on one
side,<00:14:45.680><c> and</c><00:14:46.160><c> whether</c><00:14:46.400><c> you're</c><00:14:46.520><c> staying</c><00:14:46.800><c> in</c><00:14:46.920><c> or</c>

00:14:47.030 --> 00:14:47.040 align:start position:0%
side, and whether you're staying in or
 

00:14:47.040 --> 00:14:48.510 align:start position:0%
side, and whether you're staying in or
not<00:14:47.400><c> is</c><00:14:47.520><c> on</c><00:14:47.640><c> the</c><00:14:47.720><c> other</c><00:14:47.920><c> side,</c><00:14:48.240><c> and</c><00:14:48.320><c> you</c><00:14:48.400><c> can</c>

00:14:48.510 --> 00:14:48.520 align:start position:0%
not is on the other side, and you can
 

00:14:48.520 --> 00:14:49.750 align:start position:0%
not is on the other side, and you can
kind<00:14:48.680><c> of</c><00:14:48.760><c> go</c><00:14:48.920><c> through</c><00:14:49.120><c> and</c><00:14:49.200><c> go</c><00:14:49.360><c> true</c><00:14:49.560><c> false,</c>

00:14:49.750 --> 00:14:49.760 align:start position:0%
kind of go through and go true false,
 

00:14:49.760 --> 00:14:51.390 align:start position:0%
kind of go through and go true false,
true<00:14:49.920><c> false,</c><00:14:50.160><c> true</c><00:14:50.320><c> false,</c><00:14:50.880><c> true</c><00:14:51.079><c> false,</c>

00:14:51.390 --> 00:14:51.400 align:start position:0%
true false, true false, true false,
 

00:14:51.400 --> 00:14:53.270 align:start position:0%
true false, true false, true false,
right?<00:14:51.640><c> For</c><00:14:51.760><c> the</c><00:14:51.880><c> different</c><00:14:52.120><c> combinations.</c>

00:14:53.270 --> 00:14:53.280 align:start position:0%
right? For the different combinations.
 

00:14:53.280 --> 00:14:56.270 align:start position:0%
right? For the different combinations.
Not<00:14:53.520><c> six</c><00:14:53.760><c> times,</c><00:14:54.000><c> though,</c><00:14:54.240><c> just</c><00:14:54.480><c> four.</c><00:14:55.000><c> Sorry.</c>

00:14:56.270 --> 00:14:56.280 align:start position:0%
Not six times, though, just four. Sorry.
 

00:14:56.280 --> 00:14:58.390 align:start position:0%
Not six times, though, just four. Sorry.
Which<00:14:56.520><c> is</c><00:14:57.000><c> extremely</c><00:14:57.680><c> important,</c><00:14:58.200><c> though.</c>

00:14:58.390 --> 00:14:58.400 align:start position:0%
Which is extremely important, though.
 

00:14:58.400 --> 00:14:58.910 align:start position:0%
Which is extremely important, though.
I'm<00:14:58.520><c> glad</c>

00:14:58.910 --> 00:14:58.920 align:start position:0%
I'm glad
 

00:14:58.920 --> 00:15:00.510 align:start position:0%
I'm glad
&gt;&gt; back<00:14:59.120><c> around</c><00:14:59.360><c> to</c><00:14:59.440><c> the</c><00:14:59.520><c> beginning.</c><00:15:00.280><c> You</c><00:15:00.400><c> were</c>

00:15:00.510 --> 00:15:00.520 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; back around to the beginning. You were
 

00:15:00.520 --> 00:15:02.829 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; back around to the beginning. You were
so<00:15:00.800><c> excited.</c><00:15:01.440><c> Yeah,</c><00:15:01.680><c> you</c><00:15:02.360><c> you're</c><00:15:02.520><c> living</c><00:15:02.760><c> on</c>

00:15:02.829 --> 00:15:02.839 align:start position:0%
so excited. Yeah, you you're living on
 

00:15:02.839 --> 00:15:04.949 align:start position:0%
so excited. Yeah, you you're living on
that<00:15:03.040><c> Pac-Man</c><00:15:03.760><c> universe</c><00:15:04.240><c> again.</c><00:15:04.680><c> You</c><00:15:04.800><c> went</c>

00:15:04.949 --> 00:15:04.959 align:start position:0%
that Pac-Man universe again. You went
 

00:15:04.959 --> 00:15:07.470 align:start position:0%
that Pac-Man universe again. You went
around.<00:15:06.040><c> But,</c><00:15:06.160><c> yeah,</c><00:15:06.280><c> there's</c><00:15:06.440><c> only</c><00:15:06.680><c> four</c>

00:15:07.470 --> 00:15:07.480 align:start position:0%
around. But, yeah, there's only four
 

00:15:07.480 --> 00:15:09.430 align:start position:0%
around. But, yeah, there's only four
combinations<00:15:08.240><c> here,</c><00:15:08.560><c> and</c><00:15:08.760><c> how</c><00:15:08.880><c> many</c><00:15:09.040><c> cards</c>

00:15:09.430 --> 00:15:09.440 align:start position:0%
combinations here, and how many cards
 

00:15:09.440 --> 00:15:11.990 align:start position:0%
combinations here, and how many cards
are<00:15:09.600><c> there</c><00:15:09.760><c> in</c><00:15:09.880><c> the</c><00:15:09.959><c> Wason</c><00:15:10.440><c> selection</c><00:15:10.959><c> task?</c>

00:15:11.990 --> 00:15:12.000 align:start position:0%
are there in the Wason selection task?
 

00:15:12.000 --> 00:15:13.870 align:start position:0%
are there in the Wason selection task?
There's<00:15:12.440><c> four.</c>

00:15:13.870 --> 00:15:13.880 align:start position:0%
There's four.
 

00:15:13.880 --> 00:15:16.710 align:start position:0%
There's four.
Now,<00:15:14.440><c> we</c><00:15:14.600><c> don't</c><00:15:14.839><c> need</c><00:15:15.120><c> to</c><00:15:15.240><c> make</c><00:15:15.560><c> this</c><00:15:15.920><c> like</c><00:15:16.560><c> a</c>

00:15:16.710 --> 00:15:16.720 align:start position:0%
Now, we don't need to make this like a
 

00:15:16.720 --> 00:15:18.670 align:start position:0%
Now, we don't need to make this like a
full-on,<00:15:17.640><c> let's</c><00:15:17.839><c> get</c><00:15:17.959><c> into</c><00:15:18.160><c> the</c><00:15:18.240><c> weeds</c><00:15:18.520><c> with</c>

00:15:18.670 --> 00:15:18.680 align:start position:0%
full-on, let's get into the weeds with
 

00:15:18.680 --> 00:15:20.190 align:start position:0%
full-on, let's get into the weeds with
logic<00:15:19.079><c> thing,</c><00:15:19.280><c> but</c><00:15:19.400><c> let's</c><00:15:19.600><c> do</c><00:15:19.720><c> it</c><00:15:19.839><c> anyway,</c>

00:15:20.190 --> 00:15:20.200 align:start position:0%
logic thing, but let's do it anyway,
 

00:15:20.200 --> 00:15:21.870 align:start position:0%
logic thing, but let's do it anyway,
because<00:15:20.400><c> our</c><00:15:20.520><c> viewers</c><00:15:20.880><c> are</c><00:15:20.959><c> special.</c><00:15:21.760><c> And</c>

00:15:21.870 --> 00:15:21.880 align:start position:0%
because our viewers are special. And
 

00:15:21.880 --> 00:15:23.069 align:start position:0%
because our viewers are special. And
I'll<00:15:21.959><c> give</c><00:15:22.120><c> you</c><00:15:22.240><c> another</c><00:15:22.600><c> little</c>

00:15:23.069 --> 00:15:23.079 align:start position:0%
I'll give you another little
 

00:15:23.079 --> 00:15:24.790 align:start position:0%
I'll give you another little
&gt;&gt; They're that<00:15:23.280><c> 4%.</c><00:15:23.920><c> They're</c><00:15:24.079><c> the</c><00:15:24.200><c> exceptional</c>

00:15:24.790 --> 00:15:24.800 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; They're that 4%. They're the exceptional
 

00:15:24.800 --> 00:15:25.110 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; They're that 4%. They're the exceptional
people.

00:15:25.110 --> 00:15:25.120 align:start position:0%
people.
 

00:15:25.120 --> 00:15:27.350 align:start position:0%
people.
&gt;&gt; They're<00:15:25.280><c> They're</c><00:15:25.440><c> the</c><00:15:25.560><c> 4%.</c><00:15:26.720><c> So,</c><00:15:27.160><c> the</c>

00:15:27.350 --> 00:15:27.360 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; They're They're the 4%. So, the
 

00:15:27.360 --> 00:15:29.230 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; They're They're the 4%. So, the
antecedent,<00:15:28.079><c> I</c><00:15:28.120><c> think</c><00:15:28.320><c> maybe</c><00:15:28.520><c> we</c><00:15:28.800><c> could</c><00:15:29.000><c> also</c>

00:15:29.230 --> 00:15:29.240 align:start position:0%
antecedent, I think maybe we could also
 

00:15:29.240 --> 00:15:31.590 align:start position:0%
antecedent, I think maybe we could also
just<00:15:29.400><c> call</c><00:15:29.600><c> it</c><00:15:29.839><c> P.</c><00:15:30.760><c> If</c><00:15:31.040><c> you</c><00:15:31.160><c> read</c><00:15:31.320><c> a</c><00:15:31.360><c> lot</c><00:15:31.520><c> of</c>

00:15:31.590 --> 00:15:31.600 align:start position:0%
just call it P. If you read a lot of
 

00:15:31.600 --> 00:15:33.030 align:start position:0%
just call it P. If you read a lot of
logic<00:15:31.920><c> papers,</c><00:15:32.240><c> which</c><00:15:32.440><c> I</c><00:15:32.480><c> think</c><00:15:32.680><c> we</c><00:15:32.800><c> should.</c>

00:15:33.030 --> 00:15:33.040 align:start position:0%
logic papers, which I think we should.
 

00:15:33.040 --> 00:15:34.270 align:start position:0%
logic papers, which I think we should.
I'll<00:15:33.240><c> I'll</c><00:15:33.360><c> send</c><00:15:33.560><c> these</c><00:15:33.680><c> to</c><00:15:33.760><c> the</c><00:15:33.839><c> producers.</c>

00:15:34.270 --> 00:15:34.280 align:start position:0%
I'll I'll send these to the producers.
 

00:15:34.280 --> 00:15:36.069 align:start position:0%
I'll I'll send these to the producers.
We<00:15:34.360><c> should</c><00:15:34.560><c> put</c><00:15:34.839><c> the</c><00:15:35.040><c> the</c><00:15:35.160><c> best</c><00:15:35.400><c> papers</c><00:15:35.800><c> about</c>

00:15:36.069 --> 00:15:36.079 align:start position:0%
We should put the the best papers about
 

00:15:36.079 --> 00:15:37.990 align:start position:0%
We should put the the best papers about
this<00:15:36.640><c> down</c><00:15:36.839><c> in</c><00:15:36.920><c> the</c><00:15:36.959><c> description.</c><00:15:37.600><c> P,</c><00:15:37.880><c> the</c>

00:15:37.990 --> 00:15:38.000 align:start position:0%
this down in the description. P, the
 

00:15:38.000 --> 00:15:40.110 align:start position:0%
this down in the description. P, the
letter<00:15:38.240><c> P,</c><00:15:38.640><c> is</c><00:15:38.800><c> often</c><00:15:39.079><c> used</c><00:15:39.360><c> to</c><00:15:39.440><c> represent</c><00:15:39.959><c> the</c>

00:15:40.110 --> 00:15:40.120 align:start position:0%
letter P, is often used to represent the
 

00:15:40.120 --> 00:15:40.910 align:start position:0%
letter P, is often used to represent the
antecedent.

00:15:40.910 --> 00:15:40.920 align:start position:0%
antecedent.
 

00:15:40.920 --> 00:15:43.270 align:start position:0%
antecedent.
&gt;&gt; The<00:15:41.000><c> first</c><00:15:41.320><c> bit,</c><00:15:41.560><c> the</c><00:15:41.760><c> if</c><00:15:42.000><c> bit.</c><00:15:42.640><c> The</c><00:15:42.760><c> if</c><00:15:43.000><c> bit.</c>

00:15:43.270 --> 00:15:43.280 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; The first bit, the if bit. The if bit.
 

00:15:43.280 --> 00:15:45.630 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; The first bit, the if bit. The if bit.
If<00:15:43.560><c> P,</c><00:15:44.240><c> and</c><00:15:44.440><c> you</c><00:15:44.600><c> use</c><00:15:44.760><c> a</c><00:15:44.800><c> variable</c><00:15:45.240><c> because</c><00:15:45.440><c> now</c>

00:15:45.630 --> 00:15:45.640 align:start position:0%
If P, and you use a variable because now
 

00:15:45.640 --> 00:15:47.510 align:start position:0%
If P, and you use a variable because now
it<00:15:45.760><c> can</c><00:15:45.880><c> mean</c><00:15:46.040><c> anything.</c><00:15:46.920><c> If</c><00:15:47.120><c> it</c><00:15:47.280><c> rains</c>

00:15:47.510 --> 00:15:47.520 align:start position:0%
it can mean anything. If it rains
 

00:15:47.520 --> 00:15:50.590 align:start position:0%
it can mean anything. If it rains
tomorrow,<00:15:48.280><c> or</c><00:15:48.560><c> P</c><00:15:48.800><c> could</c><00:15:48.959><c> also</c><00:15:49.240><c> mean,</c><00:15:50.120><c> "I</c><00:15:50.320><c> eat</c><00:15:50.560><c> a</c>

00:15:50.590 --> 00:15:50.600 align:start position:0%
tomorrow, or P could also mean, "I eat a
 

00:15:50.600 --> 00:15:52.990 align:start position:0%
tomorrow, or P could also mean, "I eat a
ham<00:15:50.839><c> sandwich."</c><00:15:51.680><c> If</c><00:15:51.959><c> P,</c><00:15:52.320><c> if</c><00:15:52.520><c> I</c><00:15:52.640><c> eat</c><00:15:52.760><c> a</c><00:15:52.839><c> ham</c>

00:15:52.990 --> 00:15:53.000 align:start position:0%
ham sandwich." If P, if I eat a ham
 

00:15:53.000 --> 00:15:56.790 align:start position:0%
ham sandwich." If P, if I eat a ham
sandwich,<00:15:53.680><c> then</c><00:15:54.240><c> what?</c><00:15:54.760><c> I</c><00:15:55.000><c> will</c><00:15:55.360><c> smile,</c><00:15:56.040><c> okay?</c>

00:15:56.790 --> 00:15:56.800 align:start position:0%
sandwich, then what? I will smile, okay?
 

00:15:56.800 --> 00:15:59.110 align:start position:0%
sandwich, then what? I will smile, okay?
The<00:15:56.959><c> consequent</c><00:15:57.680><c> is</c><00:15:57.800><c> often</c>

00:15:59.110 --> 00:15:59.120 align:start position:0%
The consequent is often
 

00:15:59.120 --> 00:16:01.829 align:start position:0%
The consequent is often
uh<00:15:59.240><c> symbolized</c><00:15:59.800><c> with</c><00:15:59.959><c> the</c><00:16:00.079><c> letter</c><00:16:00.400><c> Q.</c><00:16:01.200><c> Mhm.</c>

00:16:01.829 --> 00:16:01.839 align:start position:0%
uh symbolized with the letter Q. Mhm.
 

00:16:01.839 --> 00:16:04.670 align:start position:0%
uh symbolized with the letter Q. Mhm.
So,<00:16:01.959><c> now</c><00:16:02.200><c> we</c><00:16:02.320><c> can</c><00:16:02.440><c> start</c><00:16:02.720><c> talking</c><00:16:03.079><c> about</c><00:16:03.800><c> like</c>

00:16:04.670 --> 00:16:04.680 align:start position:0%
So, now we can start talking about like
 

00:16:04.680 --> 00:16:06.350 align:start position:0%
So, now we can start talking about like
conditional<00:16:05.160><c> statements</c><00:16:05.760><c> like</c><00:16:05.920><c> they're</c><00:16:06.079><c> math</c>

00:16:06.350 --> 00:16:06.360 align:start position:0%
conditional statements like they're math
 

00:16:06.360 --> 00:16:09.949 align:start position:0%
conditional statements like they're math
equations,<00:16:07.000><c> if</c><00:16:07.360><c> P</c><00:16:07.720><c> then</c><00:16:08.040><c> Q,</c><00:16:08.720><c> if</c><00:16:09.000><c> P</c><00:16:09.280><c> then</c><00:16:09.480><c> not</c><00:16:09.760><c> Q,</c>

00:16:09.949 --> 00:16:09.959 align:start position:0%
equations, if P then Q, if P then not Q,
 

00:16:09.959 --> 00:16:10.949 align:start position:0%
equations, if P then Q, if P then not Q,
blah<00:16:10.160><c> blah</c><00:16:10.280><c> blah</c><00:16:10.400><c> blah</c><00:16:10.520><c> blah,</c><00:16:10.640><c> and</c><00:16:10.720><c> we</c><00:16:10.839><c> can</c>

00:16:10.949 --> 00:16:10.959 align:start position:0%
blah blah blah blah blah, and we can
 

00:16:10.959 --> 00:16:13.470 align:start position:0%
blah blah blah blah blah, and we can
talk<00:16:11.240><c> about</c><00:16:11.560><c> all</c><00:16:11.800><c> the</c><00:16:11.920><c> different</c><00:16:12.280><c> ways</c><00:16:13.079><c> we</c><00:16:13.200><c> can</c>

00:16:13.470 --> 00:16:13.480 align:start position:0%
talk about all the different ways we can
 

00:16:13.480 --> 00:16:15.829 align:start position:0%
talk about all the different ways we can
work<00:16:13.959><c> with</c><00:16:14.120><c> this</c><00:16:14.360><c> statement.</c><00:16:15.240><c> So,</c><00:16:15.480><c> there</c><00:16:15.680><c> are</c>

00:16:15.829 --> 00:16:15.839 align:start position:0%
work with this statement. So, there are
 

00:16:15.839 --> 00:16:17.949 align:start position:0%
work with this statement. So, there are
two<00:16:16.160><c> valid</c><00:16:16.839><c> ways</c><00:16:17.200><c> you</c><00:16:17.320><c> can</c><00:16:17.520><c> use</c><00:16:17.720><c> that</c>

00:16:17.949 --> 00:16:17.959 align:start position:0%
two valid ways you can use that
 

00:16:17.959 --> 00:16:19.790 align:start position:0%
two valid ways you can use that
statement<00:16:18.680><c> to</c><00:16:18.920><c> to</c>

00:16:19.790 --> 00:16:19.800 align:start position:0%
statement to to
 

00:16:19.800 --> 00:16:21.630 align:start position:0%
statement to to
to<00:16:19.880><c> what,</c><00:16:20.040><c> draw</c><00:16:20.240><c> a</c><00:16:20.280><c> conclusion?</c><00:16:21.280><c> Could</c><00:16:21.520><c> you</c>

00:16:21.630 --> 00:16:21.640 align:start position:0%
to what, draw a conclusion? Could you
 

00:16:21.640 --> 00:16:23.310 align:start position:0%
to what, draw a conclusion? Could you
though,<00:16:21.880><c> these</c><00:16:22.120><c> cards,</c><00:16:22.600><c> could</c><00:16:22.880><c> you</c><00:16:23.000><c> think</c><00:16:23.200><c> of</c>

00:16:23.310 --> 00:16:23.320 align:start position:0%
though, these cards, could you think of
 

00:16:23.320 --> 00:16:25.270 align:start position:0%
though, these cards, could you think of
these<00:16:23.520><c> cards</c><00:16:23.839><c> then</c><00:16:24.120><c> to</c><00:16:24.240><c> give</c><00:16:24.400><c> your</c><00:16:24.560><c> example</c><00:16:25.000><c> of</c>

00:16:25.270 --> 00:16:25.280 align:start position:0%
these cards then to give your example of
 

00:16:25.280 --> 00:16:26.949 align:start position:0%
these cards then to give your example of
"If<00:16:25.400><c> it</c><00:16:25.520><c> rains</c><00:16:25.680><c> tomorrow,</c><00:16:26.000><c> Michael</c><00:16:26.480><c> will</c><00:16:26.720><c> stay</c>

00:16:26.949 --> 00:16:26.959 align:start position:0%
"If it rains tomorrow, Michael will stay
 

00:16:26.959 --> 00:16:28.190 align:start position:0%
"If it rains tomorrow, Michael will stay
indoors"?

00:16:28.190 --> 00:16:28.200 align:start position:0%
indoors"?
 

00:16:28.200 --> 00:16:30.470 align:start position:0%
indoors"?
Instead<00:16:28.480><c> of</c><00:16:28.560><c> this</c><00:16:28.720><c> being</c><00:16:29.079><c> A</c><00:16:29.320><c> G</c>

00:16:30.470 --> 00:16:30.480 align:start position:0%
Instead of this being A G
 

00:16:30.480 --> 00:16:33.390 align:start position:0%
Instead of this being A G
7<00:16:30.880><c> 8,</c><00:16:31.440><c> could</c><00:16:31.680><c> it</c><00:16:31.800><c> be</c><00:16:32.720><c> Michael's</c><00:16:33.040><c> indoors,</c>

00:16:33.390 --> 00:16:33.400 align:start position:0%
7 8, could it be Michael's indoors,
 

00:16:33.400 --> 00:16:34.990 align:start position:0%
7 8, could it be Michael's indoors,
Michael's<00:16:33.720><c> outdoors,</c><00:16:34.400><c> it's</c><00:16:34.600><c> raining,</c><00:16:34.880><c> it's</c>

00:16:34.990 --> 00:16:35.000 align:start position:0%
Michael's outdoors, it's raining, it's
 

00:16:35.000 --> 00:16:36.190 align:start position:0%
Michael's outdoors, it's raining, it's
not<00:16:35.200><c> raining?</c>

00:16:36.190 --> 00:16:36.200 align:start position:0%
not raining?
 

00:16:36.200 --> 00:16:38.790 align:start position:0%
not raining?
Exactly.<00:16:37.000><c> That</c><00:16:37.160><c> is</c><00:16:37.240><c> exactly</c><00:16:38.160><c> what</c><00:16:38.560><c> each</c><00:16:38.720><c> of</c>

00:16:38.790 --> 00:16:38.800 align:start position:0%
Exactly. That is exactly what each of
 

00:16:38.800 --> 00:16:41.230 align:start position:0%
Exactly. That is exactly what each of
the<00:16:38.880><c> cards</c><00:16:39.360><c> in</c><00:16:39.520><c> this</c><00:16:39.720><c> selection</c><00:16:40.160><c> task</c><00:16:40.520><c> do.</c>

00:16:41.230 --> 00:16:41.240 align:start position:0%
the cards in this selection task do.
 

00:16:41.240 --> 00:16:45.310 align:start position:0%
the cards in this selection task do.
They've<00:16:41.480><c> got</c><00:16:42.079><c> P,</c><00:16:42.640><c> not</c><00:16:42.959><c> P,</c><00:16:43.440><c> Q,</c><00:16:44.079><c> not</c><00:16:44.360><c> Q.</c>

00:16:45.310 --> 00:16:45.320 align:start position:0%
They've got P, not P, Q, not Q.
 

00:16:45.320 --> 00:16:47.550 align:start position:0%
They've got P, not P, Q, not Q.
And<00:16:45.560><c> so,</c><00:16:46.000><c> in</c><00:16:46.280><c> order</c><00:16:46.560><c> to</c><00:16:46.959><c> answer</c><00:16:47.320><c> this</c>

00:16:47.550 --> 00:16:47.560 align:start position:0%
And so, in order to answer this
 

00:16:47.560 --> 00:16:49.350 align:start position:0%
And so, in order to answer this
correctly,<00:16:48.160><c> you</c><00:16:48.280><c> need</c><00:16:48.440><c> to</c><00:16:48.560><c> show</c><00:16:48.800><c> that</c><00:16:49.040><c> you</c>

00:16:49.350 --> 00:16:49.360 align:start position:0%
correctly, you need to show that you
 

00:16:49.360 --> 00:16:52.710 align:start position:0%
correctly, you need to show that you
understand<00:16:50.120><c> or</c><00:16:50.280><c> have</c><00:16:50.520><c> an</c><00:16:50.640><c> innate</c><00:16:51.079><c> ability</c><00:16:52.000><c> to</c>

00:16:52.710 --> 00:16:52.720 align:start position:0%
understand or have an innate ability to
 

00:16:52.720 --> 00:16:55.390 align:start position:0%
understand or have an innate ability to
use<00:16:53.440><c> a</c><00:16:53.520><c> conditional</c><00:16:54.000><c> statement</c><00:16:54.920><c> in</c><00:16:55.040><c> the</c><00:16:55.200><c> two</c>

00:16:55.390 --> 00:16:55.400 align:start position:0%
use a conditional statement in the two
 

00:16:55.400 --> 00:16:57.190 align:start position:0%
use a conditional statement in the two
valid<00:16:55.760><c> ways</c><00:16:56.320><c> that</c><00:16:56.440><c> an</c><00:16:56.560><c> argument</c><00:16:56.959><c> can</c><00:16:57.079><c> be</c>

00:16:57.190 --> 00:16:57.200 align:start position:0%
valid ways that an argument can be
 

00:16:57.200 --> 00:16:58.829 align:start position:0%
valid ways that an argument can be
formed,<00:16:57.640><c> and</c><00:16:57.800><c> that's</c><00:16:58.040><c> where</c><00:16:58.200><c> we</c><00:16:58.280><c> get</c><00:16:58.480><c> to</c><00:16:58.560><c> modus</c>

00:16:58.829 --> 00:16:58.839 align:start position:0%
formed, and that's where we get to modus
 

00:16:58.839 --> 00:17:01.270 align:start position:0%
formed, and that's where we get to modus
tollens<00:16:59.440><c> and</c><00:16:59.560><c> modus</c><00:16:59.880><c> ponens.</c><00:17:00.920><c> I'm</c><00:17:01.040><c> probably</c>

00:17:01.270 --> 00:17:01.280 align:start position:0%
tollens and modus ponens. I'm probably
 

00:17:01.280 --> 00:17:02.630 align:start position:0%
tollens and modus ponens. I'm probably
not<00:17:01.400><c> pronouncing</c><00:17:01.839><c> those</c><00:17:02.040><c> right,</c><00:17:02.280><c> but</c><00:17:02.440><c> look,</c>

00:17:02.630 --> 00:17:02.640 align:start position:0%
not pronouncing those right, but look,
 

00:17:02.640 --> 00:17:05.731 align:start position:0%
not pronouncing those right, but look,
this<00:17:02.800><c> is</c><00:17:02.920><c> about</c><00:17:03.160><c> logic,</c><00:17:03.920><c> not</c><00:17:04.560><c> pronunciation.</c>

00:17:05.731 --> 00:17:05.741 align:start position:0%
this is about logic, not pronunciation.
 

00:17:05.741 --> 00:17:06.110 align:start position:0%
this is about logic, not pronunciation.
&gt;&gt; [laughter]

00:17:06.110 --> 00:17:06.120 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
 

00:17:06.120 --> 00:17:09.030 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
&gt;&gt; So,<00:17:06.560><c> modus</c><00:17:06.959><c> ponens</c><00:17:07.439><c> is</c><00:17:07.640><c> the</c><00:17:07.880><c> really</c><00:17:08.439><c> easy</c><00:17:08.760><c> one,</c>

00:17:09.030 --> 00:17:09.040 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; So, modus ponens is the really easy one,
 

00:17:09.040 --> 00:17:10.990 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; So, modus ponens is the really easy one,
where<00:17:09.199><c> we</c><00:17:09.360><c> say,</c><00:17:09.839><c> "Here's</c><00:17:10.160><c> a</c><00:17:10.280><c> rule.</c><00:17:10.679><c> If</c><00:17:10.839><c> it</c>

00:17:10.990 --> 00:17:11.000 align:start position:0%
where we say, "Here's a rule. If it
 

00:17:11.000 --> 00:17:13.069 align:start position:0%
where we say, "Here's a rule. If it
rains<00:17:11.320><c> tomorrow,</c><00:17:12.079><c> Michael</c><00:17:12.480><c> will</c><00:17:12.800><c> stay</c>

00:17:13.069 --> 00:17:13.079 align:start position:0%
rains tomorrow, Michael will stay
 

00:17:13.079 --> 00:17:15.390 align:start position:0%
rains tomorrow, Michael will stay
indoors.<00:17:14.079><c> It</c><00:17:14.199><c> is</c><00:17:14.320><c> now</c><00:17:14.560><c> tomorrow,</c><00:17:15.040><c> and</c><00:17:15.160><c> it</c><00:17:15.280><c> is</c>

00:17:15.390 --> 00:17:15.400 align:start position:0%
indoors. It is now tomorrow, and it is
 

00:17:15.400 --> 00:17:17.270 align:start position:0%
indoors. It is now tomorrow, and it is
raining.<00:17:15.920><c> Where</c><00:17:16.120><c> is</c><00:17:16.280><c> Michael?"</c><00:17:16.800><c> And</c><00:17:16.920><c> they</c><00:17:17.040><c> go,</c>

00:17:17.270 --> 00:17:17.280 align:start position:0%
raining. Where is Michael?" And they go,
 

00:17:17.280 --> 00:17:18.870 align:start position:0%
raining. Where is Michael?" And they go,
"Well,<00:17:17.439><c> he's</c><00:17:17.600><c> indoors."</c><00:17:18.400><c> That's</c><00:17:18.640><c> I</c><00:17:18.720><c> can</c>

00:17:18.870 --> 00:17:18.880 align:start position:0%
"Well, he's indoors." That's I can
 

00:17:18.880 --> 00:17:20.910 align:start position:0%
"Well, he's indoors." That's I can
conclude<00:17:19.240><c> that.</c><00:17:19.640><c> Yes,</c><00:17:20.079><c> that's</c><00:17:20.360><c> valid.</c>

00:17:20.910 --> 00:17:20.920 align:start position:0%
conclude that. Yes, that's valid.
 

00:17:20.920 --> 00:17:22.790 align:start position:0%
conclude that. Yes, that's valid.
&gt;&gt; The<00:17:21.000><c> other</c><00:17:21.240><c> example</c><00:17:21.720><c> would</c><00:17:21.959><c> be</c><00:17:22.439><c> you're</c>

00:17:22.790 --> 00:17:22.800 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; The other example would be you're
 

00:17:22.800 --> 00:17:26.790 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; The other example would be you're
overage<00:17:23.800><c> and</c><00:17:24.160><c> you're</c><00:17:25.160><c> drinking</c><00:17:26.120><c> an</c><00:17:26.360><c> alcoholic</c>

00:17:26.790 --> 00:17:26.800 align:start position:0%
overage and you're drinking an alcoholic
 

00:17:26.800 --> 00:17:28.310 align:start position:0%
overage and you're drinking an alcoholic
drink,<00:17:27.199><c> right?</c><00:17:27.640><c> That</c><00:17:27.839><c> That</c><00:17:27.959><c> would</c><00:17:28.079><c> be</c><00:17:28.199><c> the</c>

00:17:28.310 --> 00:17:28.320 align:start position:0%
drink, right? That That would be the
 

00:17:28.320 --> 00:17:30.190 align:start position:0%
drink, right? That That would be the
other<00:17:28.800><c> It's</c><00:17:29.000><c> true,</c><00:17:29.160><c> it's</c><00:17:29.280><c> true.</c><00:17:29.720><c> It</c><00:17:29.800><c> depends</c>

00:17:30.190 --> 00:17:30.200 align:start position:0%
other It's true, it's true. It depends
 

00:17:30.200 --> 00:17:32.110 align:start position:0%
other It's true, it's true. It depends
what<00:17:30.360><c> the</c><00:17:30.480><c> rule</c><00:17:30.800><c> is</c><00:17:30.960><c> about</c><00:17:31.200><c> drinking.</c><00:17:31.920><c> Okay,</c>

00:17:32.110 --> 00:17:32.120 align:start position:0%
what the rule is about drinking. Okay,
 

00:17:32.120 --> 00:17:35.550 align:start position:0%
what the rule is about drinking. Okay,
the<00:17:32.320><c> rule</c><00:17:32.679><c> is</c><00:17:33.040><c> everyone</c><00:17:33.840><c> over</c><00:17:34.280><c> 21</c><00:17:35.440><c> No,</c>

00:17:35.550 --> 00:17:35.560 align:start position:0%
the rule is everyone over 21 No,
 

00:17:35.560 --> 00:17:38.070 align:start position:0%
the rule is everyone over 21 No,
everyone<00:17:35.960><c> drinking</c><00:17:36.520><c> must</c><00:17:36.760><c> be</c><00:17:36.880><c> over</c><00:17:37.040><c> 21.</c><00:17:38.000><c> I</c>

00:17:38.070 --> 00:17:38.080 align:start position:0%
everyone drinking must be over 21. I
 

00:17:38.080 --> 00:17:39.230 align:start position:0%
everyone drinking must be over 21. I
think<00:17:38.400><c> so,</c><00:17:38.720><c> yeah.</c>

00:17:39.230 --> 00:17:39.240 align:start position:0%
think so, yeah.
 

00:17:39.240 --> 00:17:41.630 align:start position:0%
think so, yeah.
&gt;&gt; If<00:17:39.320><c> you're</c><00:17:39.520><c> drinking,</c><00:17:40.160><c> you</c><00:17:40.280><c> must</c><00:17:40.520><c> be</c><00:17:40.640><c> over</c><00:17:40.800><c> 21.</c>

00:17:41.630 --> 00:17:41.640 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; If you're drinking, you must be over 21.
 

00:17:41.640 --> 00:17:44.550 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; If you're drinking, you must be over 21.
Right.<00:17:42.400><c> Or</c><00:17:42.880><c> or</c><00:17:43.120><c> 18</c><00:17:43.640><c> or</c><00:17:43.720><c> whatever.</c><00:17:44.080><c> I</c><00:17:44.160><c> didn't</c><00:17:44.480><c> I</c>

00:17:44.550 --> 00:17:44.560 align:start position:0%
Right. Or or 18 or whatever. I didn't I
 

00:17:44.560 --> 00:17:46.510 align:start position:0%
Right. Or or 18 or whatever. I didn't I
didn't<00:17:44.800><c> give</c><00:17:45.000><c> a</c><00:17:45.080><c> year,</c><00:17:45.440><c> I</c><00:17:45.520><c> just</c><00:17:45.760><c> said</c>

00:17:46.510 --> 00:17:46.520 align:start position:0%
didn't give a year, I just said
 

00:17:46.520 --> 00:17:48.470 align:start position:0%
didn't give a year, I just said
&gt;&gt; You<00:17:46.640><c> smartly</c><00:17:47.120><c> did</c><00:17:47.320><c> that,</c><00:17:47.600><c> but</c><00:17:47.800><c> I've</c>

00:17:48.470 --> 00:17:48.480 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; You smartly did that, but I've
 

00:17:48.480 --> 00:17:51.582 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; You smartly did that, but I've
&gt;&gt; chose<00:17:48.880><c> 12</c><00:17:49.480><c> and</c><00:17:49.600><c> 35,</c><00:17:50.520><c> so</c><00:17:50.760><c> that</c>

00:17:51.582 --> 00:17:51.592 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; chose 12 and 35, so that
 

00:17:51.592 --> 00:17:51.990 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; chose 12 and 35, so that
&gt;&gt; [laughter]

00:17:51.990 --> 00:17:52.000 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
 

00:17:52.000 --> 00:17:53.430 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
&gt;&gt; Look<00:17:52.240><c> at</c><00:17:52.360><c> that.</c><00:17:52.480><c> I've</c><00:17:52.679><c> anchored</c><00:17:53.040><c> us</c><00:17:53.200><c> to</c><00:17:53.320><c> the</c>

00:17:53.430 --> 00:17:53.440 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Look at that. I've anchored us to the
 

00:17:53.440 --> 00:17:55.870 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Look at that. I've anchored us to the
wrong<00:17:53.800><c> side</c><00:17:54.040><c> of</c><00:17:54.120><c> the</c><00:17:54.240><c> Atlantic.</c><00:17:55.080><c> I</c><00:17:55.240><c> know,</c><00:17:55.720><c> look</c>

00:17:55.870 --> 00:17:55.880 align:start position:0%
wrong side of the Atlantic. I know, look
 

00:17:55.880 --> 00:17:58.790 align:start position:0%
wrong side of the Atlantic. I know, look
at<00:17:56.000><c> that.</c><00:17:56.720><c> And</c><00:17:57.000><c> I</c><00:17:57.200><c> did</c><00:17:57.480><c> all</c><00:17:57.720><c> the</c><00:17:57.840><c> work</c><00:17:58.440><c> to</c><00:17:58.600><c> use</c>

00:17:58.790 --> 00:17:58.800 align:start position:0%
at that. And I did all the work to use
 

00:17:58.800 --> 00:18:00.097 align:start position:0%
at that. And I did all the work to use
the<00:17:58.920><c> word</c><00:17:59.160><c> pub.</c>

00:18:00.097 --> 00:18:00.107 align:start position:0%
the word pub.
 

00:18:00.107 --> 00:18:01.669 align:start position:0%
the word pub.
&gt;&gt; [laughter]

00:18:01.669 --> 00:18:01.679 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
 

00:18:01.679 --> 00:18:03.390 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
&gt;&gt; I<00:18:01.800><c> know.</c><00:18:02.360><c> I</c><00:18:02.440><c> really</c><00:18:02.679><c> should</c><00:18:02.840><c> have</c><00:18:02.960><c> repaid</c><00:18:03.320><c> you</c>

00:18:03.390 --> 00:18:03.400 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I know. I really should have repaid you
 

00:18:03.400 --> 00:18:06.110 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I know. I really should have repaid you
better.<00:18:03.760><c> I</c><00:18:03.840><c> apologize.</c><00:18:05.080><c> Okay.</c><00:18:05.280><c> So,</c><00:18:05.520><c> so</c><00:18:05.840><c> the</c>

00:18:06.110 --> 00:18:06.120 align:start position:0%
better. I apologize. Okay. So, so the
 

00:18:06.120 --> 00:18:08.510 align:start position:0%
better. I apologize. Okay. So, so the
the<00:18:06.280><c> modus</c><00:18:06.600><c> ponens</c><00:18:06.960><c> then</c><00:18:07.280><c> is</c><00:18:08.240><c> if</c><00:18:08.440><c> you're</c>

00:18:08.510 --> 00:18:08.520 align:start position:0%
the modus ponens then is if you're
 

00:18:08.520 --> 00:18:10.990 align:start position:0%
the modus ponens then is if you're
drinking,<00:18:09.280><c> you're</c><00:18:09.440><c> over</c><00:18:09.600><c> 21,</c><00:18:10.400><c> so</c><00:18:10.600><c> it's</c><00:18:10.800><c> the</c>

00:18:10.990 --> 00:18:11.000 align:start position:0%
drinking, you're over 21, so it's the
 

00:18:11.000 --> 00:18:14.110 align:start position:0%
drinking, you're over 21, so it's the
person<00:18:11.800><c> with</c><00:18:12.120><c> the</c><00:18:12.240><c> beer,</c><00:18:12.840><c> say,</c>

00:18:14.110 --> 00:18:14.120 align:start position:0%
person with the beer, say,
 

00:18:14.120 --> 00:18:16.590 align:start position:0%
person with the beer, say,
who<00:18:14.280><c> turns</c><00:18:14.600><c> out</c><00:18:14.720><c> to</c><00:18:14.800><c> be</c><00:18:15.280><c> the</c><00:18:15.400><c> correct</c><00:18:15.840><c> age.</c>

00:18:16.590 --> 00:18:16.600 align:start position:0%
who turns out to be the correct age.
 

00:18:16.600 --> 00:18:17.590 align:start position:0%
who turns out to be the correct age.
Yeah.

00:18:17.590 --> 00:18:17.600 align:start position:0%
Yeah.
 

00:18:17.600 --> 00:18:19.070 align:start position:0%
Yeah.
Yeah.<00:18:18.160><c> You</c><00:18:18.240><c> know</c><00:18:18.360><c> what?</c><00:18:18.560><c> I</c><00:18:18.640><c> think</c><00:18:18.800><c> the</c><00:18:18.920><c> the</c>

00:18:19.070 --> 00:18:19.080 align:start position:0%
Yeah. You know what? I think the the
 

00:18:19.080 --> 00:18:20.870 align:start position:0%
Yeah. You know what? I think the the
sentence<00:18:19.520><c> would</c><00:18:19.640><c> be,</c><00:18:20.200><c> "If</c><00:18:20.400><c> a</c><00:18:20.480><c> person</c><00:18:20.760><c> is</c>

00:18:20.870 --> 00:18:20.880 align:start position:0%
sentence would be, "If a person is
 

00:18:20.880 --> 00:18:23.350 align:start position:0%
sentence would be, "If a person is
drinking<00:18:21.200><c> alcohol,</c><00:18:21.840><c> they</c><00:18:21.960><c> must</c><00:18:22.400><c> be</c><00:18:22.840><c> over</c><00:18:23.240><c> like</c>

00:18:23.350 --> 00:18:23.360 align:start position:0%
drinking alcohol, they must be over like
 

00:18:23.360 --> 00:18:24.150 align:start position:0%
drinking alcohol, they must be over like
21<00:18:23.760><c> or</c><00:18:23.840><c> over."</c>

00:18:24.150 --> 00:18:24.160 align:start position:0%
21 or over."
 

00:18:24.160 --> 00:18:26.070 align:start position:0%
21 or over."
&gt;&gt; Yeah.<00:18:24.360><c> Yeah.</c><00:18:24.720><c> Therefore,</c><00:18:25.360><c> modus</c><00:18:25.720><c> ponens</c>

00:18:26.070 --> 00:18:26.080 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Yeah. Yeah. Therefore, modus ponens
 

00:18:26.080 --> 00:18:27.430 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Yeah. Yeah. Therefore, modus ponens
would<00:18:26.200><c> be,</c><00:18:26.800><c> "Hey,</c><00:18:26.960><c> they're</c><00:18:27.120><c> drinking</c>

00:18:27.430 --> 00:18:27.440 align:start position:0%
would be, "Hey, they're drinking
 

00:18:27.440 --> 00:18:29.470 align:start position:0%
would be, "Hey, they're drinking
alcohol.<00:18:28.360><c> Therefore,</c><00:18:28.840><c> they</c><00:18:28.960><c> must</c><00:18:29.159><c> be</c><00:18:29.280><c> over</c>

00:18:29.470 --> 00:18:29.480 align:start position:0%
alcohol. Therefore, they must be over
 

00:18:29.480 --> 00:18:30.030 align:start position:0%
alcohol. Therefore, they must be over
21."

00:18:30.030 --> 00:18:30.040 align:start position:0%
21."
 

00:18:30.040 --> 00:18:31.350 align:start position:0%
21."
&gt;&gt; I understand.<00:18:30.560><c> Yeah.</c>

00:18:31.350 --> 00:18:31.360 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I understand. Yeah.
 

00:18:31.360 --> 00:18:34.110 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I understand. Yeah.
So,<00:18:31.840><c> so</c><00:18:32.000><c> modus</c><00:18:32.400><c> ponens</c><00:18:32.760><c> is</c><00:18:32.880><c> about</c><00:18:33.280><c> affirming</c>

00:18:34.110 --> 00:18:34.120 align:start position:0%
So, so modus ponens is about affirming
 

00:18:34.120 --> 00:18:36.750 align:start position:0%
So, so modus ponens is about affirming
the<00:18:34.320><c> antecedent.</c><00:18:35.360><c> We</c><00:18:35.520><c> know</c><00:18:35.800><c> that</c><00:18:36.000><c> the</c><00:18:36.080><c> first</c>

00:18:36.750 --> 00:18:36.760 align:start position:0%
the antecedent. We know that the first
 

00:18:36.760 --> 00:18:38.590 align:start position:0%
the antecedent. We know that the first
the<00:18:36.919><c> if</c><00:18:37.159><c> part</c><00:18:37.400><c> is</c><00:18:37.600><c> true,</c><00:18:38.080><c> therefore</c><00:18:38.480><c> we</c>

00:18:38.590 --> 00:18:38.600 align:start position:0%
the if part is true, therefore we
 

00:18:38.600 --> 00:18:41.470 align:start position:0%
the if part is true, therefore we
conclude<00:18:39.320><c> the</c><00:18:39.400><c> consequent,</c><00:18:40.080><c> the</c><00:18:40.360><c> the</c><00:18:40.440><c> Q</c><00:18:40.640><c> part.</c>

00:18:41.470 --> 00:18:41.480 align:start position:0%
conclude the consequent, the the Q part.
 

00:18:41.480 --> 00:18:44.909 align:start position:0%
conclude the consequent, the the Q part.
Now,<00:18:41.600><c> it</c><00:18:41.760><c> is</c><00:18:42.000><c> invalid</c><00:18:43.320><c> It</c><00:18:43.400><c> is</c><00:18:43.560><c> invalid</c>

00:18:44.909 --> 00:18:44.919 align:start position:0%
Now, it is invalid It is invalid
 

00:18:44.919 --> 00:18:48.310 align:start position:0%
Now, it is invalid It is invalid
to<00:18:45.720><c> have</c><00:18:46.200><c> the</c><00:18:46.679><c> antecedent</c><00:18:47.280><c> denied</c><00:18:48.080><c> and</c><00:18:48.200><c> then</c>

00:18:48.310 --> 00:18:48.320 align:start position:0%
to have the antecedent denied and then
 

00:18:48.320 --> 00:18:50.270 align:start position:0%
to have the antecedent denied and then
conclude<00:18:48.800><c> something</c><00:18:49.159><c> about</c><00:18:49.440><c> the</c><00:18:49.520><c> consequent.</c>

00:18:50.270 --> 00:18:50.280 align:start position:0%
conclude something about the consequent.
 

00:18:50.280 --> 00:18:51.230 align:start position:0%
conclude something about the consequent.
&gt;&gt; Okay,<00:18:50.520><c> you're</c><00:18:50.640><c> going</c><00:18:50.760><c> to</c><00:18:50.840><c> have</c><00:18:50.919><c> to</c><00:18:51.000><c> do</c><00:18:51.120><c> that</c>

00:18:51.230 --> 00:18:51.240 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Okay, you're going to have to do that
 

00:18:51.240 --> 00:18:52.830 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Okay, you're going to have to do that
one<00:18:51.400><c> again</c><00:18:51.640><c> for</c><00:18:51.760><c> me.</c><00:18:52.480><c> What?</c>

00:18:52.830 --> 00:18:52.840 align:start position:0%
one again for me. What?
 

00:18:52.840 --> 00:18:55.270 align:start position:0%
one again for me. What?
&gt;&gt; Okay.<00:18:53.320><c> Modus</c><00:18:53.640><c> ponens</c><00:18:54.080><c> is</c><00:18:54.200><c> when</c><00:18:54.320><c> you</c><00:18:54.440><c> affirm</c>

00:18:55.270 --> 00:18:55.280 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Okay. Modus ponens is when you affirm
 

00:18:55.280 --> 00:18:57.950 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Okay. Modus ponens is when you affirm
the<00:18:55.800><c> antecedent.</c><00:18:56.520><c> You</c><00:18:56.679><c> say,</c><00:18:56.960><c> "Hey,</c><00:18:57.560><c> the</c><00:18:57.679><c> if</c>

00:18:57.950 --> 00:18:57.960 align:start position:0%
the antecedent. You say, "Hey, the if
 

00:18:57.960 --> 00:19:00.230 align:start position:0%
the antecedent. You say, "Hey, the if
part<00:18:58.159><c> is</c><00:18:58.320><c> true.</c><00:18:58.800><c> Therefore,</c><00:18:59.520><c> the</c><00:18:59.640><c> then</c><00:18:59.880><c> part</c>

00:19:00.230 --> 00:19:00.240 align:start position:0%
part is true. Therefore, the then part
 

00:19:00.240 --> 00:19:01.550 align:start position:0%
part is true. Therefore, the then part
must<00:19:00.480><c> be</c><00:19:00.600><c> true."</c>

00:19:01.550 --> 00:19:01.560 align:start position:0%
must be true."
 

00:19:01.560 --> 00:19:04.390 align:start position:0%
must be true."
If,<00:19:01.720><c> however,</c><00:19:02.600><c> you</c><00:19:03.159><c> are</c><00:19:03.320><c> able</c><00:19:03.560><c> to</c><00:19:03.679><c> deny</c><00:19:04.240><c> the</c>

00:19:04.390 --> 00:19:04.400 align:start position:0%
If, however, you are able to deny the
 

00:19:04.400 --> 00:19:06.390 align:start position:0%
If, however, you are able to deny the
antecedent,<00:19:05.240><c> for</c><00:19:05.360><c> example,</c><00:19:05.800><c> in</c><00:19:05.919><c> our</c><00:19:06.080><c> raining</c>

00:19:06.390 --> 00:19:06.400 align:start position:0%
antecedent, for example, in our raining
 

00:19:06.400 --> 00:19:07.750 align:start position:0%
antecedent, for example, in our raining
example,<00:19:06.840><c> you</c><00:19:06.919><c> say,</c><00:19:07.080><c> "Well,</c><00:19:07.240><c> hey,</c><00:19:07.360><c> it's</c><00:19:07.520><c> not</c>

00:19:07.750 --> 00:19:07.760 align:start position:0%
example, you say, "Well, hey, it's not
 

00:19:07.760 --> 00:19:11.510 align:start position:0%
example, you say, "Well, hey, it's not
raining."<00:19:08.280><c> You</c><00:19:08.480><c> cannot</c><00:19:09.840><c> conclude</c>

00:19:11.510 --> 00:19:11.520 align:start position:0%
raining." You cannot conclude
 

00:19:11.520 --> 00:19:15.149 align:start position:0%
raining." You cannot conclude
that<00:19:12.240><c> I'm</c><00:19:12.720><c> not</c><00:19:13.480><c> indoors,</c><00:19:14.320><c> because</c><00:19:14.679><c> the</c><00:19:14.840><c> rule</c>

00:19:15.149 --> 00:19:15.159 align:start position:0%
that I'm not indoors, because the rule
 

00:19:15.159 --> 00:19:17.750 align:start position:0%
that I'm not indoors, because the rule
doesn't<00:19:15.480><c> say</c><00:19:15.760><c> anything</c><00:19:16.240><c> about</c><00:19:16.600><c> other</c><00:19:17.159><c> reasons</c>

00:19:17.750 --> 00:19:17.760 align:start position:0%
doesn't say anything about other reasons
 

00:19:17.760 --> 00:19:19.990 align:start position:0%
doesn't say anything about other reasons
I<00:19:17.840><c> might</c><00:19:18.120><c> stay</c><00:19:18.360><c> indoors</c><00:19:18.840><c> tomorrow.</c><00:19:19.840><c> Now,</c>

00:19:19.990 --> 00:19:20.000 align:start position:0%
I might stay indoors tomorrow. Now,
 

00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:22.110 align:start position:0%
I might stay indoors tomorrow. Now,
let's<00:19:20.200><c> talk</c><00:19:20.360><c> about</c><00:19:20.560><c> the</c><00:19:20.640><c> consequent.</c><00:19:21.600><c> A</c><00:19:21.679><c> valid</c>

00:19:22.110 --> 00:19:22.120 align:start position:0%
let's talk about the consequent. A valid
 

00:19:22.120 --> 00:19:24.230 align:start position:0%
let's talk about the consequent. A valid
way<00:19:22.360><c> to</c><00:19:22.480><c> operate</c><00:19:23.080><c> with</c><00:19:23.280><c> what</c><00:19:23.480><c> you</c><00:19:23.600><c> know</c><00:19:23.760><c> about</c>

00:19:24.230 --> 00:19:24.240 align:start position:0%
way to operate with what you know about
 

00:19:24.240 --> 00:19:26.990 align:start position:0%
way to operate with what you know about
the<00:19:24.560><c> state</c><00:19:25.080><c> of</c><00:19:25.240><c> the</c><00:19:25.320><c> consequent</c><00:19:26.320><c> is</c><00:19:26.600><c> that</c><00:19:26.840><c> if</c>

00:19:26.990 --> 00:19:27.000 align:start position:0%
the state of the consequent is that if
 

00:19:27.000 --> 00:19:29.070 align:start position:0%
the state of the consequent is that if
it's<00:19:27.159><c> denied,</c><00:19:28.000><c> in</c><00:19:28.159><c> our</c><00:19:28.280><c> original</c><00:19:28.679><c> case,</c>

00:19:29.070 --> 00:19:29.080 align:start position:0%
it's denied, in our original case,
 

00:19:29.080 --> 00:19:32.590 align:start position:0%
it's denied, in our original case,
Michael<00:19:29.600><c> is</c><00:19:30.320><c> not</c><00:19:30.679><c> indoors,</c><00:19:31.760><c> then</c><00:19:32.320><c> you</c><00:19:32.440><c> can</c>

00:19:32.590 --> 00:19:32.600 align:start position:0%
Michael is not indoors, then you can
 

00:19:32.600 --> 00:19:35.149 align:start position:0%
Michael is not indoors, then you can
conclude<00:19:33.200><c> that</c><00:19:33.360><c> it's</c><00:19:33.720><c> not</c><00:19:34.440><c> raining.</c><00:19:35.120><c> All</c>

00:19:35.149 --> 00:19:35.159 align:start position:0%
conclude that it's not raining. All
 

00:19:35.159 --> 00:19:36.230 align:start position:0%
conclude that it's not raining. All
right,<00:19:35.320><c> let's</c><00:19:35.480><c> do</c><00:19:35.560><c> this</c><00:19:35.720><c> with</c><00:19:35.840><c> the</c><00:19:35.919><c> drinking</c>

00:19:36.230 --> 00:19:36.240 align:start position:0%
right, let's do this with the drinking
 

00:19:36.240 --> 00:19:38.510 align:start position:0%
right, let's do this with the drinking
example,<00:19:36.600><c> cuz</c><00:19:36.760><c> this</c><00:19:36.919><c> is</c><00:19:37.040><c> the</c><00:19:37.080><c> one</c><00:19:37.280><c> that</c><00:19:37.400><c> I</c><00:19:37.760><c> that</c>

00:19:38.510 --> 00:19:38.520 align:start position:0%
example, cuz this is the one that I that
 

00:19:38.520 --> 00:19:40.870 align:start position:0%
example, cuz this is the one that I that
like<00:19:38.720><c> strangely</c><00:19:39.280><c> I</c><00:19:39.360><c> find</c><00:19:39.679><c> most</c><00:19:40.480><c> I</c><00:19:40.560><c> can</c>

00:19:40.870 --> 00:19:40.880 align:start position:0%
like strangely I find most I can
 

00:19:40.880 --> 00:19:42.870 align:start position:0%
like strangely I find most I can
understand<00:19:41.400><c> most</c><00:19:41.640><c> instinctively.</c><00:19:42.560><c> Okay.</c><00:19:42.720><c> So,</c>

00:19:42.870 --> 00:19:42.880 align:start position:0%
understand most instinctively. Okay. So,
 

00:19:42.880 --> 00:19:44.350 align:start position:0%
understand most instinctively. Okay. So,
so<00:19:43.080><c> so</c><00:19:43.240><c> to</c><00:19:43.360><c> make</c><00:19:43.520><c> it</c><00:19:43.640><c> to</c><00:19:43.720><c> make</c><00:19:43.840><c> it</c><00:19:43.919><c> really</c><00:19:44.120><c> easy,</c>

00:19:44.350 --> 00:19:44.360 align:start position:0%
so so to make it to make it really easy,
 

00:19:44.360 --> 00:19:46.710 align:start position:0%
so so to make it to make it really easy,
let's<00:19:44.600><c> say</c><00:19:44.760><c> that</c><00:19:45.240><c> in</c><00:19:45.440><c> this</c><00:19:45.679><c> bar,</c><00:19:46.120><c> it</c><00:19:46.280><c> is</c><00:19:46.440><c> true,</c>

00:19:46.710 --> 00:19:46.720 align:start position:0%
let's say that in this bar, it is true,
 

00:19:46.720 --> 00:19:48.430 align:start position:0%
let's say that in this bar, it is true,
the<00:19:46.840><c> law</c><00:19:47.080><c> is</c><00:19:47.240><c> being</c><00:19:47.480><c> followed,</c><00:19:48.040><c> everyone</c>

00:19:48.430 --> 00:19:48.440 align:start position:0%
the law is being followed, everyone
 

00:19:48.440 --> 00:19:50.950 align:start position:0%
the law is being followed, everyone
who's<00:19:48.600><c> drinking</c><00:19:48.960><c> beer</c><00:19:49.280><c> is</c><00:19:49.480><c> over</c><00:19:50.120><c> 21.</c><00:19:50.800><c> If</c>

00:19:50.950 --> 00:19:50.960 align:start position:0%
who's drinking beer is over 21. If
 

00:19:50.960 --> 00:19:52.830 align:start position:0%
who's drinking beer is over 21. If
you're<00:19:51.120><c> drinking</c><00:19:51.600><c> alcohol,</c><00:19:52.320><c> you</c><00:19:52.440><c> are</c><00:19:52.640><c> over</c>

00:19:52.830 --> 00:19:52.840 align:start position:0%
you're drinking alcohol, you are over
 

00:19:52.840 --> 00:19:54.950 align:start position:0%
you're drinking alcohol, you are over
21,<00:19:53.400><c> and</c><00:19:53.520><c> that's</c><00:19:53.800><c> true.</c><00:19:54.400><c> If</c><00:19:54.560><c> you're</c><00:19:54.680><c> drinking</c>

00:19:54.950 --> 00:19:54.960 align:start position:0%
21, and that's true. If you're drinking
 

00:19:54.960 --> 00:19:57.150 align:start position:0%
21, and that's true. If you're drinking
alcohol,<00:19:55.600><c> you</c><00:19:55.800><c> are</c><00:19:55.960><c> over</c><00:19:56.280><c> the</c><00:19:56.520><c> the</c><00:19:56.720><c> drinking</c>

00:19:57.150 --> 00:19:57.160 align:start position:0%
alcohol, you are over the the drinking
 

00:19:57.160 --> 00:20:00.550 align:start position:0%
alcohol, you are over the the drinking
age.<00:19:58.000><c> So,</c><00:19:58.320><c> if</c><00:19:58.560><c> you</c><00:19:58.720><c> get</c><00:19:58.920><c> someone</c><00:19:59.200><c> who</c><00:19:59.360><c> is</c><00:19:59.920><c> not</c>

00:20:00.550 --> 00:20:00.560 align:start position:0%
age. So, if you get someone who is not
 

00:20:00.560 --> 00:20:02.390 align:start position:0%
age. So, if you get someone who is not
over<00:20:00.760><c> the</c><00:20:00.880><c> drinking</c><00:20:01.280><c> age,</c>

00:20:02.390 --> 00:20:02.400 align:start position:0%
over the drinking age,
 

00:20:02.400 --> 00:20:05.350 align:start position:0%
over the drinking age,
then<00:20:03.160><c> you</c><00:20:03.320><c> can</c><00:20:03.520><c> conclude</c><00:20:04.400><c> that</c><00:20:04.560><c> they</c><00:20:04.760><c> can't</c><00:20:05.240><c> be</c>

00:20:05.350 --> 00:20:05.360 align:start position:0%
then you can conclude that they can't be
 

00:20:05.360 --> 00:20:06.710 align:start position:0%
then you can conclude that they can't be
drinking<00:20:05.720><c> alcohol.</c>

00:20:06.710 --> 00:20:06.720 align:start position:0%
drinking alcohol.
 

00:20:06.720 --> 00:20:08.430 align:start position:0%
drinking alcohol.
Correct.<00:20:07.240><c> That</c><00:20:07.400><c> is</c><00:20:07.520><c> modus</c><00:20:07.840><c> tollens.</c>

00:20:08.430 --> 00:20:08.440 align:start position:0%
Correct. That is modus tollens.
 

00:20:08.440 --> 00:20:12.190 align:start position:0%
Correct. That is modus tollens.
&gt;&gt; Right.<00:20:09.520><c> However,</c><00:20:10.560><c> Uh-huh.</c><00:20:11.200><c> if</c><00:20:11.400><c> you</c><00:20:11.600><c> affirm</c>

00:20:12.190 --> 00:20:12.200 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Right. However, Uh-huh. if you affirm
 

00:20:12.200 --> 00:20:14.430 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Right. However, Uh-huh. if you affirm
the<00:20:12.320><c> consequent,</c><00:20:13.440><c> you</c><00:20:13.640><c> cannot</c><00:20:14.040><c> conclude</c>

00:20:14.430 --> 00:20:14.440 align:start position:0%
the consequent, you cannot conclude
 

00:20:14.440 --> 00:20:17.590 align:start position:0%
the consequent, you cannot conclude
anything<00:20:15.000><c> validly.</c><00:20:16.000><c> Meaning,</c><00:20:16.720><c> if</c><00:20:16.920><c> you</c><00:20:17.400><c> run</c>

00:20:17.590 --> 00:20:17.600 align:start position:0%
anything validly. Meaning, if you run
 

00:20:17.600 --> 00:20:19.510 align:start position:0%
anything validly. Meaning, if you run
into<00:20:17.800><c> a</c><00:20:17.840><c> person</c><00:20:18.200><c> there</c><00:20:18.360><c> at</c><00:20:18.440><c> the</c><00:20:18.520><c> bar</c><00:20:19.000><c> and</c><00:20:19.240><c> they</c>

00:20:19.510 --> 00:20:19.520 align:start position:0%
into a person there at the bar and they
 

00:20:19.520 --> 00:20:22.030 align:start position:0%
into a person there at the bar and they
are<00:20:20.360><c> over</c><00:20:20.680><c> the</c><00:20:20.800><c> drinking</c><00:20:21.120><c> age,</c><00:20:21.600><c> then</c><00:20:21.800><c> you</c><00:20:21.920><c> have</c>

00:20:22.030 --> 00:20:22.040 align:start position:0%
are over the drinking age, then you have
 

00:20:22.040 --> 00:20:23.390 align:start position:0%
are over the drinking age, then you have
no<00:20:22.240><c> idea</c><00:20:22.400><c> what</c><00:20:22.520><c> they're</c><00:20:22.640><c> drinking.</c><00:20:23.280><c> It</c>

00:20:23.390 --> 00:20:23.400 align:start position:0%
no idea what they're drinking. It
 

00:20:23.400 --> 00:20:25.110 align:start position:0%
no idea what they're drinking. It
doesn't<00:20:23.720><c> mean</c><00:20:23.920><c> anything.</c><00:20:24.520><c> You</c><00:20:24.680><c> cannot</c>

00:20:25.110 --> 00:20:25.120 align:start position:0%
doesn't mean anything. You cannot
 

00:20:25.120 --> 00:20:26.710 align:start position:0%
doesn't mean anything. You cannot
conclude<00:20:25.560><c> that</c><00:20:25.680><c> they</c><00:20:25.800><c> are</c><00:20:25.920><c> drinking</c><00:20:26.280><c> alcohol,</c>

00:20:26.710 --> 00:20:26.720 align:start position:0%
conclude that they are drinking alcohol,
 

00:20:26.720 --> 00:20:29.790 align:start position:0%
conclude that they are drinking alcohol,
because<00:20:26.920><c> they</c><00:20:27.040><c> might</c><00:20:27.240><c> not</c><00:20:27.480><c> be.</c><00:20:27.920><c> Got</c><00:20:28.200><c> you.</c>

00:20:29.790 --> 00:20:29.800 align:start position:0%
because they might not be. Got you.
 

00:20:29.800 --> 00:20:31.990 align:start position:0%
because they might not be. Got you.
And<00:20:30.000><c> that</c><00:20:30.400><c> So,</c><00:20:30.560><c> then</c><00:20:30.960><c> So,</c><00:20:31.080><c> then</c><00:20:31.320><c> what's</c><00:20:31.640><c> that?</c>

00:20:31.990 --> 00:20:32.000 align:start position:0%
And that So, then So, then what's that?
 

00:20:32.000 --> 00:20:33.830 align:start position:0%
And that So, then So, then what's that?
That's<00:20:32.240><c> not</c><00:20:32.480><c> modus</c><00:20:32.800><c> tollens</c><00:20:33.320><c> or</c><00:20:33.520><c> modus</c>

00:20:33.830 --> 00:20:33.840 align:start position:0%
That's not modus tollens or modus
 

00:20:33.840 --> 00:20:34.030 align:start position:0%
That's not modus tollens or modus
ponens?

00:20:34.030 --> 00:20:34.040 align:start position:0%
ponens?
 

00:20:34.040 --> 00:20:35.510 align:start position:0%
ponens?
&gt;&gt; No,<00:20:34.440><c> that's</c><00:20:34.680><c> called</c><00:20:34.920><c> affirming</c><00:20:35.440><c> the</c>

00:20:35.510 --> 00:20:35.520 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; No, that's called affirming the
 

00:20:35.520 --> 00:20:39.070 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; No, that's called affirming the
consequent,<00:20:36.320><c> and</c><00:20:36.560><c> it</c><00:20:36.680><c> is</c><00:20:36.920><c> invalid.</c><00:20:37.960><c> Okay.</c>

00:20:39.070 --> 00:20:39.080 align:start position:0%
consequent, and it is invalid. Okay.
 

00:20:39.080 --> 00:20:41.750 align:start position:0%
consequent, and it is invalid. Okay.
&gt;&gt; if<00:20:39.320><c> if</c><00:20:39.480><c> all</c><00:20:39.720><c> of</c><00:20:39.840><c> this</c><00:20:40.320><c> sounds</c><00:20:41.320><c> really</c>

00:20:41.750 --> 00:20:41.760 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; if if all of this sounds really
 

00:20:41.760 --> 00:20:45.030 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; if if all of this sounds really
confusing<00:20:42.400><c> or</c><00:20:42.520><c> boring,</c><00:20:43.080><c> just</c><00:20:43.360><c> rewind,</c><00:20:44.640><c> listen</c>

00:20:45.030 --> 00:20:45.040 align:start position:0%
confusing or boring, just rewind, listen
 

00:20:45.040 --> 00:20:47.190 align:start position:0%
confusing or boring, just rewind, listen
again<00:20:45.480><c> over</c><00:20:45.800><c> and</c><00:20:45.920><c> over</c><00:20:46.200><c> again.</c><00:20:46.680><c> We</c><00:20:46.800><c> can</c><00:20:47.000><c> get</c>

00:20:47.190 --> 00:20:47.200 align:start position:0%
again over and over again. We can get
 

00:20:47.200 --> 00:20:48.830 align:start position:0%
again over and over again. We can get
some<00:20:47.320><c> really</c><00:20:47.560><c> cool</c><00:20:48.120><c> boosts</c><00:20:48.560><c> for</c><00:20:48.680><c> the</c>

00:20:48.830 --> 00:20:48.840 align:start position:0%
some really cool boosts for the
 

00:20:48.840 --> 00:20:49.744 align:start position:0%
some really cool boosts for the
algorithm.

00:20:49.744 --> 00:20:49.754 align:start position:0%
algorithm.
 

00:20:49.754 --> 00:20:50.910 align:start position:0%
algorithm.
&gt;&gt; [laughter]

00:20:50.910 --> 00:20:50.920 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
 

00:20:50.920 --> 00:20:52.950 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
&gt;&gt; Just<00:20:51.200><c> Just</c><00:20:51.440><c> remember</c><00:20:51.960><c> that</c><00:20:52.160><c> you're</c><00:20:52.600><c> here</c><00:20:52.800><c> to</c>

00:20:52.950 --> 00:20:52.960 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Just Just remember that you're here to
 

00:20:52.960 --> 00:20:54.830 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Just Just remember that you're here to
learn,<00:20:53.280><c> not</c><00:20:53.480><c> to</c><00:20:53.560><c> be</c><00:20:53.680><c> entertained,</c><00:20:54.320><c> okay?</c>

00:20:54.830 --> 00:20:54.840 align:start position:0%
learn, not to be entertained, okay?
 

00:20:54.840 --> 00:20:56.910 align:start position:0%
learn, not to be entertained, okay?
&gt;&gt; That's<00:20:55.080><c> right.</c><00:20:55.680><c> That's</c><00:20:56.000><c> right.</c><00:20:56.640><c> I'm</c><00:20:56.800><c> not</c>

00:20:56.910 --> 00:20:56.920 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; That's right. That's right. I'm not
 

00:20:56.920 --> 00:20:58.470 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; That's right. That's right. I'm not
going<00:20:57.040><c> to</c><00:20:57.080><c> just</c><00:20:57.200><c> do</c><00:20:57.320><c> a</c><00:20:57.360><c> dance</c><00:20:57.840><c> for</c><00:20:58.080><c> you.</c><00:20:58.360><c> I'm</c>

00:20:58.470 --> 00:20:58.480 align:start position:0%
going to just do a dance for you. I'm
 

00:20:58.480 --> 00:21:00.430 align:start position:0%
going to just do a dance for you. I'm
going<00:20:58.600><c> to</c><00:20:58.680><c> sit</c><00:20:58.840><c> here</c><00:20:59.240><c> and</c><00:20:59.440><c> mispronounce</c><00:21:00.040><c> Latin</c>

00:21:00.430 --> 00:21:00.440 align:start position:0%
going to sit here and mispronounce Latin
 

00:21:00.440 --> 00:21:02.750 align:start position:0%
going to sit here and mispronounce Latin
words<00:21:00.840><c> for</c><00:21:00.960><c> an</c><00:21:01.080><c> hour.</c><00:21:02.000><c> This</c><00:21:02.200><c> is</c><00:21:02.360><c> a</c><00:21:02.520><c> very</c>

00:21:02.750 --> 00:21:02.760 align:start position:0%
words for an hour. This is a very
 

00:21:02.760 --> 00:21:04.830 align:start position:0%
words for an hour. This is a very
special<00:21:03.120><c> episode</c><00:21:03.560><c> of</c><00:21:03.600><c> the</c><00:21:03.720><c> podcast,</c><00:21:04.360><c> where</c><00:21:04.760><c> at</c>

00:21:04.830 --> 00:21:04.840 align:start position:0%
special episode of the podcast, where at
 

00:21:04.840 --> 00:21:07.470 align:start position:0%
special episode of the podcast, where at
the<00:21:05.000><c> end</c><00:21:05.240><c> we</c><00:21:05.400><c> give</c><00:21:05.640><c> you</c><00:21:05.760><c> a</c><00:21:05.800><c> test,</c><00:21:06.760><c> and</c><00:21:07.120><c> if</c><00:21:07.280><c> you</c>

00:21:07.470 --> 00:21:07.480 align:start position:0%
the end we give you a test, and if you
 

00:21:07.480 --> 00:21:09.470 align:start position:0%
the end we give you a test, and if you
are<00:21:07.680><c> in</c><00:21:07.760><c> the</c><00:21:07.840><c> 96%</c><00:21:08.680><c> who</c><00:21:08.840><c> failed,</c><00:21:09.200><c> you're</c><00:21:09.320><c> not</c>

00:21:09.470 --> 00:21:09.480 align:start position:0%
are in the 96% who failed, you're not
 

00:21:09.480 --> 00:21:10.990 align:start position:0%
are in the 96% who failed, you're not
allowed<00:21:09.760><c> to</c><00:21:09.800><c> listen</c><00:21:10.080><c> again.</c>

00:21:10.990 --> 00:21:11.000 align:start position:0%
allowed to listen again.
 

00:21:11.000 --> 00:21:12.590 align:start position:0%
allowed to listen again.
You're<00:21:11.280><c> Oh</c><00:21:11.440><c> my</c><00:21:11.680><c> goodness,</c><00:21:12.200><c> I</c><00:21:12.280><c> didn't</c><00:21:12.480><c> know</c>

00:21:12.590 --> 00:21:12.600 align:start position:0%
You're Oh my goodness, I didn't know
 

00:21:12.600 --> 00:21:14.430 align:start position:0%
You're Oh my goodness, I didn't know
that<00:21:12.880><c> rule.</c><00:21:13.680><c> Speaking</c><00:21:14.000><c> of</c><00:21:14.080><c> conditional</c>

00:21:14.430 --> 00:21:14.440 align:start position:0%
that rule. Speaking of conditional
 

00:21:14.440 --> 00:21:16.550 align:start position:0%
that rule. Speaking of conditional
statements,<00:21:15.040><c> if</c><00:21:15.360><c> you</c><00:21:15.520><c> don't</c><00:21:15.800><c> understand,</c>

00:21:16.550 --> 00:21:16.560 align:start position:0%
statements, if you don't understand,
 

00:21:16.560 --> 00:21:18.070 align:start position:0%
statements, if you don't understand,
then<00:21:16.800><c> you</c><00:21:16.920><c> will</c><00:21:17.160><c> not</c><00:21:17.360><c> listen</c><00:21:17.600><c> again.</c><00:21:17.960><c> The</c>

00:21:18.070 --> 00:21:18.080 align:start position:0%
then you will not listen again. The
 

00:21:18.080 --> 00:21:20.390 align:start position:0%
then you will not listen again. The
point<00:21:18.560><c> of</c><00:21:18.720><c> all</c><00:21:18.920><c> of</c><00:21:19.000><c> this</c><00:21:19.240><c> is</c><00:21:19.440><c> to</c><00:21:19.560><c> say</c><00:21:19.760><c> that</c><00:21:20.280><c> the</c>

00:21:20.390 --> 00:21:20.400 align:start position:0%
point of all of this is to say that the
 

00:21:20.400 --> 00:21:22.510 align:start position:0%
point of all of this is to say that the
difficulty<00:21:21.000><c> of</c><00:21:21.080><c> the</c><00:21:21.200><c> Wason</c><00:21:21.560><c> selection</c><00:21:22.040><c> task</c>

00:21:22.510 --> 00:21:22.520 align:start position:0%
difficulty of the Wason selection task
 

00:21:22.520 --> 00:21:26.110 align:start position:0%
difficulty of the Wason selection task
is<00:21:22.680><c> that</c><00:21:23.160><c> the</c><00:21:23.240><c> human</c><00:21:23.600><c> brain</c><00:21:24.560><c> must</c><00:21:25.040><c> just</c><00:21:25.720><c> not</c>

00:21:26.110 --> 00:21:26.120 align:start position:0%
is that the human brain must just not
 

00:21:26.120 --> 00:21:27.910 align:start position:0%
is that the human brain must just not
have<00:21:26.560><c> an</c><00:21:26.720><c> innate</c>

00:21:27.910 --> 00:21:27.920 align:start position:0%
have an innate
 

00:21:27.920 --> 00:21:29.870 align:start position:0%
have an innate
modus<00:21:28.360><c> tollens</c><00:21:28.800><c> ability.</c>

00:21:29.870 --> 00:21:29.880 align:start position:0%
modus tollens ability.
 

00:21:29.880 --> 00:21:33.910 align:start position:0%
modus tollens ability.
Like,<00:21:30.840><c> we</c><00:21:31.160><c> have</c><00:21:31.520><c> since</c><00:21:32.240><c> our</c><00:21:32.440><c> evolution</c><00:21:33.600><c> into</c>

00:21:33.910 --> 00:21:33.920 align:start position:0%
Like, we have since our evolution into
 

00:21:33.920 --> 00:21:36.190 align:start position:0%
Like, we have since our evolution into
modern<00:21:34.280><c> humans</c><00:21:35.040><c> developed</c><00:21:35.640><c> and</c><00:21:35.720><c> discovered</c>

00:21:36.190 --> 00:21:36.200 align:start position:0%
modern humans developed and discovered
 

00:21:36.200 --> 00:21:38.310 align:start position:0%
modern humans developed and discovered
all<00:21:36.320><c> this</c><00:21:36.760><c> stuff</c><00:21:37.000><c> about</c><00:21:37.280><c> logic,</c><00:21:37.760><c> but</c><00:21:37.960><c> we</c><00:21:38.080><c> just</c>

00:21:38.310 --> 00:21:38.320 align:start position:0%
all this stuff about logic, but we just
 

00:21:38.320 --> 00:21:43.710 align:start position:0%
all this stuff about logic, but we just
aren't<00:21:38.640><c> born</c><00:21:39.600><c> with</c><00:21:40.280><c> a</c><00:21:41.320><c> logical</c><00:21:42.720><c> table</c><00:21:43.480><c> in</c><00:21:43.600><c> our</c>

00:21:43.710 --> 00:21:43.720 align:start position:0%
aren't born with a logical table in our
 

00:21:43.720 --> 00:21:44.870 align:start position:0%
aren't born with a logical table in our
brain.

00:21:44.870 --> 00:21:44.880 align:start position:0%
brain.
 

00:21:44.880 --> 00:21:46.510 align:start position:0%
brain.
But<00:21:45.000><c> that</c><00:21:45.200><c> can't</c><00:21:45.400><c> be</c><00:21:45.520><c> true,</c><00:21:45.880><c> because</c><00:21:46.160><c> the</c>

00:21:46.510 --> 00:21:46.520 align:start position:0%
But that can't be true, because the
 

00:21:46.520 --> 00:21:48.350 align:start position:0%
But that can't be true, because the
because<00:21:46.800><c> the</c><00:21:46.920><c> bar</c><00:21:47.400><c> example</c><00:21:47.920><c> is</c><00:21:48.080><c> so</c>

00:21:48.350 --> 00:21:48.360 align:start position:0%
because the bar example is so
 

00:21:48.360 --> 00:21:51.390 align:start position:0%
because the bar example is so
instinctive.<00:21:49.760><c> It's</c><00:21:50.040><c> so</c><00:21:50.280><c> instinctive.</c>

00:21:51.390 --> 00:21:51.400 align:start position:0%
instinctive. It's so instinctive.
 

00:21:51.400 --> 00:21:51.790 align:start position:0%
instinctive. It's so instinctive.
&gt;&gt; Yeah.

00:21:51.790 --> 00:21:51.800 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Yeah.
 

00:21:51.800 --> 00:21:53.350 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Yeah.
&gt;&gt; The<00:21:51.880><c> words</c><00:21:52.200><c> that</c><00:21:52.360><c> we're</c><00:21:52.520><c> using</c><00:21:52.880><c> here,</c><00:21:53.200><c> the</c>

00:21:53.350 --> 00:21:53.360 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; The words that we're using here, the
 

00:21:53.360 --> 00:21:54.910 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; The words that we're using here, the
language<00:21:53.680><c> that</c><00:21:53.840><c> we're</c><00:21:54.000><c> using</c><00:21:54.240><c> to</c><00:21:54.360><c> describe</c>

00:21:54.910 --> 00:21:54.920 align:start position:0%
language that we're using to describe
 

00:21:54.920 --> 00:21:58.230 align:start position:0%
language that we're using to describe
this,<00:21:55.880><c> I</c><00:21:56.000><c> mean,</c><00:21:56.400><c> it</c><00:21:56.640><c> does</c><00:21:57.000><c> sound</c><00:21:57.440><c> super</c><00:21:57.920><c> duper</c>

00:21:58.230 --> 00:21:58.240 align:start position:0%
this, I mean, it does sound super duper
 

00:21:58.240 --> 00:22:00.430 align:start position:0%
this, I mean, it does sound super duper
complicated.<00:21:58.800><c> It</c><00:21:58.880><c> sounds</c><00:21:59.080><c> extremely</c>

00:22:00.430 --> 00:22:00.440 align:start position:0%
complicated. It sounds extremely
 

00:22:00.440 --> 00:22:02.470 align:start position:0%
complicated. It sounds extremely
mind-boggling,<00:22:01.520><c> even</c><00:22:01.760><c> if</c><00:22:01.880><c> the</c><00:22:02.000><c> original</c>

00:22:02.470 --> 00:22:02.480 align:start position:0%
mind-boggling, even if the original
 

00:22:02.480 --> 00:22:04.669 align:start position:0%
mind-boggling, even if the original
sentence<00:22:02.960><c> is</c><00:22:03.120><c> quite</c><00:22:03.440><c> simple.</c><00:22:04.160><c> But</c><00:22:04.320><c> then,</c><00:22:04.560><c> as</c>

00:22:04.669 --> 00:22:04.679 align:start position:0%
sentence is quite simple. But then, as
 

00:22:04.679 --> 00:22:05.910 align:start position:0%
sentence is quite simple. But then, as
soon<00:22:04.840><c> as</c><00:22:04.920><c> you</c><00:22:05.040><c> put</c><00:22:05.200><c> it</c><00:22:05.280><c> in</c><00:22:05.360><c> the</c><00:22:05.440><c> bar</c><00:22:05.640><c> example,</c>

00:22:05.910 --> 00:22:05.920 align:start position:0%
soon as you put it in the bar example,
 

00:22:05.920 --> 00:22:06.950 align:start position:0%
soon as you put it in the bar example,
it's<00:22:06.040><c> like,</c><00:22:06.280><c> "Well,</c><00:22:06.400><c> I</c><00:22:06.440><c> don't</c><00:22:06.640><c> even</c><00:22:06.760><c> have</c><00:22:06.880><c> to</c>

00:22:06.950 --> 00:22:06.960 align:start position:0%
it's like, "Well, I don't even have to
 

00:22:06.960 --> 00:22:09.510 align:start position:0%
it's like, "Well, I don't even have to
think<00:22:07.200><c> about</c><00:22:07.480><c> it."</c><00:22:07.880><c> And</c><00:22:08.000><c> that</c><00:22:08.280><c> is</c><00:22:08.480><c> so</c><00:22:08.720><c> strange.</c>

00:22:09.510 --> 00:22:09.520 align:start position:0%
think about it." And that is so strange.
 

00:22:09.520 --> 00:22:10.790 align:start position:0%
think about it." And that is so strange.
That<00:22:09.679><c> is</c><00:22:09.880><c> weird.</c>

00:22:10.790 --> 00:22:10.800 align:start position:0%
That is weird.
 

00:22:10.800 --> 00:22:12.470 align:start position:0%
That is weird.
&gt;&gt; It's<00:22:11.160><c> And</c><00:22:11.280><c> it's</c><00:22:11.440><c> got</c><00:22:11.640><c> to</c><00:22:11.720><c> be</c><00:22:11.840><c> significant,</c>

00:22:12.470 --> 00:22:12.480 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; It's And it's got to be significant,
 

00:22:12.480 --> 00:22:14.750 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; It's And it's got to be significant,
right?<00:22:12.840><c> So,</c><00:22:13.080><c> in</c><00:22:13.240><c> the</c><00:22:13.320><c> late</c><00:22:13.800><c> '80s,</c><00:22:14.600><c> two</c>

00:22:14.750 --> 00:22:14.760 align:start position:0%
right? So, in the late '80s, two
 

00:22:14.760 --> 00:22:17.310 align:start position:0%
right? So, in the late '80s, two
researchers,<00:22:15.440><c> Leda</c><00:22:15.880><c> Cosmides</c><00:22:16.800><c> and</c><00:22:17.000><c> John</c>

00:22:17.310 --> 00:22:17.320 align:start position:0%
researchers, Leda Cosmides and John
 

00:22:17.320 --> 00:22:20.030 align:start position:0%
researchers, Leda Cosmides and John
Tooby,<00:22:17.920><c> famously</c><00:22:18.480><c> said,</c><00:22:18.720><c> "Guys,</c><00:22:19.600><c> this</c><00:22:19.800><c> whole</c>

00:22:20.030 --> 00:22:20.040 align:start position:0%
Tooby, famously said, "Guys, this whole
 

00:22:20.040 --> 00:22:22.390 align:start position:0%
Tooby, famously said, "Guys, this whole
task<00:22:20.640><c> and</c><00:22:20.760><c> the</c><00:22:20.840><c> fact</c><00:22:21.200><c> that</c><00:22:21.400><c> the</c><00:22:21.520><c> social</c><00:22:22.000><c> ones</c>

00:22:22.390 --> 00:22:22.400 align:start position:0%
task and the fact that the social ones
 

00:22:22.400 --> 00:22:25.350 align:start position:0%
task and the fact that the social ones
are<00:22:22.560><c> so</c><00:22:22.720><c> much</c><00:22:22.920><c> easier</c><00:22:23.760><c> is</c><00:22:24.000><c> clearly</c><00:22:24.720><c> evidence</c>

00:22:25.350 --> 00:22:25.360 align:start position:0%
are so much easier is clearly evidence
 

00:22:25.360 --> 00:22:29.750 align:start position:0%
are so much easier is clearly evidence
that<00:22:25.840><c> our</c><00:22:26.240><c> reasoning</c><00:22:26.679><c> ability</c><00:22:27.679><c> evolved</c><00:22:28.560><c> for</c>

00:22:29.750 --> 00:22:29.760 align:start position:0%
that our reasoning ability evolved for
 

00:22:29.760 --> 00:22:31.950 align:start position:0%
that our reasoning ability evolved for
social<00:22:30.480><c> reasons,</c>

00:22:31.950 --> 00:22:31.960 align:start position:0%
social reasons,
 

00:22:31.960 --> 00:22:35.510 align:start position:0%
social reasons,
not<00:22:32.720><c> for</c><00:22:32.880><c> truth-finding</c><00:22:33.760><c> reasons.</c>

00:22:35.510 --> 00:22:35.520 align:start position:0%
not for truth-finding reasons.
 

00:22:35.520 --> 00:22:37.669 align:start position:0%
not for truth-finding reasons.
So,<00:22:35.679><c> when</c><00:22:35.800><c> it</c><00:22:35.920><c> comes</c><00:22:36.280><c> to</c><00:22:36.920><c> creating</c><00:22:37.400><c> different</c>

00:22:37.669 --> 00:22:37.679 align:start position:0%
So, when it comes to creating different
 

00:22:37.679 --> 00:22:40.270 align:start position:0%
So, when it comes to creating different
versions<00:22:38.160><c> of</c><00:22:38.400><c> of</c><00:22:38.560><c> the</c><00:22:38.679><c> Wason</c><00:22:39.080><c> selection</c><00:22:39.560><c> task,</c>

00:22:40.270 --> 00:22:40.280 align:start position:0%
versions of of the Wason selection task,
 

00:22:40.280 --> 00:22:41.590 align:start position:0%
versions of of the Wason selection task,
the<00:22:40.400><c> versions</c><00:22:40.880><c> that</c><00:22:41.040><c> involve</c><00:22:41.360><c> really</c>

00:22:41.590 --> 00:22:41.600 align:start position:0%
the versions that involve really
 

00:22:41.600 --> 00:22:44.710 align:start position:0%
the versions that involve really
abstract<00:22:42.120><c> stuff</c><00:22:42.760><c> and</c><00:22:43.040><c> facts</c><00:22:44.080><c> are</c><00:22:44.240><c> called</c>

00:22:44.710 --> 00:22:44.720 align:start position:0%
abstract stuff and facts are called
 

00:22:44.720 --> 00:22:47.110 align:start position:0%
abstract stuff and facts are called
descriptive.<00:22:45.880><c> Okay?</c><00:22:46.120><c> It's</c><00:22:46.320><c> just</c><00:22:46.560><c> the</c><00:22:46.679><c> way</c><00:22:46.920><c> it</c>

00:22:47.110 --> 00:22:47.120 align:start position:0%
descriptive. Okay? It's just the way it
 

00:22:47.120 --> 00:22:49.390 align:start position:0%
descriptive. Okay? It's just the way it
is.<00:22:47.640><c> If</c><00:22:47.840><c> there's</c><00:22:48.120><c> an</c><00:22:48.360><c> A</c><00:22:48.520><c> on</c><00:22:48.720><c> one</c><00:22:48.920><c> side,</c><00:22:49.200><c> there's</c>

00:22:49.390 --> 00:22:49.400 align:start position:0%
is. If there's an A on one side, there's
 

00:22:49.400 --> 00:22:51.950 align:start position:0%
is. If there's an A on one side, there's
a<00:22:49.480><c> seven</c><00:22:49.840><c> on</c><00:22:49.960><c> the</c><00:22:50.120><c> other.</c><00:22:50.720><c> Now,</c><00:22:51.200><c> if</c><00:22:51.400><c> it</c><00:22:51.520><c> instead</c>

00:22:51.950 --> 00:22:51.960 align:start position:0%
a seven on the other. Now, if it instead
 

00:22:51.960 --> 00:22:56.390 align:start position:0%
a seven on the other. Now, if it instead
involves<00:22:52.679><c> a</c><00:22:53.400><c> rule,</c><00:22:54.480><c> an</c><00:22:54.679><c> obligation,</c><00:22:55.600><c> a</c><00:22:55.760><c> duty,</c>

00:22:56.390 --> 00:22:56.400 align:start position:0%
involves a rule, an obligation, a duty,
 

00:22:56.400 --> 00:22:58.470 align:start position:0%
involves a rule, an obligation, a duty,
something<00:22:56.880><c> that</c><00:22:57.080><c> humans</c><00:22:57.560><c> made</c><00:22:57.840><c> up,</c><00:22:58.240><c> it's</c>

00:22:58.470 --> 00:22:58.480 align:start position:0%
something that humans made up, it's
 

00:22:58.480 --> 00:23:01.110 align:start position:0%
something that humans made up, it's
called<00:22:59.040><c> deontic.</c>

00:23:01.110 --> 00:23:01.120 align:start position:0%
called deontic.
 

00:23:01.120 --> 00:23:03.390 align:start position:0%
called deontic.
Okay?<00:23:01.880><c> This</c><00:23:02.040><c> is</c><00:23:02.520><c> I</c><00:23:02.560><c> love</c><00:23:02.840><c> these</c><00:23:03.040><c> words,</c>

00:23:03.390 --> 00:23:03.400 align:start position:0%
Okay? This is I love these words,
 

00:23:03.400 --> 00:23:05.230 align:start position:0%
Okay? This is I love these words,
because<00:23:03.679><c> they're</c><00:23:03.880><c> they're</c><00:23:04.080><c> both</c><00:23:04.600><c> like</c><00:23:04.880><c> called</c>

00:23:05.230 --> 00:23:05.240 align:start position:0%
because they're they're both like called
 

00:23:05.240 --> 00:23:07.910 align:start position:0%
because they're they're both like called
rules<00:23:05.600><c> or</c><00:23:05.720><c> laws,</c><00:23:06.280><c> and</c><00:23:06.400><c> yet</c><00:23:06.720><c> one</c><00:23:07.080><c> you</c><00:23:07.520><c> you</c><00:23:07.760><c> is</c>

00:23:07.910 --> 00:23:07.920 align:start position:0%
rules or laws, and yet one you you is
 

00:23:07.920 --> 00:23:10.270 align:start position:0%
rules or laws, and yet one you you is
about<00:23:08.240><c> can</c><00:23:08.560><c> and</c><00:23:08.640><c> the</c><00:23:08.760><c> other's</c><00:23:08.960><c> about</c><00:23:09.240><c> may.</c><00:23:10.080><c> I</c>

00:23:10.270 --> 00:23:10.280 align:start position:0%
about can and the other's about may. I
 

00:23:10.280 --> 00:23:12.550 align:start position:0%
about can and the other's about may. I
don't<00:23:10.600><c> travel</c><00:23:10.960><c> at</c><00:23:11.040><c> the</c><00:23:11.120><c> speed</c><00:23:11.400><c> of</c><00:23:11.480><c> light,</c>

00:23:12.550 --> 00:23:12.560 align:start position:0%
don't travel at the speed of light,
 

00:23:12.560 --> 00:23:14.750 align:start position:0%
don't travel at the speed of light,
not<00:23:12.880><c> because</c><00:23:13.720><c> I'm</c><00:23:13.840><c> not</c><00:23:14.000><c> allowed</c><00:23:14.400><c> to,</c><00:23:14.600><c> but</c>

00:23:14.750 --> 00:23:14.760 align:start position:0%
not because I'm not allowed to, but
 

00:23:14.760 --> 00:23:16.870 align:start position:0%
not because I'm not allowed to, but
because<00:23:15.160><c> I</c><00:23:15.400><c> can't.</c>

00:23:16.870 --> 00:23:16.880 align:start position:0%
because I can't.
 

00:23:16.880 --> 00:23:19.669 align:start position:0%
because I can't.
Okay?<00:23:17.679><c> And</c><00:23:17.880><c> so,</c><00:23:18.480><c> that</c><00:23:19.080><c> that</c><00:23:19.360><c> kind</c><00:23:19.560><c> of</c><00:23:19.640><c> a</c>

00:23:19.669 --> 00:23:19.679 align:start position:0%
Okay? And so, that that kind of a
 

00:23:19.679 --> 00:23:21.550 align:start position:0%
Okay? And so, that that kind of a
restriction<00:23:20.240><c> is</c><00:23:20.360><c> called</c><00:23:20.600><c> a</c><00:23:20.679><c> a</c><00:23:20.760><c> descriptive</c>

00:23:21.550 --> 00:23:21.560 align:start position:0%
restriction is called a a descriptive
 

00:23:21.560 --> 00:23:22.790 align:start position:0%
restriction is called a a descriptive
restriction.

00:23:22.790 --> 00:23:22.800 align:start position:0%
restriction.
 

00:23:22.800 --> 00:23:24.950 align:start position:0%
restriction.
But<00:23:22.960><c> when</c><00:23:23.080><c> it</c><00:23:23.200><c> comes</c><00:23:23.480><c> to</c><00:23:23.880><c> are</c><00:23:24.040><c> people</c><00:23:24.480><c> breaking</c>

00:23:24.950 --> 00:23:24.960 align:start position:0%
But when it comes to are people breaking
 

00:23:24.960 --> 00:23:26.350 align:start position:0%
But when it comes to are people breaking
the<00:23:25.120><c> rule,</c><00:23:25.480><c> we</c><00:23:25.560><c> need</c><00:23:25.720><c> to</c><00:23:25.800><c> make</c><00:23:25.960><c> sure</c><00:23:26.120><c> people</c>

00:23:26.350 --> 00:23:26.360 align:start position:0%
the rule, we need to make sure people
 

00:23:26.360 --> 00:23:28.790 align:start position:0%
the rule, we need to make sure people
are<00:23:26.480><c> complying</c><00:23:27.200><c> with</c><00:23:27.440><c> the</c><00:23:27.600><c> rules,</c><00:23:28.560><c> that's</c>

00:23:28.790 --> 00:23:28.800 align:start position:0%
are complying with the rules, that's
 

00:23:28.800 --> 00:23:31.750 align:start position:0%
are complying with the rules, that's
called<00:23:29.040><c> a</c><00:23:29.120><c> deontic</c><00:23:30.320><c> rule.</c><00:23:31.000><c> Where</c><00:23:31.160><c> did</c><00:23:31.320><c> that</c>

00:23:31.750 --> 00:23:31.760 align:start position:0%
called a deontic rule. Where did that
 

00:23:31.760 --> 00:23:34.070 align:start position:0%
called a deontic rule. Where did that
word<00:23:31.920><c> come</c><00:23:32.080><c> from?</c><00:23:32.560><c> I</c><00:23:32.679><c> don't</c><00:23:32.920><c> know.</c><00:23:33.480><c> I</c><00:23:33.560><c> mean,</c>

00:23:34.070 --> 00:23:34.080 align:start position:0%
word come from? I don't know. I mean,
 

00:23:34.080 --> 00:23:37.510 align:start position:0%
word come from? I don't know. I mean,
deon-<00:23:34.880><c> deontic</c><00:23:36.240><c> etymology,</c><00:23:36.920><c> cuz</c><00:23:37.120><c> where</c><00:23:37.360><c> What</c>

00:23:37.510 --> 00:23:37.520 align:start position:0%
deon- deontic etymology, cuz where What
 

00:23:37.520 --> 00:23:41.310 align:start position:0%
deon- deontic etymology, cuz where What
other<00:23:37.760><c> words</c><00:23:38.080><c> use</c><00:23:38.400><c> it?</c><00:23:39.200><c> Uh</c><00:23:40.080><c> it</c><00:23:40.280><c> means</c><00:23:40.920><c> being</c>

00:23:41.310 --> 00:23:41.320 align:start position:0%
other words use it? Uh it means being
 

00:23:41.320 --> 00:23:44.790 align:start position:0%
other words use it? Uh it means being
needed<00:23:41.720><c> or</c><00:23:41.880><c> necessary</c><00:23:43.120><c> from</c><00:23:43.440><c> ancient</c><00:23:43.920><c> Greek,</c>

00:23:44.790 --> 00:23:44.800 align:start position:0%
needed or necessary from ancient Greek,
 

00:23:44.800 --> 00:23:46.510 align:start position:0%
needed or necessary from ancient Greek,
pertaining<00:23:45.280><c> to</c><00:23:45.400><c> necessity,</c><00:23:46.040><c> duty,</c><00:23:46.360><c> or</c>

00:23:46.510 --> 00:23:46.520 align:start position:0%
pertaining to necessity, duty, or
 

00:23:46.520 --> 00:23:49.950 align:start position:0%
pertaining to necessity, duty, or
obligation.<00:23:47.720><c> So,</c><00:23:48.640><c> Cosmides</c><00:23:49.280><c> and</c><00:23:49.440><c> Tooby</c>

00:23:49.950 --> 00:23:49.960 align:start position:0%
obligation. So, Cosmides and Tooby
 

00:23:49.960 --> 00:23:52.390 align:start position:0%
obligation. So, Cosmides and Tooby
famously<00:23:50.600><c> are</c><00:23:50.760><c> like,</c><00:23:51.000><c> "Guys,</c><00:23:51.840><c> this</c><00:23:52.040><c> is</c><00:23:52.200><c> just</c>

00:23:52.390 --> 00:23:52.400 align:start position:0%
famously are like, "Guys, this is just
 

00:23:52.400 --> 00:23:56.030 align:start position:0%
famously are like, "Guys, this is just
human<00:23:52.679><c> nature.</c><00:23:53.160><c> We</c><00:23:53.440><c> evolved</c><00:23:54.600><c> to</c><00:23:55.280><c> focus</c><00:23:55.720><c> on</c>

00:23:56.030 --> 00:23:56.040 align:start position:0%
human nature. We evolved to focus on
 

00:23:56.040 --> 00:23:58.470 align:start position:0%
human nature. We evolved to focus on
duties<00:23:56.400><c> and</c><00:23:56.520><c> obligations</c><00:23:57.600><c> that</c><00:23:57.880><c> we</c><00:23:58.040><c> invented</c>

00:23:58.470 --> 00:23:58.480 align:start position:0%
duties and obligations that we invented
 

00:23:58.480 --> 00:24:01.950 align:start position:0%
duties and obligations that we invented
ourselves,<00:23:59.440><c> and</c><00:23:59.720><c> not</c><00:24:00.200><c> on</c><00:24:00.520><c> universal,</c>

00:24:01.950 --> 00:24:01.960 align:start position:0%
ourselves, and not on universal,
 

00:24:01.960 --> 00:24:05.669 align:start position:0%
ourselves, and not on universal,
timeless<00:24:03.200><c> laws</c><00:24:03.760><c> of</c><00:24:03.880><c> impossibility.</c><00:24:05.120><c> We</c><00:24:05.360><c> care</c>

00:24:05.669 --> 00:24:05.679 align:start position:0%
timeless laws of impossibility. We care
 

00:24:05.679 --> 00:24:08.430 align:start position:0%
timeless laws of impossibility. We care
more<00:24:05.920><c> about</c><00:24:06.560><c> may</c><00:24:06.880><c> I</c><00:24:06.960><c> do</c><00:24:07.200><c> this</c><00:24:07.480><c> than</c><00:24:07.720><c> can</c><00:24:08.120><c> I</c><00:24:08.200><c> do</c>

00:24:08.430 --> 00:24:08.440 align:start position:0%
more about may I do this than can I do
 

00:24:08.440 --> 00:24:10.190 align:start position:0%
more about may I do this than can I do
this."<00:24:09.040><c> I</c><00:24:09.160><c> also</c><00:24:09.400><c> sort</c><00:24:09.560><c> of</c><00:24:09.679><c> wonder</c><00:24:09.960><c> a</c><00:24:10.000><c> little</c>

00:24:10.190 --> 00:24:10.200 align:start position:0%
this." I also sort of wonder a little
 

00:24:10.200 --> 00:24:12.669 align:start position:0%
this." I also sort of wonder a little
bit<00:24:10.320><c> about</c><00:24:10.560><c> that</c><00:24:10.800><c> that</c><00:24:11.240><c> that</c><00:24:11.480><c> point</c><00:24:12.280><c> about</c>

00:24:12.669 --> 00:24:12.679 align:start position:0%
bit about that that that point about
 

00:24:12.679 --> 00:24:15.190 align:start position:0%
bit about that that that point about
truth-finding.<00:24:13.840><c> Because</c><00:24:14.160><c> the</c><00:24:14.520><c> the</c><00:24:14.640><c> example</c>

00:24:15.190 --> 00:24:15.200 align:start position:0%
truth-finding. Because the the example
 

00:24:15.200 --> 00:24:18.310 align:start position:0%
truth-finding. Because the the example
of<00:24:15.560><c> people</c><00:24:15.880><c> in</c><00:24:16.000><c> a</c><00:24:16.080><c> bar,</c><00:24:17.120><c> it's</c><00:24:17.440><c> partly</c><00:24:17.920><c> about</c>

00:24:18.310 --> 00:24:18.320 align:start position:0%
of people in a bar, it's partly about
 

00:24:18.320 --> 00:24:21.550 align:start position:0%
of people in a bar, it's partly about
social<00:24:18.880><c> rules</c><00:24:19.160><c> and</c><00:24:19.320><c> social</c><00:24:19.800><c> norms.</c><00:24:21.080><c> But</c><00:24:21.280><c> isn't</c>

00:24:21.550 --> 00:24:21.560 align:start position:0%
social rules and social norms. But isn't
 

00:24:21.560 --> 00:24:23.350 align:start position:0%
social rules and social norms. But isn't
it<00:24:21.800><c> also</c><00:24:22.320><c> a</c><00:24:22.400><c> little</c><00:24:22.840><c> bit</c><00:24:23.000><c> about</c>

00:24:23.350 --> 00:24:23.360 align:start position:0%
it also a little bit about
 

00:24:23.360 --> 00:24:25.350 align:start position:0%
it also a little bit about
truth-finding?<00:24:24.480><c> Isn't</c><00:24:24.720><c> it</c><00:24:24.840><c> also</c><00:24:25.080><c> a</c><00:24:25.120><c> little</c>

00:24:25.350 --> 00:24:25.360 align:start position:0%
truth-finding? Isn't it also a little
 

00:24:25.360 --> 00:24:28.150 align:start position:0%
truth-finding? Isn't it also a little
bit<00:24:25.520><c> about</c><00:24:26.480><c> who</c><00:24:26.920><c> should</c><00:24:27.200><c> you</c><00:24:27.320><c> be</c><00:24:27.480><c> suspicious</c>

00:24:28.150 --> 00:24:28.160 align:start position:0%
bit about who should you be suspicious
 

00:24:28.160 --> 00:24:30.350 align:start position:0%
bit about who should you be suspicious
of?<00:24:28.760><c> Yes.</c>

00:24:30.350 --> 00:24:30.360 align:start position:0%
of? Yes.
 

00:24:30.360 --> 00:24:33.630 align:start position:0%
of? Yes.
Yes,<00:24:30.840><c> it</c><00:24:30.960><c> is.</c><00:24:31.520><c> But</c><00:24:31.720><c> it's</c><00:24:31.880><c> just</c><00:24:32.240><c> it's</c><00:24:32.440><c> a</c><00:24:32.520><c> truth</c>

00:24:33.630 --> 00:24:33.640 align:start position:0%
Yes, it is. But it's just it's a truth
 

00:24:33.640 --> 00:24:37.270 align:start position:0%
Yes, it is. But it's just it's a truth
that<00:24:34.080><c> is</c><00:24:35.120><c> human-focused.</c>

00:24:37.270 --> 00:24:37.280 align:start position:0%
that is human-focused.
 

00:24:37.280 --> 00:24:39.950 align:start position:0%
that is human-focused.
It's<00:24:37.600><c> a</c><00:24:37.679><c> truth</c><00:24:38.200><c> in</c><00:24:38.360><c> the</c><00:24:38.480><c> domain</c><00:24:39.040><c> of</c><00:24:39.240><c> deontic</c>

00:24:39.950 --> 00:24:39.960 align:start position:0%
It's a truth in the domain of deontic
 

00:24:39.960 --> 00:24:42.070 align:start position:0%
It's a truth in the domain of deontic
principles,<00:24:40.679><c> obligations,</c><00:24:41.480><c> duties,</c><00:24:41.880><c> and</c>

00:24:42.070 --> 00:24:42.080 align:start position:0%
principles, obligations, duties, and
 

00:24:42.080 --> 00:24:45.950 align:start position:0%
principles, obligations, duties, and
rules,<00:24:42.520><c> and</c><00:24:42.720><c> obedience,</c><00:24:43.800><c> as</c><00:24:44.000><c> opposed</c><00:24:44.560><c> to</c><00:24:45.520><c> one</c>

00:24:45.950 --> 00:24:45.960 align:start position:0%
rules, and obedience, as opposed to one
 

00:24:45.960 --> 00:24:48.270 align:start position:0%
rules, and obedience, as opposed to one
of<00:24:46.120><c> an</c><00:24:46.280><c> abstract</c>

00:24:48.270 --> 00:24:48.280 align:start position:0%
of an abstract
 

00:24:48.280 --> 00:24:50.190 align:start position:0%
of an abstract
wall.<00:24:49.120><c> If</c><00:24:49.240><c> it</c><00:24:49.320><c> has</c><00:24:49.440><c> an</c><00:24:49.600><c> A,</c><00:24:49.720><c> it</c><00:24:49.840><c> must</c><00:24:50.040><c> have</c><00:24:50.160><c> a</c>

00:24:50.190 --> 00:24:50.200 align:start position:0%
wall. If it has an A, it must have a
 

00:24:50.200 --> 00:24:52.310 align:start position:0%
wall. If it has an A, it must have a
seven.<00:24:50.800><c> Yeah,</c><00:24:51.080><c> of</c><00:24:51.200><c> course.</c>

00:24:52.310 --> 00:24:52.320 align:start position:0%
seven. Yeah, of course.
 

00:24:52.320 --> 00:24:55.310 align:start position:0%
seven. Yeah, of course.
Here's<00:24:52.520><c> the</c><00:24:52.640><c> typical</c><00:24:53.000><c> responses</c><00:24:53.679><c> people</c><00:24:54.000><c> give</c>

00:24:55.310 --> 00:24:55.320 align:start position:0%
Here's the typical responses people give
 

00:24:55.320 --> 00:24:59.070 align:start position:0%
Here's the typical responses people give
to<00:24:55.440><c> the</c><00:24:55.520><c> selection</c><00:24:56.000><c> task.</c><00:24:56.679><c> 46%</c><00:24:57.720><c> of</c><00:24:57.840><c> people</c>

00:24:59.070 --> 00:24:59.080 align:start position:0%
to the selection task. 46% of people
 

00:24:59.080 --> 00:25:00.270 align:start position:0%
to the selection task. 46% of people
pick

00:25:00.270 --> 00:25:00.280 align:start position:0%
pick
 

00:25:00.280 --> 00:25:04.030 align:start position:0%
pick
A<00:25:01.200><c> and</c><00:25:01.440><c> seven.</c><00:25:02.200><c> Okay.</c><00:25:03.040><c> Okay?</c>

00:25:04.030 --> 00:25:04.040 align:start position:0%
A and seven. Okay. Okay?
 

00:25:04.040 --> 00:25:07.070 align:start position:0%
A and seven. Okay. Okay?
So,<00:25:04.560><c> almost</c><00:25:04.960><c> half</c><00:25:05.280><c> of</c><00:25:05.400><c> people</c><00:25:05.720><c> do</c><00:25:05.920><c> that.</c><00:25:06.800><c> Uh</c><00:25:07.000><c> a</c>

00:25:07.070 --> 00:25:07.080 align:start position:0%
So, almost half of people do that. Uh a
 

00:25:07.080 --> 00:25:13.430 align:start position:0%
So, almost half of people do that. Uh a
third,<00:25:07.840><c> 33%,</c><00:25:08.960><c> choose</c><00:25:09.800><c> just</c><00:25:10.880><c> A.</c><00:25:11.800><c> Right.</c>

00:25:13.430 --> 00:25:13.440 align:start position:0%
third, 33%, choose just A. Right.
 

00:25:13.440 --> 00:25:20.669 align:start position:0%
third, 33%, choose just A. Right.
7%<00:25:14.440><c> of</c><00:25:14.560><c> people</c><00:25:15.520><c> choose</c><00:25:16.720><c> A,</c><00:25:17.800><c> seven,</c><00:25:18.840><c> and</c><00:25:19.400><c> eight.</c>

00:25:20.669 --> 00:25:20.679 align:start position:0%
7% of people choose A, seven, and eight.
 

00:25:20.679 --> 00:25:23.230 align:start position:0%
7% of people choose A, seven, and eight.
So,<00:25:20.960><c> almost</c><00:25:21.360><c> everybody</c><00:25:21.800><c> is</c><00:25:21.880><c> picking</c><00:25:22.280><c> A.</c>

00:25:23.230 --> 00:25:23.240 align:start position:0%
So, almost everybody is picking A.
 

00:25:23.240 --> 00:25:27.630 align:start position:0%
So, almost everybody is picking A.
Yes.<00:25:23.920><c> Mhm.</c><00:25:24.800><c> And</c><00:25:25.080><c> then,</c><00:25:25.760><c> only</c><00:25:26.120><c> 4%</c><00:25:26.840><c> of</c><00:25:26.960><c> people</c>

00:25:27.630 --> 00:25:27.640 align:start position:0%
Yes. Mhm. And then, only 4% of people
 

00:25:27.640 --> 00:25:30.870 align:start position:0%
Yes. Mhm. And then, only 4% of people
choose<00:25:28.200><c> the</c><00:25:28.480><c> correct</c><00:25:29.280><c> cards,</c><00:25:29.960><c> A</c><00:25:30.200><c> and</c><00:25:30.440><c> eight.</c>

00:25:30.870 --> 00:25:30.880 align:start position:0%
choose the correct cards, A and eight.
 

00:25:30.880 --> 00:25:32.630 align:start position:0%
choose the correct cards, A and eight.
The<00:25:31.000><c> other</c><00:25:31.200><c> 10%</c><00:25:31.640><c> of</c><00:25:31.720><c> people</c><00:25:32.080><c> choose</c><00:25:32.400><c> other</c>

00:25:32.630 --> 00:25:32.640 align:start position:0%
The other 10% of people choose other
 

00:25:32.640 --> 00:25:34.790 align:start position:0%
The other 10% of people choose other
combinations.<00:25:33.600><c> Some</c><00:25:33.840><c> people</c><00:25:34.120><c> choose</c><00:25:34.400><c> all</c><00:25:34.679><c> of</c>

00:25:34.790 --> 00:25:34.800 align:start position:0%
combinations. Some people choose all of
 

00:25:34.800 --> 00:25:38.590 align:start position:0%
combinations. Some people choose all of
them.<00:25:35.240><c> Some</c><00:25:35.880><c> I</c><00:25:35.960><c> mean,</c><00:25:36.560><c> at</c><00:25:36.920><c> that</c><00:25:37.120><c> point,</c><00:25:37.640><c> um</c>

00:25:38.590 --> 00:25:38.600 align:start position:0%
them. Some I mean, at that point, um
 

00:25:38.600 --> 00:25:40.350 align:start position:0%
them. Some I mean, at that point, um
I<00:25:38.720><c> think</c><00:25:39.040><c> it's</c><00:25:39.240><c> kind</c><00:25:39.440><c> of</c><00:25:39.720><c> believed</c><00:25:40.080><c> that</c><00:25:40.240><c> they</c>

00:25:40.350 --> 00:25:40.360 align:start position:0%
I think it's kind of believed that they
 

00:25:40.360 --> 00:25:42.230 align:start position:0%
I think it's kind of believed that they
just<00:25:40.880><c> either</c><00:25:41.120><c> didn't</c><00:25:41.360><c> understand</c><00:25:41.880><c> or</c><00:25:41.960><c> didn't</c>

00:25:42.230 --> 00:25:42.240 align:start position:0%
just either didn't understand or didn't
 

00:25:42.240 --> 00:25:42.710 align:start position:0%
just either didn't understand or didn't
care.

00:25:42.710 --> 00:25:42.720 align:start position:0%
care.
 

00:25:42.720 --> 00:25:44.270 align:start position:0%
care.
&gt;&gt; Or<00:25:42.800><c> just</c><00:25:43.040><c> want</c><00:25:43.200><c> to</c><00:25:43.400><c> want</c><00:25:43.600><c> to</c><00:25:43.640><c> finish.</c><00:25:44.000><c> They</c>

00:25:44.270 --> 00:25:44.280 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Or just want to want to finish. They
 

00:25:44.280 --> 00:25:45.807 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Or just want to want to finish. They
They're<00:25:44.440><c> either</c><00:25:44.640><c> the</c><00:25:44.800><c> anarchists</c><00:25:45.440><c> or</c>

00:25:45.807 --> 00:25:45.817 align:start position:0%
They're either the anarchists or
 

00:25:45.817 --> 00:25:46.230 align:start position:0%
They're either the anarchists or
&gt;&gt; [laughter]

00:25:46.230 --> 00:25:46.240 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
 

00:25:46.240 --> 00:25:48.150 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
&gt;&gt; or<00:25:46.400><c> they're</c><00:25:46.560><c> like,</c><00:25:46.960><c> "Get</c><00:25:47.160><c> me</c><00:25:47.280><c> out</c><00:25:47.440><c> of</c><00:25:47.520><c> here."</c>

00:25:48.150 --> 00:25:48.160 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; or they're like, "Get me out of here."
 

00:25:48.160 --> 00:25:49.910 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; or they're like, "Get me out of here."
Or<00:25:48.520><c> maybe</c><00:25:48.760><c> they</c><00:25:48.920><c> understand</c><00:25:49.400><c> something</c><00:25:49.760><c> we</c>

00:25:49.910 --> 00:25:49.920 align:start position:0%
Or maybe they understand something we
 

00:25:49.920 --> 00:25:51.790 align:start position:0%
Or maybe they understand something we
don't.<00:25:50.480><c> I</c><00:25:50.560><c> mean,</c><00:25:50.760><c> I'm</c><00:25:50.880><c> not</c><00:25:51.080><c> going</c><00:25:51.240><c> to</c><00:25:51.360><c> dismiss</c>

00:25:51.790 --> 00:25:51.800 align:start position:0%
don't. I mean, I'm not going to dismiss
 

00:25:51.800 --> 00:25:53.030 align:start position:0%
don't. I mean, I'm not going to dismiss
them.

00:25:53.030 --> 00:25:53.040 align:start position:0%
them.
 

00:25:53.040 --> 00:25:54.669 align:start position:0%
them.
Maybe<00:25:53.320><c> they're</c><00:25:53.480><c> the</c><00:25:53.600><c> ones</c><00:25:53.840><c> with</c>

00:25:54.669 --> 00:25:54.679 align:start position:0%
Maybe they're the ones with
 

00:25:54.679 --> 00:25:57.150 align:start position:0%
Maybe they're the ones with
modus<00:25:55.080><c> tollens</c><00:25:55.440><c> in</c><00:25:55.520><c> their</c><00:25:55.679><c> own</c><00:25:55.800><c> heads.</c><00:25:56.560><c> Yeah.</c>

00:25:57.150 --> 00:25:57.160 align:start position:0%
modus tollens in their own heads. Yeah.
 

00:25:57.160 --> 00:25:58.390 align:start position:0%
modus tollens in their own heads. Yeah.
The<00:25:57.280><c> thing</c><00:25:57.440><c> that</c><00:25:57.560><c> makes</c><00:25:57.720><c> me</c><00:25:57.840><c> feel</c><00:25:58.000><c> a</c><00:25:58.040><c> tiny</c><00:25:58.280><c> bit</c>

00:25:58.390 --> 00:25:58.400 align:start position:0%
The thing that makes me feel a tiny bit
 

00:25:58.400 --> 00:26:00.110 align:start position:0%
The thing that makes me feel a tiny bit
uncomfortable<00:25:58.800><c> about</c><00:25:59.040><c> this</c><00:25:59.320><c> this</c><00:25:59.560><c> idea</c><00:25:59.880><c> that</c>

00:26:00.110 --> 00:26:00.120 align:start position:0%
uncomfortable about this this idea that
 

00:26:00.120 --> 00:26:01.790 align:start position:0%
uncomfortable about this this idea that
humans<00:26:00.480><c> are</c><00:26:00.560><c> not</c><00:26:00.840><c> innately</c><00:26:01.400><c> good</c><00:26:01.640><c> at</c>

00:26:01.790 --> 00:26:01.800 align:start position:0%
humans are not innately good at
 

00:26:01.800 --> 00:26:03.830 align:start position:0%
humans are not innately good at
truth-finding,<00:26:03.000><c> even</c><00:26:03.200><c> though</c><00:26:03.360><c> I'm</c><00:26:03.480><c> sure</c><00:26:03.679><c> that</c>

00:26:03.830 --> 00:26:03.840 align:start position:0%
truth-finding, even though I'm sure that
 

00:26:03.840 --> 00:26:04.790 align:start position:0%
truth-finding, even though I'm sure that
these<00:26:03.960><c> researchers</c><00:26:04.360><c> have</c><00:26:04.480><c> thought</c><00:26:04.640><c> about</c>

00:26:04.790 --> 00:26:04.800 align:start position:0%
these researchers have thought about
 

00:26:04.800 --> 00:26:06.270 align:start position:0%
these researchers have thought about
this<00:26:04.960><c> much</c><00:26:05.200><c> more</c><00:26:05.320><c> extensively</c><00:26:05.840><c> than</c><00:26:06.000><c> I</c><00:26:06.080><c> ever</c>

00:26:06.270 --> 00:26:06.280 align:start position:0%
this much more extensively than I ever
 

00:26:06.280 --> 00:26:09.030 align:start position:0%
this much more extensively than I ever
have,<00:26:06.920><c> is</c><00:26:07.120><c> that</c><00:26:07.440><c> science</c><00:26:07.880><c> really</c><00:26:08.160><c> is</c>

00:26:09.030 --> 00:26:09.040 align:start position:0%
have, is that science really is
 

00:26:09.040 --> 00:26:11.630 align:start position:0%
have, is that science really is
based<00:26:09.760><c> on</c><00:26:09.920><c> the</c><00:26:10.080><c> hunt</c><00:26:10.440><c> for</c><00:26:10.600><c> truth.</c><00:26:11.160><c> And</c><00:26:11.280><c> okay,</c>

00:26:11.630 --> 00:26:11.640 align:start position:0%
based on the hunt for truth. And okay,
 

00:26:11.640 --> 00:26:14.350 align:start position:0%
based on the hunt for truth. And okay,
admittedly,<00:26:12.240><c> we</c><00:26:12.400><c> have</c><00:26:12.560><c> come</c><00:26:12.760><c> up</c><00:26:12.880><c> with</c><00:26:13.480><c> really</c>

00:26:14.350 --> 00:26:14.360 align:start position:0%
admittedly, we have come up with really
 

00:26:14.360 --> 00:26:16.190 align:start position:0%
admittedly, we have come up with really
strict

00:26:16.190 --> 00:26:16.200 align:start position:0%
strict
 

00:26:16.200 --> 00:26:18.550 align:start position:0%
strict
methods,<00:26:17.000><c> like</c><00:26:17.200><c> hypothesis</c><00:26:17.760><c> testing,</c><00:26:18.360><c> in</c>

00:26:18.550 --> 00:26:18.560 align:start position:0%
methods, like hypothesis testing, in
 

00:26:18.560 --> 00:26:20.710 align:start position:0%
methods, like hypothesis testing, in
order<00:26:18.880><c> to</c><00:26:19.120><c> do</c><00:26:19.440><c> that.</c>

00:26:20.710 --> 00:26:20.720 align:start position:0%
order to do that.
 

00:26:20.720 --> 00:26:23.310 align:start position:0%
order to do that.
But<00:26:20.880><c> does</c><00:26:21.040><c> that</c><00:26:21.320><c> sort</c><00:26:21.720><c> of</c><00:26:21.840><c> mean</c><00:26:22.080><c> that</c><00:26:22.960><c> I</c><00:26:23.120><c> don't</c>

00:26:23.310 --> 00:26:23.320 align:start position:0%
But does that sort of mean that I don't
 

00:26:23.320 --> 00:26:24.270 align:start position:0%
But does that sort of mean that I don't
know.

00:26:24.270 --> 00:26:24.280 align:start position:0%
know.
 

00:26:24.280 --> 00:26:28.590 align:start position:0%
know.
Science<00:26:25.000><c> isn't</c><00:26:25.880><c> in</c><00:26:26.520><c> innate?</c><00:26:27.280><c> I'm</c><00:26:27.360><c> not</c><00:26:27.520><c> sure.</c>

00:26:28.590 --> 00:26:28.600 align:start position:0%
Science isn't in innate? I'm not sure.
 

00:26:28.600 --> 00:26:31.070 align:start position:0%
Science isn't in innate? I'm not sure.
You<00:26:29.200><c> That's</c><00:26:29.480><c> a</c><00:26:29.560><c> really</c><00:26:29.920><c> good</c><00:26:30.080><c> question.</c><00:26:30.720><c> And</c>

00:26:31.070 --> 00:26:31.080 align:start position:0%
You That's a really good question. And
 

00:26:31.080 --> 00:26:34.710 align:start position:0%
You That's a really good question. And
and<00:26:31.520><c> I'm</c><00:26:32.040><c> starting</c><00:26:32.440><c> to</c><00:26:32.520><c> feel</c><00:26:32.920><c> like</c><00:26:33.720><c> it's</c><00:26:34.280><c> not</c>

00:26:34.710 --> 00:26:34.720 align:start position:0%
and I'm starting to feel like it's not
 

00:26:34.720 --> 00:26:38.190 align:start position:0%
and I'm starting to feel like it's not
that<00:26:35.040><c> innate,</c><00:26:35.880><c> that</c><00:26:36.840><c> we</c>

00:26:38.190 --> 00:26:38.200 align:start position:0%
that innate, that we
 

00:26:38.200 --> 00:26:40.230 align:start position:0%
that innate, that we
from<00:26:38.440><c> tests</c><00:26:38.840><c> like</c><00:26:39.040><c> this,</c><00:26:39.320><c> we</c><00:26:39.480><c> found</c><00:26:39.880><c> that</c><00:26:40.040><c> we</c>

00:26:40.230 --> 00:26:40.240 align:start position:0%
from tests like this, we found that we
 

00:26:40.240 --> 00:26:44.870 align:start position:0%
from tests like this, we found that we
are<00:26:40.360><c> focused</c><00:26:40.880><c> more</c><00:26:41.360><c> on</c><00:26:42.160><c> our</c><00:26:42.640><c> own</c><00:26:43.600><c> social</c><00:26:44.160><c> lives</c>

00:26:44.870 --> 00:26:44.880 align:start position:0%
are focused more on our own social lives
 

00:26:44.880 --> 00:26:48.030 align:start position:0%
are focused more on our own social lives
and<00:26:45.000><c> ourselves,</c><00:26:46.080><c> and</c><00:26:46.320><c> not</c><00:26:46.760><c> on</c><00:26:47.320><c> what</c><00:26:47.640><c> is</c><00:26:47.880><c> the</c>

00:26:48.030 --> 00:26:48.040 align:start position:0%
and ourselves, and not on what is the
 

00:26:48.040 --> 00:26:51.230 align:start position:0%
and ourselves, and not on what is the
best<00:26:48.520><c> way</c><00:26:48.720><c> to</c><00:26:48.960><c> test</c><00:26:49.280><c> a</c><00:26:49.320><c> hypothesis.</c><00:26:50.600><c> Now,</c><00:26:51.040><c> the</c>

00:26:51.230 --> 00:26:51.240 align:start position:0%
best way to test a hypothesis. Now, the
 

00:26:51.240 --> 00:26:53.910 align:start position:0%
best way to test a hypothesis. Now, the
Wason<00:26:51.640><c> selection</c><00:26:52.120><c> task</c><00:26:52.679><c> makes</c><00:26:52.920><c> it</c><00:26:53.600><c> pretty</c>

00:26:53.910 --> 00:26:53.920 align:start position:0%
Wason selection task makes it pretty
 

00:26:53.920 --> 00:26:55.790 align:start position:0%
Wason selection task makes it pretty
clear<00:26:54.320><c> that</c><00:26:54.480><c> we're</c><00:26:54.640><c> bad</c><00:26:55.040><c> at</c><00:26:55.240><c> finding</c>

00:26:55.790 --> 00:26:55.800 align:start position:0%
clear that we're bad at finding
 

00:26:55.800 --> 00:26:58.990 align:start position:0%
clear that we're bad at finding
counterexamples<00:26:57.040><c> or</c><00:26:57.640><c> even</c><00:26:57.880><c> being</c><00:26:58.240><c> motivated</c>

00:26:58.990 --> 00:26:59.000 align:start position:0%
counterexamples or even being motivated
 

00:26:59.000 --> 00:27:00.310 align:start position:0%
counterexamples or even being motivated
to<00:26:59.120><c> find</c><00:26:59.440><c> them.</c>

00:27:00.310 --> 00:27:00.320 align:start position:0%
to find them.
 

00:27:00.320 --> 00:27:02.150 align:start position:0%
to find them.
Like,<00:27:00.640><c> pretty</c><00:27:00.800><c> much</c><00:27:01.000><c> everyone</c><00:27:01.440><c> chooses</c><00:27:02.040><c> the</c>

00:27:02.150 --> 00:27:02.160 align:start position:0%
Like, pretty much everyone chooses the
 

00:27:02.160 --> 00:27:03.950 align:start position:0%
Like, pretty much everyone chooses the
first<00:27:02.480><c> card</c><00:27:02.920><c> A.</c><00:27:03.280><c> They're</c><00:27:03.400><c> like,</c><00:27:03.640><c> "I</c><00:27:03.679><c> need</c><00:27:03.880><c> to</c>

00:27:03.950 --> 00:27:03.960 align:start position:0%
first card A. They're like, "I need to
 

00:27:03.960 --> 00:27:05.550 align:start position:0%
first card A. They're like, "I need to
see<00:27:04.120><c> if</c><00:27:04.200><c> this</c><00:27:04.360><c> is</c><00:27:04.480><c> an</c><00:27:04.560><c> example</c><00:27:05.080><c> of</c><00:27:05.240><c> a</c><00:27:05.320><c> thing</c>

00:27:05.550 --> 00:27:05.560 align:start position:0%
see if this is an example of a thing
 

00:27:05.560 --> 00:27:07.550 align:start position:0%
see if this is an example of a thing
that<00:27:05.679><c> follows</c><00:27:06.040><c> the</c><00:27:06.120><c> rule."</c><00:27:07.000><c> But</c><00:27:07.160><c> very</c><00:27:07.400><c> few</c>

00:27:07.550 --> 00:27:07.560 align:start position:0%
that follows the rule." But very few
 

00:27:07.560 --> 00:27:09.630 align:start position:0%
that follows the rule." But very few
people<00:27:07.840><c> go,</c><00:27:08.440><c> "But</c><00:27:08.560><c> I</c><00:27:08.640><c> should</c><00:27:08.800><c> also</c><00:27:09.160><c> look</c><00:27:09.400><c> for</c><00:27:09.560><c> a</c>

00:27:09.630 --> 00:27:09.640 align:start position:0%
people go, "But I should also look for a
 

00:27:09.640 --> 00:27:13.030 align:start position:0%
people go, "But I should also look for a
case<00:27:10.040><c> where</c><00:27:10.160><c> the</c><00:27:10.720><c> the</c><00:27:10.880><c> rule</c><00:27:11.320><c> is</c><00:27:11.640><c> is</c><00:27:12.120><c> not</c><00:27:12.440><c> true."</c>

00:27:13.030 --> 00:27:13.040 align:start position:0%
case where the the rule is is not true."
 

00:27:13.040 --> 00:27:14.950 align:start position:0%
case where the the rule is is not true."
Is<00:27:13.280><c> broken.</c><00:27:13.920><c> Even</c><00:27:14.240><c> though</c><00:27:14.520><c> you</c><00:27:14.640><c> find</c><00:27:14.920><c> a</c>

00:27:14.950 --> 00:27:14.960 align:start position:0%
Is broken. Even though you find a
 

00:27:14.960 --> 00:27:17.990 align:start position:0%
Is broken. Even though you find a
counterexample,<00:27:15.880><c> you're</c><00:27:16.120><c> done.</c>

00:27:17.990 --> 00:27:18.000 align:start position:0%
counterexample, you're done.
 

00:27:18.000 --> 00:27:19.430 align:start position:0%
counterexample, you're done.
If<00:27:18.160><c> the</c><00:27:18.280><c> rule</c><00:27:18.600><c> is</c><00:27:18.720><c> that</c><00:27:18.880><c> there's</c><00:27:19.120><c> if</c><00:27:19.280><c> there's</c>

00:27:19.430 --> 00:27:19.440 align:start position:0%
If the rule is that there's if there's
 

00:27:19.440 --> 00:27:20.990 align:start position:0%
If the rule is that there's if there's
an<00:27:19.640><c> A,</c><00:27:19.760><c> there's</c><00:27:20.000><c> a</c><00:27:20.040><c> seven</c><00:27:20.400><c> on</c><00:27:20.480><c> the</c><00:27:20.560><c> back,</c><00:27:20.880><c> and</c>

00:27:20.990 --> 00:27:21.000 align:start position:0%
an A, there's a seven on the back, and
 

00:27:21.000 --> 00:27:22.390 align:start position:0%
an A, there's a seven on the back, and
you<00:27:21.080><c> can</c><00:27:21.240><c> find</c><00:27:21.560><c> an</c><00:27:21.760><c> A</c><00:27:21.920><c> that</c><00:27:22.040><c> doesn't</c><00:27:22.240><c> have</c><00:27:22.320><c> a</c>

00:27:22.390 --> 00:27:22.400 align:start position:0%
you can find an A that doesn't have a
 

00:27:22.400 --> 00:27:24.070 align:start position:0%
you can find an A that doesn't have a
seven<00:27:22.679><c> on</c><00:27:22.760><c> the</c><00:27:22.840><c> back,</c><00:27:23.360><c> you're</c><00:27:23.520><c> done.</c><00:27:23.840><c> You</c><00:27:23.920><c> can</c>

00:27:24.070 --> 00:27:24.080 align:start position:0%
seven on the back, you're done. You can
 

00:27:24.080 --> 00:27:25.630 align:start position:0%
seven on the back, you're done. You can
walk<00:27:24.280><c> away</c><00:27:24.480><c> and</c><00:27:24.600><c> say</c><00:27:24.720><c> the</c><00:27:24.840><c> rule's</c><00:27:25.120><c> not</c><00:27:25.320><c> true.</c>

00:27:25.630 --> 00:27:25.640 align:start position:0%
walk away and say the rule's not true.
 

00:27:25.640 --> 00:27:27.750 align:start position:0%
walk away and say the rule's not true.
I've<00:27:25.800><c> proved</c><00:27:26.080><c> it</c><00:27:26.200><c> wrong.</c>

00:27:27.750 --> 00:27:27.760 align:start position:0%
I've proved it wrong.
 

00:27:27.760 --> 00:27:29.870 align:start position:0%
I've proved it wrong.
Now,<00:27:28.320><c> there's</c><00:27:28.480><c> a</c><00:27:28.520><c> great</c><00:27:28.880><c> study.</c><00:27:29.320><c> I</c><00:27:29.440><c> I</c><00:27:29.720><c> I</c><00:27:29.760><c> was</c>

00:27:29.870 --> 00:27:29.880 align:start position:0%
Now, there's a great study. I I I was
 

00:27:29.880 --> 00:27:31.510 align:start position:0%
Now, there's a great study. I I I was
actually<00:27:30.120><c> cracking</c><00:27:30.520><c> up</c><00:27:30.840><c> last</c><00:27:31.080><c> night</c><00:27:31.240><c> reading</c>

00:27:31.510 --> 00:27:31.520 align:start position:0%
actually cracking up last night reading
 

00:27:31.520 --> 00:27:32.870 align:start position:0%
actually cracking up last night reading
about<00:27:31.800><c> this.</c><00:27:32.040><c> I</c><00:27:32.160><c> don't</c><00:27:32.440><c> think</c><00:27:32.560><c> it's</c><00:27:32.679><c> going</c><00:27:32.800><c> to</c>

00:27:32.870 --> 00:27:32.880 align:start position:0%
about this. I don't think it's going to
 

00:27:32.880 --> 00:27:35.190 align:start position:0%
about this. I don't think it's going to
seem<00:27:33.080><c> that</c><00:27:33.280><c> funny</c><00:27:33.720><c> today</c><00:27:34.160><c> when</c><00:27:34.360><c> I</c><00:27:34.400><c> tell</c><00:27:34.679><c> it.</c>

00:27:35.190 --> 00:27:35.200 align:start position:0%
seem that funny today when I tell it.
 

00:27:35.200 --> 00:27:37.510 align:start position:0%
seem that funny today when I tell it.
But<00:27:35.320><c> there</c><00:27:35.440><c> was</c><00:27:35.600><c> a</c><00:27:35.679><c> study</c><00:27:36.200><c> that</c><00:27:36.400><c> was</c><00:27:36.600><c> done</c><00:27:37.320><c> by</c>

00:27:37.510 --> 00:27:37.520 align:start position:0%
But there was a study that was done by
 

00:27:37.520 --> 00:27:40.830 align:start position:0%
But there was a study that was done by
Johnson-Laird<00:27:38.200><c> and</c><00:27:38.320><c> Wason</c><00:27:38.760><c> in</c><00:27:38.840><c> 1970,</c><00:27:40.200><c> where</c>

00:27:40.830 --> 00:27:40.840 align:start position:0%
Johnson-Laird and Wason in 1970, where
 

00:27:40.840 --> 00:27:43.510 align:start position:0%
Johnson-Laird and Wason in 1970, where
they<00:27:41.040><c> had</c><00:27:41.400><c> two</c><00:27:41.560><c> boxes</c><00:27:42.160><c> of</c><00:27:42.320><c> shapes.</c><00:27:43.160><c> In</c><00:27:43.360><c> one</c>

00:27:43.510 --> 00:27:43.520 align:start position:0%
they had two boxes of shapes. In one
 

00:27:43.520 --> 00:27:45.669 align:start position:0%
they had two boxes of shapes. In one
box,<00:27:43.920><c> all</c><00:27:44.040><c> the</c><00:27:44.160><c> shapes</c><00:27:44.520><c> were</c><00:27:44.720><c> painted</c><00:27:45.040><c> black,</c>

00:27:45.669 --> 00:27:45.679 align:start position:0%
box, all the shapes were painted black,
 

00:27:45.679 --> 00:27:46.790 align:start position:0%
box, all the shapes were painted black,
and<00:27:45.800><c> in</c><00:27:45.880><c> the</c><00:27:46.000><c> other</c><00:27:46.160><c> box,</c><00:27:46.440><c> they</c><00:27:46.560><c> were</c><00:27:46.679><c> all</c>

00:27:46.790 --> 00:27:46.800 align:start position:0%
and in the other box, they were all
 

00:27:46.800 --> 00:27:49.070 align:start position:0%
and in the other box, they were all
painted<00:27:47.200><c> white.</c><00:27:47.920><c> And</c><00:27:48.040><c> they</c><00:27:48.160><c> told</c><00:27:48.440><c> people</c><00:27:48.960><c> the</c>

00:27:49.070 --> 00:27:49.080 align:start position:0%
painted white. And they told people the
 

00:27:49.080 --> 00:27:50.790 align:start position:0%
painted white. And they told people the
people<00:27:49.360><c> couldn't</c><00:27:49.600><c> look</c><00:27:49.720><c> in</c><00:27:49.800><c> the</c><00:27:49.840><c> boxes,</c><00:27:50.360><c> okay?</c>

00:27:50.790 --> 00:27:50.800 align:start position:0%
people couldn't look in the boxes, okay?
 

00:27:50.800 --> 00:27:52.750 align:start position:0%
people couldn't look in the boxes, okay?
The<00:27:50.920><c> researcher</c><00:27:51.400><c> sat</c><00:27:51.679><c> there</c><00:27:51.840><c> with</c><00:27:51.960><c> these</c><00:27:52.160><c> two</c>

00:27:52.750 --> 00:27:52.760 align:start position:0%
The researcher sat there with these two
 

00:27:52.760 --> 00:27:54.390 align:start position:0%
The researcher sat there with these two
these<00:27:53.000><c> two</c><00:27:53.679><c> uh</c>

00:27:54.390 --> 00:27:54.400 align:start position:0%
these two uh
 

00:27:54.400 --> 00:27:56.470 align:start position:0%
these two uh
masked<00:27:54.960><c> boxes</c><00:27:55.520><c> and</c><00:27:55.640><c> was</c><00:27:55.760><c> like,</c><00:27:55.920><c> "Okay,</c><00:27:56.200><c> here's</c>

00:27:56.470 --> 00:27:56.480 align:start position:0%
masked boxes and was like, "Okay, here's
 

00:27:56.480 --> 00:27:57.870 align:start position:0%
masked boxes and was like, "Okay, here's
this<00:27:56.720><c> rule,</c><00:27:57.000><c> and</c><00:27:57.080><c> I</c><00:27:57.120><c> want</c><00:27:57.280><c> you</c><00:27:57.360><c> to</c><00:27:57.480><c> test</c>

00:27:57.870 --> 00:27:57.880 align:start position:0%
this rule, and I want you to test
 

00:27:57.880 --> 00:27:58.910 align:start position:0%
this rule, and I want you to test
whether<00:27:58.120><c> it's</c><00:27:58.280><c> true,</c><00:27:58.560><c> whether</c><00:27:58.760><c> this</c>

00:27:58.910 --> 00:27:58.920 align:start position:0%
whether it's true, whether this
 

00:27:58.920 --> 00:28:00.870 align:start position:0%
whether it's true, whether this
hypothesis<00:27:59.600><c> is</c><00:27:59.760><c> true.</c>

00:28:00.870 --> 00:28:00.880 align:start position:0%
hypothesis is true.
 

00:28:00.880 --> 00:28:04.669 align:start position:0%
hypothesis is true.
All<00:28:01.679><c> the</c><00:28:01.800><c> triangles</c><00:28:02.280><c> are</c><00:28:02.360><c> white."</c>

00:28:04.669 --> 00:28:04.679 align:start position:0%
All the triangles are white."
 

00:28:04.679 --> 00:28:06.310 align:start position:0%
All the triangles are white."
Now,<00:28:05.080><c> tell</c><00:28:05.360><c> me</c><00:28:05.480><c> what</c><00:28:05.640><c> to</c><00:28:05.720><c> do</c><00:28:05.880><c> and</c><00:28:06.000><c> I'll</c><00:28:06.080><c> do</c><00:28:06.240><c> it</c>

00:28:06.310 --> 00:28:06.320 align:start position:0%
Now, tell me what to do and I'll do it
 

00:28:06.320 --> 00:28:07.910 align:start position:0%
Now, tell me what to do and I'll do it
for<00:28:06.480><c> you.</c><00:28:06.600><c> And</c><00:28:06.720><c> people</c><00:28:06.960><c> would</c><00:28:07.120><c> say,</c><00:28:07.360><c> "Oh,</c><00:28:07.800><c> the</c>

00:28:07.910 --> 00:28:07.920 align:start position:0%
for you. And people would say, "Oh, the
 

00:28:07.920 --> 00:28:09.510 align:start position:0%
for you. And people would say, "Oh, the
first<00:28:08.200><c> thing</c><00:28:08.320><c> almost</c><00:28:08.600><c> everyone</c><00:28:08.920><c> says</c><00:28:09.320><c> is,</c>

00:28:09.510 --> 00:28:09.520 align:start position:0%
first thing almost everyone says is,
 

00:28:09.520 --> 00:28:11.830 align:start position:0%
first thing almost everyone says is,
okay,<00:28:09.760><c> I'd</c><00:28:09.840><c> like</c><00:28:10.000><c> to</c><00:28:10.080><c> see</c><00:28:10.240><c> a</c><00:28:10.320><c> white</c><00:28:10.560><c> shape."</c>

00:28:11.830 --> 00:28:11.840 align:start position:0%
okay, I'd like to see a white shape."
 

00:28:11.840 --> 00:28:13.310 align:start position:0%
okay, I'd like to see a white shape."
So,<00:28:12.040><c> he</c><00:28:12.160><c> reaches</c><00:28:12.480><c> in</c><00:28:12.600><c> there</c><00:28:12.800><c> and</c><00:28:12.880><c> he</c><00:28:12.960><c> pulls</c><00:28:13.240><c> out</c>

00:28:13.310 --> 00:28:13.320 align:start position:0%
So, he reaches in there and he pulls out
 

00:28:13.320 --> 00:28:15.190 align:start position:0%
So, he reaches in there and he pulls out
a<00:28:13.400><c> shape,</c><00:28:13.760><c> and</c><00:28:13.840><c> it's</c><00:28:14.000><c> a</c><00:28:14.040><c> white</c><00:28:14.280><c> triangle,</c><00:28:15.040><c> lo</c>

00:28:15.190 --> 00:28:15.200 align:start position:0%
a shape, and it's a white triangle, lo
 

00:28:15.200 --> 00:28:16.710 align:start position:0%
a shape, and it's a white triangle, lo
and<00:28:15.320><c> behold,</c><00:28:15.640><c> because</c><00:28:15.920><c> literally</c><00:28:16.400><c> the</c><00:28:16.520><c> only</c>

00:28:16.710 --> 00:28:16.720 align:start position:0%
and behold, because literally the only
 

00:28:16.720 --> 00:28:18.350 align:start position:0%
and behold, because literally the only
thing<00:28:16.960><c> in</c><00:28:17.040><c> the</c><00:28:17.120><c> white</c><00:28:17.480><c> bin</c><00:28:17.960><c> are</c><00:28:18.120><c> white</c>

00:28:18.350 --> 00:28:18.360 align:start position:0%
thing in the white bin are white
 

00:28:18.360 --> 00:28:20.710 align:start position:0%
thing in the white bin are white
triangles.<00:28:19.400><c> He</c><00:28:19.440><c> pulls</c><00:28:19.640><c> it</c><00:28:19.760><c> out.</c><00:28:20.240><c> And</c><00:28:20.440><c> people</c>

00:28:20.710 --> 00:28:20.720 align:start position:0%
triangles. He pulls it out. And people
 

00:28:20.720 --> 00:28:22.149 align:start position:0%
triangles. He pulls it out. And people
tend<00:28:20.920><c> to</c><00:28:21.000><c> just</c><00:28:21.160><c> keep</c><00:28:21.360><c> asking</c><00:28:21.760><c> for</c><00:28:21.880><c> white</c>

00:28:22.149 --> 00:28:22.159 align:start position:0%
tend to just keep asking for white
 

00:28:22.159 --> 00:28:24.030 align:start position:0%
tend to just keep asking for white
shapes<00:28:22.560><c> over</c><00:28:22.800><c> and</c><00:28:22.919><c> over</c><00:28:23.120><c> again,</c><00:28:23.640><c> all</c><00:28:23.720><c> right?</c>

00:28:24.030 --> 00:28:24.040 align:start position:0%
shapes over and over again, all right?
 

00:28:24.040 --> 00:28:25.510 align:start position:0%
shapes over and over again, all right?
And<00:28:24.159><c> they</c><00:28:24.360><c> keep</c><00:28:24.600><c> getting</c><00:28:24.840><c> a</c><00:28:24.880><c> white</c><00:28:25.080><c> triangle,</c>

00:28:25.510 --> 00:28:25.520 align:start position:0%
And they keep getting a white triangle,
 

00:28:25.520 --> 00:28:26.190 align:start position:0%
And they keep getting a white triangle,
and<00:28:25.600><c> they're</c><00:28:25.679><c> like,</c><00:28:25.840><c> "I</c><00:28:25.880><c> don't</c><00:28:26.000><c> know,</c><00:28:26.080><c> it's</c>

00:28:26.190 --> 00:28:26.200 align:start position:0%
and they're like, "I don't know, it's
 

00:28:26.200 --> 00:28:28.110 align:start position:0%
and they're like, "I don't know, it's
feeling<00:28:26.480><c> like</c><00:28:26.600><c> it's</c><00:28:26.720><c> pretty</c><00:28:26.960><c> proven."</c><00:28:27.840><c> And</c>

00:28:28.110 --> 00:28:28.120 align:start position:0%
feeling like it's pretty proven." And
 

00:28:28.120 --> 00:28:31.590 align:start position:0%
feeling like it's pretty proven." And
then,<00:28:29.040><c> after</c><00:28:29.440><c> a</c><00:28:29.560><c> while,</c><00:28:30.400><c> they</c><00:28:30.560><c> start</c><00:28:30.840><c> to</c><00:28:30.960><c> go,</c>

00:28:31.590 --> 00:28:31.600 align:start position:0%
then, after a while, they start to go,
 

00:28:31.600 --> 00:28:33.470 align:start position:0%
then, after a while, they start to go,
"Maybe<00:28:31.880><c> I</c><00:28:31.960><c> should</c><00:28:32.159><c> see</c><00:28:32.320><c> a</c><00:28:32.360><c> black</c><00:28:32.720><c> one."</c><00:28:33.320><c> Cuz</c>

00:28:33.470 --> 00:28:33.480 align:start position:0%
"Maybe I should see a black one." Cuz
 

00:28:33.480 --> 00:28:35.710 align:start position:0%
"Maybe I should see a black one." Cuz
they<00:28:33.600><c> start</c><00:28:33.840><c> to</c><00:28:33.960><c> realize,</c><00:28:34.440><c> "Oh,</c><00:28:34.600><c> shoot,</c><00:28:35.480><c> all</c>

00:28:35.710 --> 00:28:35.720 align:start position:0%
they start to realize, "Oh, shoot, all
 

00:28:35.720 --> 00:28:37.909 align:start position:0%
they start to realize, "Oh, shoot, all
it<00:28:35.880><c> takes</c><00:28:36.200><c> is</c><00:28:36.400><c> one</c><00:28:36.640><c> black</c><00:28:36.919><c> triangle</c><00:28:37.560><c> to</c><00:28:37.640><c> blow</c>

00:28:37.909 --> 00:28:37.919 align:start position:0%
it takes is one black triangle to blow
 

00:28:37.919 --> 00:28:40.149 align:start position:0%
it takes is one black triangle to blow
the<00:28:38.040><c> whole</c><00:28:38.320><c> thing</c><00:28:38.520><c> to</c><00:28:38.640><c> smithereens."</c>

00:28:40.149 --> 00:28:40.159 align:start position:0%
the whole thing to smithereens."
 

00:28:40.159 --> 00:28:41.909 align:start position:0%
the whole thing to smithereens."
But<00:28:40.360><c> basically,</c><00:28:40.800><c> no</c><00:28:41.000><c> one</c><00:28:41.240><c> starts</c><00:28:41.679><c> with</c><00:28:41.840><c> the</c>

00:28:41.909 --> 00:28:41.919 align:start position:0%
But basically, no one starts with the
 

00:28:41.919 --> 00:28:44.870 align:start position:0%
But basically, no one starts with the
black<00:28:42.200><c> shapes.</c><00:28:43.040><c> That</c><00:28:43.240><c> is</c><00:28:43.400><c> so</c><00:28:43.679><c> fascinating.</c>

00:28:44.870 --> 00:28:44.880 align:start position:0%
black shapes. That is so fascinating.
 

00:28:44.880 --> 00:28:47.149 align:start position:0%
black shapes. That is so fascinating.
That<00:28:45.040><c> is</c><00:28:45.200><c> so</c><00:28:45.400><c> fascinating.</c><00:28:46.440><c> I</c><00:28:46.560><c> think</c><00:28:46.840><c> you've</c>

00:28:47.149 --> 00:28:47.159 align:start position:0%
That is so fascinating. I think you've
 

00:28:47.159 --> 00:28:48.669 align:start position:0%
That is so fascinating. I think you've
you<00:28:47.240><c> know,</c><00:28:47.360><c> you've</c><00:28:47.600><c> seen</c><00:28:47.840><c> this</c><00:28:48.000><c> in</c><00:28:48.120><c> science</c><00:28:48.520><c> as</c>

00:28:48.669 --> 00:28:48.679 align:start position:0%
you know, you've seen this in science as
 

00:28:48.679 --> 00:28:50.430 align:start position:0%
you know, you've seen this in science as
well,<00:28:48.840><c> right?</c><00:28:48.960><c> I</c><00:28:49.040><c> just</c><00:28:49.280><c> wrote</c><00:28:49.600><c> this</c><00:28:50.320><c> um</c><00:28:50.400><c> I</c>

00:28:50.430 --> 00:28:50.440 align:start position:0%
well, right? I just wrote this um I
 

00:28:50.440 --> 00:28:52.230 align:start position:0%
well, right? I just wrote this um I
wrote<00:28:50.800><c> actually</c><00:28:51.159><c> this</c><00:28:51.480><c> chapter</c><00:28:51.880><c> of</c><00:28:51.960><c> the</c><00:28:52.080><c> book</c>

00:28:52.230 --> 00:28:52.240 align:start position:0%
wrote actually this chapter of the book
 

00:28:52.240 --> 00:28:54.110 align:start position:0%
wrote actually this chapter of the book
that<00:28:52.400><c> I'm</c><00:28:52.520><c> doing</c><00:28:52.760><c> at</c><00:28:52.840><c> the</c><00:28:52.880><c> moment.</c>

00:28:54.110 --> 00:28:54.120 align:start position:0%
that I'm doing at the moment.
 

00:28:54.120 --> 00:28:56.110 align:start position:0%
that I'm doing at the moment.
I<00:28:54.159><c> wrote</c><00:28:54.400><c> this</c><00:28:54.560><c> whole</c><00:28:54.800><c> thing</c><00:28:55.000><c> about</c><00:28:55.280><c> Popper,</c>

00:28:56.110 --> 00:28:56.120 align:start position:0%
I wrote this whole thing about Popper,
 

00:28:56.120 --> 00:28:59.270 align:start position:0%
I wrote this whole thing about Popper,
about<00:28:56.360><c> Karl</c><00:28:56.679><c> Popper,</c><00:28:57.720><c> um</c><00:28:58.280><c> and</c><00:28:58.400><c> about</c><00:28:58.760><c> how</c><00:28:58.960><c> he</c>

00:28:59.270 --> 00:28:59.280 align:start position:0%
about Karl Popper, um and about how he
 

00:28:59.280 --> 00:29:02.310 align:start position:0%
about Karl Popper, um and about how he
said<00:28:59.760><c> that</c><00:28:59.960><c> the</c><00:29:00.520><c> the</c><00:29:00.800><c> the</c><00:29:00.960><c> key</c><00:29:01.679><c> point</c><00:29:02.040><c> about</c>

00:29:02.310 --> 00:29:02.320 align:start position:0%
said that the the the key point about
 

00:29:02.320 --> 00:29:05.190 align:start position:0%
said that the the the key point about
science<00:29:02.960><c> is</c><00:29:03.520><c> essentially</c><00:29:04.280><c> trying</c><00:29:04.760><c> to</c><00:29:04.880><c> find</c>

00:29:05.190 --> 00:29:05.200 align:start position:0%
science is essentially trying to find
 

00:29:05.200 --> 00:29:07.510 align:start position:0%
science is essentially trying to find
things<00:29:05.480><c> that</c><00:29:05.679><c> break</c><00:29:06.040><c> your</c><00:29:06.280><c> own</c><00:29:06.520><c> theorem.</c><00:29:07.280><c> You</c>

00:29:07.510 --> 00:29:07.520 align:start position:0%
things that break your own theorem. You
 

00:29:07.520 --> 00:29:08.830 align:start position:0%
things that break your own theorem. You
should<00:29:07.800><c> be</c><00:29:07.960><c> hunting</c><00:29:08.600><c> for</c><00:29:08.720><c> the</c>

00:29:08.830 --> 00:29:08.840 align:start position:0%
should be hunting for the
 

00:29:08.840 --> 00:29:11.230 align:start position:0%
should be hunting for the
counterexamples,<00:29:10.120><c> not</c><00:29:10.520><c> for</c><00:29:10.640><c> the</c><00:29:10.800><c> evidence</c>

00:29:11.230 --> 00:29:11.240 align:start position:0%
counterexamples, not for the evidence
 

00:29:11.240 --> 00:29:14.149 align:start position:0%
counterexamples, not for the evidence
that<00:29:11.440><c> supports</c><00:29:12.080><c> it.</c><00:29:12.600><c> There's</c><00:29:12.960><c> a</c>

00:29:14.149 --> 00:29:14.159 align:start position:0%
that supports it. There's a
 

00:29:14.159 --> 00:29:16.070 align:start position:0%
that supports it. There's a
The<00:29:14.280><c> thing</c><00:29:14.520><c> is</c><00:29:14.640><c> is</c><00:29:14.760><c> that</c><00:29:14.919><c> it's</c><00:29:15.120><c> like</c>

00:29:16.070 --> 00:29:16.080 align:start position:0%
The thing is is that it's like
 

00:29:16.080 --> 00:29:18.190 align:start position:0%
The thing is is that it's like
it<00:29:16.320><c> it</c><00:29:16.440><c> was</c><00:29:16.720><c> really</c><00:29:17.200><c> really</c><00:29:17.560><c> hard</c><00:29:17.840><c> for</c><00:29:17.919><c> people</c>

00:29:18.190 --> 00:29:18.200 align:start position:0%
it it was really really hard for people
 

00:29:18.200 --> 00:29:20.909 align:start position:0%
it it was really really hard for people
to<00:29:18.280><c> do</c><00:29:18.480><c> this.</c><00:29:19.400><c> Uh</c><00:29:19.480><c> it's</c><00:29:19.760><c> not</c><00:29:20.120><c> instinctive</c><00:29:20.720><c> at</c>

00:29:20.909 --> 00:29:20.919 align:start position:0%
to do this. Uh it's not instinctive at
 

00:29:20.919 --> 00:29:22.830 align:start position:0%
to do this. Uh it's not instinctive at
all.<00:29:21.440><c> For</c><00:29:21.640><c> almost</c><00:29:22.080><c> all</c><00:29:22.240><c> of</c><00:29:22.360><c> scientific</c>

00:29:22.830 --> 00:29:22.840 align:start position:0%
all. For almost all of scientific
 

00:29:22.840 --> 00:29:24.430 align:start position:0%
all. For almost all of scientific
history,<00:29:23.240><c> people</c><00:29:23.560><c> were</c><00:29:23.640><c> just</c><00:29:23.880><c> like,</c><00:29:24.159><c> "Let's</c>

00:29:24.430 --> 00:29:24.440 align:start position:0%
history, people were just like, "Let's
 

00:29:24.440 --> 00:29:25.790 align:start position:0%
history, people were just like, "Let's
gather<00:29:24.679><c> more</c><00:29:24.840><c> evidence.</c><00:29:25.240><c> Let's</c><00:29:25.400><c> gather</c><00:29:25.640><c> more</c>

00:29:25.790 --> 00:29:25.800 align:start position:0%
gather more evidence. Let's gather more
 

00:29:25.800 --> 00:29:28.350 align:start position:0%
gather more evidence. Let's gather more
evidence."<00:29:26.720><c> And</c><00:29:26.880><c> actually,</c><00:29:27.440><c> Einstein,</c><00:29:28.240><c> you</c>

00:29:28.350 --> 00:29:28.360 align:start position:0%
evidence." And actually, Einstein, you
 

00:29:28.360 --> 00:29:30.310 align:start position:0%
evidence." And actually, Einstein, you
know,<00:29:28.480><c> one</c><00:29:28.679><c> of</c><00:29:28.760><c> the</c><00:29:28.840><c> reasons</c><00:29:29.159><c> why</c><00:29:29.360><c> Einstein</c><00:29:30.080><c> is</c>

00:29:30.310 --> 00:29:30.320 align:start position:0%
know, one of the reasons why Einstein is
 

00:29:30.320 --> 00:29:33.030 align:start position:0%
know, one of the reasons why Einstein is
considered<00:29:31.000><c> so</c><00:29:31.440><c> phenomenal,</c><00:29:32.520><c> is</c><00:29:32.679><c> that</c><00:29:32.840><c> when</c>

00:29:33.030 --> 00:29:33.040 align:start position:0%
considered so phenomenal, is that when
 

00:29:33.040 --> 00:29:34.750 align:start position:0%
considered so phenomenal, is that when
he<00:29:33.159><c> came</c><00:29:33.360><c> up</c><00:29:33.520><c> with</c><00:29:33.640><c> his</c><00:29:33.800><c> theory</c><00:29:34.360><c> of</c><00:29:34.480><c> general</c>

00:29:34.750 --> 00:29:34.760 align:start position:0%
he came up with his theory of general
 

00:29:34.760 --> 00:29:38.310 align:start position:0%
he came up with his theory of general
relativity,<00:29:36.080><c> uh</c><00:29:36.679><c> as</c><00:29:36.960><c> part</c><00:29:37.320><c> of</c><00:29:37.440><c> his</c><00:29:37.600><c> theory,</c><00:29:38.120><c> he</c>

00:29:38.310 --> 00:29:38.320 align:start position:0%
relativity, uh as part of his theory, he
 

00:29:38.320 --> 00:29:40.950 align:start position:0%
relativity, uh as part of his theory, he
said,<00:29:39.120><c> "Here</c><00:29:39.480><c> is</c><00:29:39.640><c> the</c><00:29:39.800><c> way</c><00:29:40.040><c> you</c><00:29:40.200><c> can</c><00:29:40.400><c> prove</c><00:29:40.800><c> me</c>

00:29:40.950 --> 00:29:40.960 align:start position:0%
said, "Here is the way you can prove me
 

00:29:40.960 --> 00:29:43.390 align:start position:0%
said, "Here is the way you can prove me
wrong.<00:29:41.840><c> This</c><00:29:42.000><c> is</c><00:29:42.120><c> my</c><00:29:42.360><c> idea.</c><00:29:42.840><c> This</c><00:29:43.080><c> is</c><00:29:43.200><c> what</c><00:29:43.320><c> I</c>

00:29:43.390 --> 00:29:43.400 align:start position:0%
wrong. This is my idea. This is what I
 

00:29:43.400 --> 00:29:45.669 align:start position:0%
wrong. This is my idea. This is what I
think<00:29:43.640><c> it</c><00:29:43.800><c> is.</c><00:29:44.280><c> There's</c><00:29:44.480><c> going</c><00:29:44.640><c> to</c><00:29:44.720><c> be</c><00:29:45.159><c> a</c><00:29:45.240><c> solar</c>

00:29:45.669 --> 00:29:45.679 align:start position:0%
think it is. There's going to be a solar
 

00:29:45.679 --> 00:29:48.590 align:start position:0%
think it is. There's going to be a solar
eclipse<00:29:46.120><c> in</c><00:29:46.240><c> a</c><00:29:46.280><c> couple</c><00:29:46.640><c> of</c><00:29:46.720><c> years,</c><00:29:47.640><c> and</c><00:29:48.160><c> if</c><00:29:48.480><c> I</c>

00:29:48.590 --> 00:29:48.600 align:start position:0%
eclipse in a couple of years, and if I
 

00:29:48.600 --> 00:29:51.390 align:start position:0%
eclipse in a couple of years, and if I
am<00:29:48.840><c> right,</c><00:29:49.760><c> the</c><00:29:49.960><c> light</c><00:29:50.320><c> will</c><00:29:50.520><c> bend</c><00:29:50.880><c> around</c><00:29:51.320><c> the</c>

00:29:51.390 --> 00:29:51.400 align:start position:0%
am right, the light will bend around the
 

00:29:51.400 --> 00:29:53.270 align:start position:0%
am right, the light will bend around the
sun<00:29:51.760><c> in</c><00:29:51.880><c> this</c><00:29:52.120><c> way.</c><00:29:52.480><c> You'll</c><00:29:52.680><c> be</c><00:29:52.800><c> able</c><00:29:53.000><c> to</c><00:29:53.120><c> see</c>

00:29:53.270 --> 00:29:53.280 align:start position:0%
sun in this way. You'll be able to see
 

00:29:53.280 --> 00:29:55.830 align:start position:0%
sun in this way. You'll be able to see
the<00:29:53.400><c> stars</c><00:29:53.960><c> that</c><00:29:54.080><c> are</c><00:29:54.160><c> normally</c><00:29:55.200><c> blinded</c><00:29:55.640><c> by</c>

00:29:55.830 --> 00:29:55.840 align:start position:0%
the stars that are normally blinded by
 

00:29:55.840 --> 00:29:58.830 align:start position:0%
the stars that are normally blinded by
the<00:29:55.960><c> sun's</c><00:29:56.320><c> glare.</c><00:29:57.160><c> Off</c><00:29:57.480><c> you</c><00:29:57.600><c> go.</c><00:29:58.240><c> Here</c><00:29:58.520><c> is</c><00:29:58.680><c> how</c>

00:29:58.830 --> 00:29:58.840 align:start position:0%
the sun's glare. Off you go. Here is how
 

00:29:58.840 --> 00:30:01.230 align:start position:0%
the sun's glare. Off you go. Here is how
to<00:29:58.960><c> find</c><00:29:59.240><c> the</c><00:29:59.280><c> counterexample.</c><00:30:00.560><c> And</c><00:30:00.760><c> that</c><00:30:01.040><c> was</c>

00:30:01.230 --> 00:30:01.240 align:start position:0%
to find the counterexample. And that was
 

00:30:01.240 --> 00:30:05.990 align:start position:0%
to find the counterexample. And that was
a<00:30:01.360><c> really</c><00:30:02.120><c> bold,</c><00:30:02.920><c> brave,</c><00:30:03.760><c> unusual,</c><00:30:05.200><c> crazy</c>

00:30:05.990 --> 00:30:06.000 align:start position:0%
a really bold, brave, unusual, crazy
 

00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:07.670 align:start position:0%
a really bold, brave, unusual, crazy
thing<00:30:06.280><c> for</c><00:30:06.400><c> him</c><00:30:06.560><c> to</c><00:30:06.680><c> do.</c><00:30:07.000><c> It's</c><00:30:07.200><c> the</c><00:30:07.320><c> same</c><00:30:07.600><c> as</c>

00:30:07.670 --> 00:30:07.680 align:start position:0%
thing for him to do. It's the same as
 

00:30:07.680 --> 00:30:09.710 align:start position:0%
thing for him to do. It's the same as
your<00:30:07.840><c> black</c><00:30:08.120><c> shapes,</c><00:30:08.600><c> right?</c><00:30:08.840><c> People</c><00:30:09.200><c> do</c><00:30:09.440><c> not</c>

00:30:09.710 --> 00:30:09.720 align:start position:0%
your black shapes, right? People do not
 

00:30:09.720 --> 00:30:11.750 align:start position:0%
your black shapes, right? People do not
go<00:30:09.920><c> hunting</c><00:30:10.320><c> for</c><00:30:10.440><c> the</c><00:30:10.520><c> black</c><00:30:10.800><c> shapes,</c><00:30:11.520><c> but</c>

00:30:11.750 --> 00:30:11.760 align:start position:0%
go hunting for the black shapes, but
 

00:30:11.760 --> 00:30:13.870 align:start position:0%
go hunting for the black shapes, but
Einstein<00:30:12.320><c> was</c><00:30:12.720><c> was</c><00:30:12.920><c> someone</c><00:30:13.280><c> who</c><00:30:13.480><c> knew</c><00:30:13.680><c> that</c>

00:30:13.870 --> 00:30:13.880 align:start position:0%
Einstein was was someone who knew that
 

00:30:13.880 --> 00:30:17.190 align:start position:0%
Einstein was was someone who knew that
you<00:30:14.000><c> had</c><00:30:14.240><c> to.</c><00:30:15.080><c> He</c><00:30:15.320><c> did.</c><00:30:15.800><c> And</c><00:30:16.040><c> I</c><00:30:16.160><c> think,</c><00:30:16.840><c> back</c><00:30:17.080><c> to</c>

00:30:17.190 --> 00:30:17.200 align:start position:0%
you had to. He did. And I think, back to
 

00:30:17.200 --> 00:30:18.910 align:start position:0%
you had to. He did. And I think, back to
your<00:30:17.520><c> your</c><00:30:17.680><c> original</c><00:30:18.120><c> question,</c><00:30:18.600><c> I</c><00:30:18.680><c> think</c>

00:30:18.910 --> 00:30:18.920 align:start position:0%
your your original question, I think
 

00:30:18.920 --> 00:30:20.630 align:start position:0%
your your original question, I think
that<00:30:19.040><c> that</c><00:30:19.280><c> meant</c><00:30:19.520><c> he</c><00:30:19.680><c> was</c><00:30:19.840><c> a</c><00:30:19.880><c> little</c><00:30:20.160><c> bit</c><00:30:20.360><c> less</c>

00:30:20.630 --> 00:30:20.640 align:start position:0%
that that meant he was a little bit less
 

00:30:20.640 --> 00:30:23.150 align:start position:0%
that that meant he was a little bit less
human<00:30:21.520><c> than</c><00:30:21.760><c> most</c><00:30:22.040><c> of</c><00:30:22.160><c> us.</c>

00:30:23.150 --> 00:30:23.160 align:start position:0%
human than most of us.
 

00:30:23.160 --> 00:30:26.110 align:start position:0%
human than most of us.
He<00:30:23.440><c> was</c><00:30:23.760><c> willing</c><00:30:24.880><c> to</c><00:30:25.520><c> look</c><00:30:25.880><c> for</c>

00:30:26.110 --> 00:30:26.120 align:start position:0%
He was willing to look for
 

00:30:26.120 --> 00:30:29.190 align:start position:0%
He was willing to look for
counterexamples<00:30:27.480><c> and</c><00:30:27.800><c> was</c><00:30:28.360><c> not</c><00:30:28.680><c> just</c><00:30:28.920><c> looking</c>

00:30:29.190 --> 00:30:29.200 align:start position:0%
counterexamples and was not just looking
 

00:30:29.200 --> 00:30:31.070 align:start position:0%
counterexamples and was not just looking
for<00:30:29.360><c> confirmation</c><00:30:30.080><c> of</c><00:30:30.240><c> the</c><00:30:30.400><c> one</c><00:30:30.680><c> kind</c><00:30:30.960><c> of</c>

00:30:31.070 --> 00:30:31.080 align:start position:0%
for confirmation of the one kind of
 

00:30:31.080 --> 00:30:32.990 align:start position:0%
for confirmation of the one kind of
thing<00:30:31.400><c> he</c><00:30:31.600><c> believed</c><00:30:32.040><c> in</c><00:30:32.200><c> and</c><00:30:32.400><c> wanted</c><00:30:32.640><c> to</c><00:30:32.720><c> find</c>

00:30:32.990 --> 00:30:33.000 align:start position:0%
thing he believed in and wanted to find
 

00:30:33.000 --> 00:30:34.830 align:start position:0%
thing he believed in and wanted to find
more<00:30:33.280><c> of,</c><00:30:33.800><c> and</c><00:30:33.960><c> finding</c><00:30:34.320><c> more</c><00:30:34.480><c> of</c><00:30:34.560><c> them</c><00:30:34.720><c> would</c>

00:30:34.830 --> 00:30:34.840 align:start position:0%
more of, and finding more of them would
 

00:30:34.840 --> 00:30:36.150 align:start position:0%
more of, and finding more of them would
make<00:30:34.960><c> him</c><00:30:35.080><c> feel</c><00:30:35.320><c> more</c><00:30:35.440><c> and</c><00:30:35.520><c> more</c><00:30:35.680><c> confident.</c>

00:30:36.150 --> 00:30:36.160 align:start position:0%
make him feel more and more confident.
 

00:30:36.160 --> 00:30:37.510 align:start position:0%
make him feel more and more confident.
He<00:30:36.280><c> was</c><00:30:36.440><c> willing</c><00:30:36.680><c> to</c><00:30:36.760><c> say,</c><00:30:36.920><c> "Guys,</c><00:30:37.200><c> we</c><00:30:37.280><c> got</c><00:30:37.440><c> to</c>

00:30:37.510 --> 00:30:37.520 align:start position:0%
He was willing to say, "Guys, we got to
 

00:30:37.520 --> 00:30:40.190 align:start position:0%
He was willing to say, "Guys, we got to
find<00:30:38.560><c> a</c><00:30:38.640><c> counterexample.</c><00:30:39.520><c> We've</c><00:30:39.680><c> got</c><00:30:39.840><c> to</c><00:30:39.920><c> find</c>

00:30:40.190 --> 00:30:40.200 align:start position:0%
find a counterexample. We've got to find
 

00:30:40.200 --> 00:30:41.790 align:start position:0%
find a counterexample. We've got to find
something<00:30:40.480><c> that</c><00:30:40.600><c> shows</c><00:30:40.800><c> that</c><00:30:40.920><c> I'm</c><00:30:41.080><c> wrong.</c>

00:30:41.790 --> 00:30:41.800 align:start position:0%
something that shows that I'm wrong.
 

00:30:41.800 --> 00:30:43.110 align:start position:0%
something that shows that I'm wrong.
Here's<00:30:42.040><c> one</c><00:30:42.200><c> way</c><00:30:42.360><c> we</c><00:30:42.520><c> could</c><00:30:42.680><c> do</c><00:30:42.800><c> it.</c><00:30:42.920><c> Here's</c>

00:30:43.110 --> 00:30:43.120 align:start position:0%
Here's one way we could do it. Here's
 

00:30:43.120 --> 00:30:45.590 align:start position:0%
Here's one way we could do it. Here's
another<00:30:43.400><c> way."</c><00:30:44.000><c> The</c><00:30:44.480><c> creator</c><00:30:45.000><c> of</c><00:30:45.120><c> the</c><00:30:45.200><c> Wason</c>

00:30:45.590 --> 00:30:45.600 align:start position:0%
another way." The creator of the Wason
 

00:30:45.600 --> 00:30:50.430 align:start position:0%
another way." The creator of the Wason
selection<00:30:46.080><c> task</c><00:30:46.560><c> became</c><00:30:46.920><c> obsessed</c><00:30:48.200><c> with</c><00:30:48.600><c> our</c>

00:30:50.430 --> 00:30:50.440 align:start position:0%
selection task became obsessed with our
 

00:30:50.440 --> 00:30:51.830 align:start position:0%
selection task became obsessed with our
terrible

00:30:51.830 --> 00:30:51.840 align:start position:0%
terrible
 

00:30:51.840 --> 00:30:54.110 align:start position:0%
terrible
terrible<00:30:52.640><c> laziness</c><00:30:53.640><c> when</c><00:30:53.760><c> it</c><00:30:53.840><c> came</c><00:30:54.000><c> to</c>

00:30:54.110 --> 00:30:54.120 align:start position:0%
terrible laziness when it came to
 

00:30:54.120 --> 00:30:55.710 align:start position:0%
terrible laziness when it came to
finding<00:30:54.440><c> counterexamples.</c><00:30:55.200><c> Hannah,</c><00:30:55.520><c> I</c><00:30:55.560><c> want</c>

00:30:55.710 --> 00:30:55.720 align:start position:0%
finding counterexamples. Hannah, I want
 

00:30:55.720 --> 00:30:59.190 align:start position:0%
finding counterexamples. Hannah, I want
to<00:30:55.800><c> show</c><00:30:56.040><c> you</c><00:30:56.600><c> an</c><00:30:56.800><c> even</c><00:30:57.200><c> earlier</c><00:30:58.320><c> game</c><00:30:59.040><c> that</c>

00:30:59.190 --> 00:30:59.200 align:start position:0%
to show you an even earlier game that
 

00:30:59.200 --> 00:31:01.870 align:start position:0%
to show you an even earlier game that
Wason<00:30:59.600><c> came</c><00:30:59.840><c> up</c><00:31:00.000><c> with</c><00:31:00.560><c> that</c><00:31:01.040><c> brings</c><00:31:01.480><c> us</c><00:31:01.640><c> to,</c><00:31:01.800><c> I</c>

00:31:01.870 --> 00:31:01.880 align:start position:0%
Wason came up with that brings us to, I
 

00:31:01.880 --> 00:31:03.510 align:start position:0%
Wason came up with that brings us to, I
think,<00:31:02.040><c> the</c><00:31:02.120><c> same</c><00:31:02.600><c> surprising</c><00:31:03.080><c> conclusion</c>

00:31:03.510 --> 00:31:03.520 align:start position:0%
think, the same surprising conclusion
 

00:31:03.520 --> 00:31:05.270 align:start position:0%
think, the same surprising conclusion
about<00:31:03.680><c> humanity.</c><00:31:04.440><c> Imagine</c><00:31:04.720><c> if</c><00:31:04.840><c> he</c><00:31:04.960><c> was</c><00:31:05.120><c> your</c>

00:31:05.270 --> 00:31:05.280 align:start position:0%
about humanity. Imagine if he was your
 

00:31:05.280 --> 00:31:06.990 align:start position:0%
about humanity. Imagine if he was your
dad.<00:31:05.680><c> He'd</c><00:31:05.880><c> constantly</c><00:31:06.360><c> be</c><00:31:06.480><c> tricking</c><00:31:06.840><c> you,</c>

00:31:06.990 --> 00:31:07.000 align:start position:0%
dad. He'd constantly be tricking you,
 

00:31:07.000 --> 00:31:09.110 align:start position:0%
dad. He'd constantly be tricking you,
wouldn't<00:31:07.240><c> he?</c><00:31:07.800><c> I</c><00:31:07.960><c> know,</c><00:31:08.320><c> but</c><00:31:08.480><c> like</c><00:31:08.680><c> dads</c><00:31:09.000><c> are</c>

00:31:09.110 --> 00:31:09.120 align:start position:0%
wouldn't he? I know, but like dads are
 

00:31:09.120 --> 00:31:11.030 align:start position:0%
wouldn't he? I know, but like dads are
always<00:31:09.360><c> tricky,</c><00:31:09.640><c> but</c><00:31:09.800><c> this</c><00:31:10.000><c> dad</c><00:31:10.400><c> is</c><00:31:10.560><c> tricking</c>

00:31:11.030 --> 00:31:11.040 align:start position:0%
always tricky, but this dad is tricking
 

00:31:11.040 --> 00:31:11.430 align:start position:0%
always tricky, but this dad is tricking
you

00:31:11.430 --> 00:31:11.440 align:start position:0%
you
 

00:31:11.440 --> 00:31:12.550 align:start position:0%
you
&gt;&gt; trickiest<00:31:11.960><c> trick</c><00:31:12.280><c> trick</c>

00:31:12.550 --> 00:31:12.560 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; trickiest trick trick
 

00:31:12.560 --> 00:31:14.190 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; trickiest trick trick
&gt;&gt; for<00:31:12.720><c> science.</c>

00:31:14.190 --> 00:31:14.200 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; for science.
 

00:31:14.200 --> 00:31:15.950 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; for science.
I<00:31:14.320><c> got</c><00:31:14.520><c> your</c><00:31:14.640><c> nose.</c>

00:31:15.950 --> 00:31:15.960 align:start position:0%
I got your nose.
 

00:31:15.960 --> 00:31:18.110 align:start position:0%
I got your nose.
Why<00:31:16.160><c> do</c><00:31:16.320><c> you</c><00:31:16.440><c> think</c><00:31:16.680><c> I</c><00:31:16.760><c> got</c><00:31:17.040><c> your</c><00:31:17.160><c> nose?</c><00:31:17.960><c> Have</c>

00:31:18.110 --> 00:31:18.120 align:start position:0%
Why do you think I got your nose? Have
 

00:31:18.120 --> 00:31:20.830 align:start position:0%
Why do you think I got your nose? Have
you<00:31:18.200><c> not</c><00:31:18.440><c> developed</c><00:31:19.400><c> body</c><00:31:19.760><c> permanence</c><00:31:20.240><c> yet?</c>

00:31:20.830 --> 00:31:20.840 align:start position:0%
you not developed body permanence yet?
 

00:31:20.840 --> 00:31:23.630 align:start position:0%
you not developed body permanence yet?
Dad,<00:31:21.360><c> leave</c><00:31:21.560><c> me</c><00:31:21.640><c> alone.</c><00:31:22.800><c> Yeah.</c><00:31:23.146><c> [laughter]</c>

00:31:23.630 --> 00:31:23.640 align:start position:0%
Dad, leave me alone. Yeah. [laughter]
 

00:31:23.640 --> 00:31:25.310 align:start position:0%
Dad, leave me alone. Yeah. [laughter]
Yeah.<00:31:24.200><c> Hey,</c><00:31:24.280><c> what's</c><00:31:24.440><c> that</c><00:31:24.560><c> on</c><00:31:24.680><c> your</c><00:31:24.800><c> shirt?</c>

00:31:25.310 --> 00:31:25.320 align:start position:0%
Yeah. Hey, what's that on your shirt?
 

00:31:25.320 --> 00:31:26.910 align:start position:0%
Yeah. Hey, what's that on your shirt?
Oh,<00:31:25.440><c> got</c><00:31:25.760><c> you.</c><00:31:26.240><c> What's</c><00:31:26.480><c> wrong</c><00:31:26.680><c> with</c><00:31:26.800><c> your</c>

00:31:26.910 --> 00:31:26.920 align:start position:0%
Oh, got you. What's wrong with your
 

00:31:26.920 --> 00:31:28.390 align:start position:0%
Oh, got you. What's wrong with your
perceptual<00:31:27.440><c> apparatus?</c><00:31:27.960><c> Let's</c><00:31:28.120><c> try</c><00:31:28.280><c> that</c>

00:31:28.390 --> 00:31:28.400 align:start position:0%
perceptual apparatus? Let's try that
 

00:31:28.400 --> 00:31:30.070 align:start position:0%
perceptual apparatus? Let's try that
again.<00:31:28.680><c> And</c><00:31:28.760><c> you're</c><00:31:28.840><c> like,</c><00:31:29.000><c> "Dad,</c><00:31:29.360><c> just</c><00:31:29.680><c> prank</c>

00:31:30.070 --> 00:31:30.080 align:start position:0%
again. And you're like, "Dad, just prank
 

00:31:30.080 --> 00:31:32.950 align:start position:0%
again. And you're like, "Dad, just prank
me<00:31:30.280><c> to</c><00:31:30.440><c> embarrass</c><00:31:30.960><c> me,</c><00:31:31.120><c> not</c><00:31:31.400><c> to</c><00:31:31.520><c> learn."</c>

00:31:32.950 --> 00:31:32.960 align:start position:0%
me to embarrass me, not to learn."
 

00:31:32.960 --> 00:31:34.070 align:start position:0%
me to embarrass me, not to learn."
All<00:31:33.040><c> right,</c><00:31:33.280><c> here</c><00:31:33.440><c> we</c><00:31:33.560><c> go.</c><00:31:33.760><c> I'm</c><00:31:33.800><c> going</c><00:31:33.920><c> to</c><00:31:34.000><c> give</c>

00:31:34.070 --> 00:31:34.080 align:start position:0%
All right, here we go. I'm going to give
 

00:31:34.080 --> 00:31:36.110 align:start position:0%
All right, here we go. I'm going to give
you<00:31:34.160><c> some</c><00:31:34.320><c> numbers.</c><00:31:34.960><c> Again,</c><00:31:35.560><c> because</c><00:31:35.840><c> of</c><00:31:35.960><c> who</c>

00:31:36.110 --> 00:31:36.120 align:start position:0%
you some numbers. Again, because of who
 

00:31:36.120 --> 00:31:37.750 align:start position:0%
you some numbers. Again, because of who
you<00:31:36.280><c> are,</c><00:31:36.480><c> Hannah,</c><00:31:36.760><c> you</c><00:31:36.880><c> might</c><00:31:37.320><c> do</c><00:31:37.520><c> really</c>

00:31:37.750 --> 00:31:37.760 align:start position:0%
you are, Hannah, you might do really
 

00:31:37.760 --> 00:31:39.030 align:start position:0%
you are, Hannah, you might do really
well<00:31:38.000><c> at</c><00:31:38.120><c> this.</c><00:31:38.320><c> But</c><00:31:38.520><c> what</c><00:31:38.640><c> I'm</c><00:31:38.760><c> going</c><00:31:38.880><c> to</c><00:31:38.960><c> do</c>

00:31:39.030 --> 00:31:39.040 align:start position:0%
well at this. But what I'm going to do
 

00:31:39.040 --> 00:31:39.110 align:start position:0%
well at this. But what I'm going to do
is

00:31:39.110 --> 00:31:39.120 align:start position:0%
is
 

00:31:39.120 --> 00:31:40.790 align:start position:0%
is
&gt;&gt; on<00:31:39.200><c> me.</c><00:31:39.280><c> That</c><00:31:39.440><c> puts</c><00:31:39.640><c> more</c><00:31:39.800><c> pressure</c><00:31:40.240><c> on</c><00:31:40.360><c> me.</c><00:31:40.680><c> Go</c>

00:31:40.790 --> 00:31:40.800 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; on me. That puts more pressure on me. Go
 

00:31:40.800 --> 00:31:41.590 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; on me. That puts more pressure on me. Go
on.

00:31:41.590 --> 00:31:41.600 align:start position:0%
on.
 

00:31:41.600 --> 00:31:44.390 align:start position:0%
on.
Uh<00:31:42.560><c> good.</c><00:31:43.240><c> Good.</c><00:31:43.600><c> I</c><00:31:43.680><c> want</c><00:31:43.960><c> this</c><00:31:44.160><c> to</c><00:31:44.280><c> be</c>

00:31:44.390 --> 00:31:44.400 align:start position:0%
Uh good. Good. I want this to be
 

00:31:44.400 --> 00:31:46.670 align:start position:0%
Uh good. Good. I want this to be
uncomfortable.<00:31:45.640><c> Look,</c><00:31:46.320><c> what</c><00:31:46.440><c> I'm</c><00:31:46.520><c> going</c><00:31:46.640><c> to</c>

00:31:46.670 --> 00:31:46.680 align:start position:0%
uncomfortable. Look, what I'm going to
 

00:31:46.680 --> 00:31:48.670 align:start position:0%
uncomfortable. Look, what I'm going to
do<00:31:46.800><c> is</c><00:31:46.880><c> I'm</c><00:31:46.960><c> going</c><00:31:47.080><c> to</c><00:31:47.120><c> name</c><00:31:47.520><c> uh</c><00:31:47.720><c> triples</c><00:31:48.560><c> of</c>

00:31:48.670 --> 00:31:48.680 align:start position:0%
do is I'm going to name uh triples of
 

00:31:48.680 --> 00:31:50.510 align:start position:0%
do is I'm going to name uh triples of
numbers.<00:31:49.160><c> I'm</c><00:31:49.200><c> going</c><00:31:49.320><c> to</c><00:31:49.400><c> name</c><00:31:49.560><c> three</c><00:31:49.840><c> numbers</c>

00:31:50.510 --> 00:31:50.520 align:start position:0%
numbers. I'm going to name three numbers
 

00:31:50.520 --> 00:31:53.790 align:start position:0%
numbers. I'm going to name three numbers
Yeah.<00:31:51.000><c> that</c><00:31:51.960><c> uh</c><00:31:52.160><c> fit</c><00:31:52.480><c> my</c><00:31:52.680><c> rule.</c><00:31:53.160><c> It's</c><00:31:53.360><c> a</c><00:31:53.400><c> secret</c>

00:31:53.790 --> 00:31:53.800 align:start position:0%
Yeah. that uh fit my rule. It's a secret
 

00:31:53.800 --> 00:31:55.030 align:start position:0%
Yeah. that uh fit my rule. It's a secret
rule<00:31:54.040><c> I</c><00:31:54.120><c> have</c><00:31:54.320><c> up</c><00:31:54.480><c> here.</c><00:31:54.640><c> And</c><00:31:54.720><c> then</c><00:31:54.840><c> I</c><00:31:54.960><c> I'm</c>

00:31:55.030 --> 00:31:55.040 align:start position:0%
rule I have up here. And then I I'm
 

00:31:55.040 --> 00:31:56.230 align:start position:0%
rule I have up here. And then I I'm
going<00:31:55.160><c> to</c><00:31:55.240><c> just</c><00:31:55.360><c> give</c><00:31:55.520><c> you</c><00:31:55.640><c> one</c><00:31:55.760><c> example,</c><00:31:56.160><c> and</c>

00:31:56.230 --> 00:31:56.240 align:start position:0%
going to just give you one example, and
 

00:31:56.240 --> 00:31:57.830 align:start position:0%
going to just give you one example, and
then<00:31:56.320><c> I</c><00:31:56.400><c> want</c><00:31:56.600><c> you</c><00:31:56.720><c> to</c><00:31:56.800><c> start</c><00:31:57.040><c> naming</c><00:31:57.360><c> triples,</c>

00:31:57.830 --> 00:31:57.840 align:start position:0%
then I want you to start naming triples,
 

00:31:57.840 --> 00:31:59.510 align:start position:0%
then I want you to start naming triples,
and<00:31:58.000><c> I</c><00:31:58.040><c> will</c><00:31:58.200><c> tell</c><00:31:58.480><c> you</c><00:31:58.640><c> yes</c><00:31:58.880><c> or</c><00:31:58.960><c> no</c><00:31:59.160><c> whether</c><00:31:59.400><c> it</c>

00:31:59.510 --> 00:31:59.520 align:start position:0%
and I will tell you yes or no whether it
 

00:31:59.520 --> 00:32:01.710 align:start position:0%
and I will tell you yes or no whether it
fits<00:31:59.760><c> the</c><00:31:59.880><c> rule.</c><00:32:00.560><c> Eventually,</c><00:32:01.200><c> I</c><00:32:01.280><c> want</c><00:32:01.520><c> you</c><00:32:01.640><c> to</c>

00:32:01.710 --> 00:32:01.720 align:start position:0%
fits the rule. Eventually, I want you to
 

00:32:01.720 --> 00:32:03.710 align:start position:0%
fits the rule. Eventually, I want you to
be<00:32:01.840><c> able</c><00:32:01.960><c> to</c><00:32:02.080><c> tell</c><00:32:02.360><c> me</c><00:32:03.120><c> what</c><00:32:03.320><c> you</c><00:32:03.400><c> think</c><00:32:03.600><c> the</c>

00:32:03.710 --> 00:32:03.720 align:start position:0%
be able to tell me what you think the
 

00:32:03.720 --> 00:32:07.790 align:start position:0%
be able to tell me what you think the
rule<00:32:04.080><c> is.</c><00:32:04.600><c> Okay,</c><00:32:04.840><c> cool.</c><00:32:05.560><c> Okay.</c><00:32:06.080><c> So,</c><00:32:06.240><c> here</c><00:32:06.760><c> is</c><00:32:07.679><c> a</c>

00:32:07.790 --> 00:32:07.800 align:start position:0%
rule is. Okay, cool. Okay. So, here is a
 

00:32:07.800 --> 00:32:12.110 align:start position:0%
rule is. Okay, cool. Okay. So, here is a
triple<00:32:08.160><c> that</c><00:32:08.320><c> fits</c><00:32:08.560><c> my</c><00:32:08.720><c> rule.</c><00:32:09.480><c> 2</c><00:32:10.200><c> 4</c><00:32:10.840><c> 6.</c>

00:32:12.110 --> 00:32:12.120 align:start position:0%
triple that fits my rule. 2 4 6.
 

00:32:12.120 --> 00:32:13.669 align:start position:0%
triple that fits my rule. 2 4 6.
Okay.<00:32:12.679><c> All</c><00:32:12.760><c> right.</c><00:32:12.960><c> Now,</c><00:32:13.160><c> I</c><00:32:13.240><c> want</c><00:32:13.480><c> you</c><00:32:13.600><c> to</c>

00:32:13.669 --> 00:32:13.679 align:start position:0%
Okay. All right. Now, I want you to
 

00:32:13.679 --> 00:32:15.070 align:start position:0%
Okay. All right. Now, I want you to
start<00:32:13.880><c> producing</c><00:32:14.240><c> triples,</c><00:32:14.600><c> and</c><00:32:14.679><c> I</c><00:32:14.720><c> will</c><00:32:14.840><c> tell</c>

00:32:15.070 --> 00:32:15.080 align:start position:0%
start producing triples, and I will tell
 

00:32:15.080 --> 00:32:16.470 align:start position:0%
start producing triples, and I will tell
you<00:32:15.160><c> if</c><00:32:15.280><c> they</c><00:32:15.400><c> fit</c><00:32:15.560><c> the</c><00:32:15.679><c> rule</c><00:32:15.880><c> or</c><00:32:15.960><c> not</c><00:32:16.160><c> until</c>

00:32:16.470 --> 00:32:16.480 align:start position:0%
you if they fit the rule or not until
 

00:32:16.480 --> 00:32:19.510 align:start position:0%
you if they fit the rule or not until
you<00:32:16.640><c> can</c><00:32:17.200><c> guess</c><00:32:17.480><c> the</c><00:32:17.600><c> rule.</c><00:32:18.160><c> All</c><00:32:18.320><c> right.</c>

00:32:19.510 --> 00:32:19.520 align:start position:0%
you can guess the rule. All right.
 

00:32:19.520 --> 00:32:21.750 align:start position:0%
you can guess the rule. All right.
6<00:32:19.880><c> 8</c><00:32:20.080><c> 10.</c>

00:32:21.750 --> 00:32:21.760 align:start position:0%
6 8 10.
 

00:32:21.760 --> 00:32:23.790 align:start position:0%
6 8 10.
Correct.<00:32:22.160><c> That</c><00:32:22.320><c> fits.</c><00:32:22.800><c> Okay.</c>

00:32:23.790 --> 00:32:23.800 align:start position:0%
Correct. That fits. Okay.
 

00:32:23.800 --> 00:32:28.190 align:start position:0%
Correct. That fits. Okay.
7<00:32:25.080><c> 8</c><00:32:25.520><c> 10.</c><00:32:26.400><c> That</c><00:32:26.600><c> fits.</c>

00:32:28.190 --> 00:32:28.200 align:start position:0%
7 8 10. That fits.
 

00:32:28.200 --> 00:32:31.150 align:start position:0%
7 8 10. That fits.
6<00:32:28.800><c> 6</c><00:32:29.200><c> 6.</c><00:32:30.160><c> Nope.</c>

00:32:31.150 --> 00:32:31.160 align:start position:0%
6 6 6. Nope.
 

00:32:31.160 --> 00:32:32.790 align:start position:0%
6 6 6. Nope.
6<00:32:31.560><c> 7</c><00:32:31.840><c> 8.</c>

00:32:32.790 --> 00:32:32.800 align:start position:0%
6 7 8.
 

00:32:32.800 --> 00:32:34.070 align:start position:0%
6 7 8.
Yes.

00:32:34.070 --> 00:32:34.080 align:start position:0%
Yes.
 

00:32:34.080 --> 00:32:36.430 align:start position:0%
Yes.
I<00:32:34.600><c> think</c><00:32:34.960><c> I've</c><00:32:35.120><c> got</c><00:32:35.400><c> it.</c><00:32:35.880><c> What</c><00:32:36.120><c> do</c><00:32:36.160><c> you</c><00:32:36.240><c> think</c>

00:32:36.430 --> 00:32:36.440 align:start position:0%
I think I've got it. What do you think
 

00:32:36.440 --> 00:32:36.870 align:start position:0%
I think I've got it. What do you think
it<00:32:36.560><c> is?</c>

00:32:36.870 --> 00:32:36.880 align:start position:0%
it is?
 

00:32:36.880 --> 00:32:38.470 align:start position:0%
it is?
&gt;&gt; I<00:32:37.040><c> think</c><00:32:37.440><c> Hang</c><00:32:37.640><c> on,</c><00:32:37.720><c> let</c><00:32:37.840><c> me</c><00:32:37.920><c> try</c><00:32:38.080><c> the</c><00:32:38.280><c> Let</c><00:32:38.400><c> me</c>

00:32:38.470 --> 00:32:38.480 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I think Hang on, let me try the Let me
 

00:32:38.480 --> 00:32:43.630 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I think Hang on, let me try the Let me
try<00:32:38.679><c> one.</c><00:32:39.240><c> Okay.</c><00:32:40.040><c> 7</c><00:32:41.040><c> 6</c><00:32:41.520><c> 5.</c><00:32:42.200><c> No.</c>

00:32:43.630 --> 00:32:43.640 align:start position:0%
try one. Okay. 7 6 5. No.
 

00:32:43.640 --> 00:32:47.590 align:start position:0%
try one. Okay. 7 6 5. No.
It<00:32:43.800><c> doesn't</c><00:32:44.160><c> fit.</c><00:32:44.840><c> 7</c><00:32:45.720><c> 7</c><00:32:46.200><c> 8</c><00:32:46.520><c> 6.</c>

00:32:47.590 --> 00:32:47.600 align:start position:0%
It doesn't fit. 7 7 8 6.
 

00:32:47.600 --> 00:32:50.190 align:start position:0%
It doesn't fit. 7 7 8 6.
No.<00:32:48.360><c> Is</c><00:32:48.560><c> it</c><00:32:48.679><c> just</c><00:32:48.920><c> you</c><00:32:49.000><c> going</c><00:32:49.360><c> up?</c><00:32:49.840><c> It's</c><00:32:50.040><c> just</c>

00:32:50.190 --> 00:32:50.200 align:start position:0%
No. Is it just you going up? It's just
 

00:32:50.200 --> 00:32:52.310 align:start position:0%
No. Is it just you going up? It's just
going<00:32:50.520><c> up.</c>

00:32:52.310 --> 00:32:52.320 align:start position:0%
going up.
 

00:32:52.320 --> 00:32:54.590 align:start position:0%
going up.
Hannah,<00:32:52.560><c> you're</c><00:32:52.720><c> brilliant.</c><00:32:53.440><c> That's</c>

00:32:54.590 --> 00:32:54.600 align:start position:0%
Hannah, you're brilliant. That's
 

00:32:54.600 --> 00:32:56.310 align:start position:0%
Hannah, you're brilliant. That's
the<00:32:54.840><c> first</c><00:32:55.120><c> time</c><00:32:55.320><c> this</c><00:32:55.480><c> game</c><00:32:55.679><c> was</c><00:32:55.840><c> played</c><00:32:56.160><c> on</c>

00:32:56.310 --> 00:32:56.320 align:start position:0%
the first time this game was played on
 

00:32:56.320 --> 00:32:58.430 align:start position:0%
the first time this game was played on
me,<00:32:57.040><c> I</c><00:32:57.200><c> never</c><00:32:57.600><c> I</c><00:32:57.640><c> mean,</c><00:32:57.760><c> I'm</c><00:32:57.840><c> still</c><00:32:58.080><c> playing</c>

00:32:58.430 --> 00:32:58.440 align:start position:0%
me, I never I mean, I'm still playing
 

00:32:58.440 --> 00:32:59.669 align:start position:0%
me, I never I mean, I'm still playing
that<00:32:58.600><c> game,</c><00:32:58.800><c> by</c><00:32:58.920><c> the</c><00:32:59.040><c> way.</c><00:32:59.200><c> I</c><00:32:59.240><c> just</c><00:32:59.440><c> walked</c>

00:32:59.669 --> 00:32:59.679 align:start position:0%
that game, by the way. I just walked
 

00:32:59.679 --> 00:33:01.030 align:start position:0%
that game, by the way. I just walked
away.<00:33:00.000><c> And</c><00:33:00.120><c> it</c><00:33:00.160><c> wasn't</c><00:33:00.360><c> until</c><00:33:00.600><c> last</c><00:33:00.840><c> night</c>

00:33:01.030 --> 00:33:01.040 align:start position:0%
away. And it wasn't until last night
 

00:33:01.040 --> 00:33:03.390 align:start position:0%
away. And it wasn't until last night
when<00:33:01.160><c> I</c><00:33:01.280><c> read</c><00:33:01.560><c> about</c><00:33:01.840><c> the</c><00:33:01.920><c> history</c><00:33:02.320><c> of</c><00:33:02.440><c> Wason</c>

00:33:03.390 --> 00:33:03.400 align:start position:0%
when I read about the history of Wason
 

00:33:03.400 --> 00:33:04.630 align:start position:0%
when I read about the history of Wason
that<00:33:03.560><c> I</c><00:33:03.600><c> was</c><00:33:03.720><c> like,</c><00:33:03.920><c> "Oh,</c><00:33:04.040><c> that's</c><00:33:04.320><c> it.</c><00:33:04.480><c> The</c>

00:33:04.630 --> 00:33:04.640 align:start position:0%
that I was like, "Oh, that's it. The
 

00:33:04.640 --> 00:33:06.190 align:start position:0%
that I was like, "Oh, that's it. The
answer<00:33:04.920><c> is</c><00:33:05.000><c> that</c><00:33:05.160><c> they</c><00:33:05.240><c> just</c><00:33:05.400><c> have</c><00:33:05.520><c> to</c><00:33:05.600><c> go</c><00:33:05.800><c> up."</c>

00:33:06.190 --> 00:33:06.200 align:start position:0%
answer is that they just have to go up."
 

00:33:06.200 --> 00:33:08.910 align:start position:0%
answer is that they just have to go up."
No.<00:33:06.880><c> I</c><00:33:07.120><c> To</c><00:33:07.320><c> be</c><00:33:07.480><c> fair,</c><00:33:07.760><c> though,</c><00:33:07.960><c> you</c><00:33:08.200><c> primed</c><00:33:08.760><c> me</c>

00:33:08.910 --> 00:33:08.920 align:start position:0%
No. I To be fair, though, you primed me
 

00:33:08.920 --> 00:33:10.470 align:start position:0%
No. I To be fair, though, you primed me
because<00:33:09.200><c> I</c><00:33:09.440><c> cuz</c><00:33:09.640><c> you</c><00:33:09.840><c> said</c><00:33:10.200><c> find</c>

00:33:10.470 --> 00:33:10.480 align:start position:0%
because I cuz you said find
 

00:33:10.480 --> 00:33:11.470 align:start position:0%
because I cuz you said find
counterexamples.

00:33:11.470 --> 00:33:11.480 align:start position:0%
counterexamples.
 

00:33:11.480 --> 00:33:14.190 align:start position:0%
counterexamples.
&gt;&gt; I<00:33:11.920><c> Yeah,</c><00:33:12.000><c> I</c><00:33:12.120><c> did.</c><00:33:13.000><c> Okay,</c><00:33:13.280><c> shoot.</c><00:33:13.920><c> Well,</c><00:33:14.120><c> how</c>

00:33:14.190 --> 00:33:14.200 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I Yeah, I did. Okay, shoot. Well, how
 

00:33:14.200 --> 00:33:15.910 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I Yeah, I did. Okay, shoot. Well, how
about<00:33:14.360><c> this?</c><00:33:14.600><c> Editors</c><00:33:15.120><c> edit</c><00:33:15.360><c> this</c><00:33:15.480><c> around</c><00:33:15.840><c> so</c>

00:33:15.910 --> 00:33:15.920 align:start position:0%
about this? Editors edit this around so
 

00:33:15.920 --> 00:33:17.030 align:start position:0%
about this? Editors edit this around so
it<00:33:16.000><c> looks</c><00:33:16.160><c> like</c><00:33:16.280><c> that's</c><00:33:16.480><c> the</c><00:33:16.560><c> very</c><00:33:16.800><c> first</c>

00:33:17.030 --> 00:33:17.040 align:start position:0%
it looks like that's the very first
 

00:33:17.040 --> 00:33:19.710 align:start position:0%
it looks like that's the very first
thing<00:33:17.240><c> we</c><00:33:17.400><c> did.</c><00:33:18.120><c> The</c><00:33:18.280><c> point</c><00:33:18.679><c> is,</c><00:33:19.400><c> all</c><00:33:19.480><c> right,</c>

00:33:19.710 --> 00:33:19.720 align:start position:0%
thing we did. The point is, all right,
 

00:33:19.720 --> 00:33:20.950 align:start position:0%
thing we did. The point is, all right,
yeah,<00:33:20.000><c> I'm</c><00:33:20.160><c> still</c><00:33:20.360><c> I'm</c><00:33:20.440><c> still</c><00:33:20.720><c> a</c><00:33:20.760><c> bit</c>

00:33:20.950 --> 00:33:20.960 align:start position:0%
yeah, I'm still I'm still a bit
 

00:33:20.960 --> 00:33:22.990 align:start position:0%
yeah, I'm still I'm still a bit
impressed.<00:33:21.400><c> You</c><00:33:21.480><c> did</c><00:33:21.600><c> a</c><00:33:21.679><c> good</c><00:33:21.920><c> job</c><00:33:22.360><c> of</c><00:33:22.720><c> of</c><00:33:22.880><c> at</c>

00:33:22.990 --> 00:33:23.000 align:start position:0%
impressed. You did a good job of of at
 

00:33:23.000 --> 00:33:24.310 align:start position:0%
impressed. You did a good job of of at
least<00:33:23.240><c> making</c><00:33:23.520><c> it</c><00:33:23.640><c> look</c><00:33:23.840><c> like</c><00:33:24.040><c> you</c><00:33:24.120><c> didn't</c>

00:33:24.310 --> 00:33:24.320 align:start position:0%
least making it look like you didn't
 

00:33:24.320 --> 00:33:25.870 align:start position:0%
least making it look like you didn't
know<00:33:24.440><c> exactly</c><00:33:24.840><c> what</c><00:33:24.960><c> to</c><00:33:25.040><c> do.</c><00:33:25.720><c> The</c>

00:33:25.870 --> 00:33:25.880 align:start position:0%
know exactly what to do. The
 

00:33:25.880 --> 00:33:28.310 align:start position:0%
know exactly what to do. The
counterexamples<00:33:26.800><c> you</c><00:33:26.920><c> asked</c><00:33:27.240><c> for</c><00:33:27.960><c> is</c><00:33:28.120><c> what</c>

00:33:28.310 --> 00:33:28.320 align:start position:0%
counterexamples you asked for is what
 

00:33:28.320 --> 00:33:30.310 align:start position:0%
counterexamples you asked for is what
unlocks<00:33:28.800><c> the</c><00:33:28.880><c> whole</c><00:33:29.120><c> thing.</c><00:33:29.640><c> Of</c><00:33:29.800><c> course.</c><00:33:30.160><c> They</c>

00:33:30.310 --> 00:33:30.320 align:start position:0%
unlocks the whole thing. Of course. They
 

00:33:30.320 --> 00:33:31.710 align:start position:0%
unlocks the whole thing. Of course. They
give<00:33:30.520><c> you</c><00:33:30.640><c> there's</c><00:33:30.880><c> so</c><00:33:31.240><c> much</c><00:33:31.520><c> more</c>

00:33:31.710 --> 00:33:31.720 align:start position:0%
give you there's so much more
 

00:33:31.720 --> 00:33:32.990 align:start position:0%
give you there's so much more
information<00:33:32.280><c> contained</c><00:33:32.720><c> within</c><00:33:32.960><c> a</c>

00:33:32.990 --> 00:33:33.000 align:start position:0%
information contained within a
 

00:33:33.000 --> 00:33:34.430 align:start position:0%
information contained within a
counterexample<00:33:33.720><c> than</c><00:33:33.880><c> there</c><00:33:34.080><c> is</c><00:33:34.280><c> in</c>

00:33:34.430 --> 00:33:34.440 align:start position:0%
counterexample than there is in
 

00:33:34.440 --> 00:33:35.669 align:start position:0%
counterexample than there is in
something<00:33:34.760><c> that</c><00:33:34.840><c> confirms</c><00:33:35.360><c> it.</c>

00:33:35.669 --> 00:33:35.679 align:start position:0%
something that confirms it.
 

00:33:35.679 --> 00:33:38.190 align:start position:0%
something that confirms it.
&gt;&gt; That's<00:33:35.880><c> right.</c><00:33:36.280><c> Whereas,</c><00:33:37.040><c> if</c><00:33:37.200><c> you</c><00:33:37.320><c> play</c><00:33:37.520><c> this</c>

00:33:38.190 --> 00:33:38.200 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; That's right. Whereas, if you play this
 

00:33:38.200 --> 00:33:39.950 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; That's right. Whereas, if you play this
If<00:33:38.320><c> you're</c><00:33:38.440><c> listening,</c><00:33:38.880><c> please</c><00:33:39.280><c> go</c><00:33:39.480><c> try</c><00:33:39.760><c> this</c>

00:33:39.950 --> 00:33:39.960 align:start position:0%
If you're listening, please go try this
 

00:33:39.960 --> 00:33:41.310 align:start position:0%
If you're listening, please go try this
with<00:33:40.120><c> your</c><00:33:40.240><c> friends</c><00:33:40.480><c> and</c><00:33:40.600><c> family</c><00:33:40.920><c> today.</c><00:33:41.160><c> They</c>

00:33:41.310 --> 00:33:41.320 align:start position:0%
with your friends and family today. They
 

00:33:41.320 --> 00:33:43.963 align:start position:0%
with your friends and family today. They
will<00:33:41.480><c> thank</c><00:33:41.760><c> you.</c><00:33:41.880><c> It's</c><00:33:42.040><c> so</c><00:33:42.240><c> fun.</c><00:33:42.960><c> Um</c><00:33:43.640><c> but</c>

00:33:43.963 --> 00:33:43.973 align:start position:0%
will thank you. It's so fun. Um but
 

00:33:43.973 --> 00:33:45.110 align:start position:0%
will thank you. It's so fun. Um but
[laughter]<00:33:44.200><c> you'll</c><00:33:44.400><c> find</c><00:33:44.720><c> that</c><00:33:44.840><c> what</c><00:33:45.000><c> they</c>

00:33:45.110 --> 00:33:45.120 align:start position:0%
[laughter] you'll find that what they
 

00:33:45.120 --> 00:33:46.750 align:start position:0%
[laughter] you'll find that what they
tend<00:33:45.320><c> to</c><00:33:45.440><c> do</c><00:33:45.600><c> is</c><00:33:45.720><c> they</c><00:33:45.960><c> People</c><00:33:46.280><c> tend</c><00:33:46.440><c> to</c><00:33:46.520><c> think</c>

00:33:46.750 --> 00:33:46.760 align:start position:0%
tend to do is they People tend to think
 

00:33:46.760 --> 00:33:48.110 align:start position:0%
tend to do is they People tend to think
of<00:33:46.840><c> what</c><00:33:46.960><c> the</c><00:33:47.080><c> rule</c><00:33:47.320><c> might</c><00:33:47.560><c> be,</c><00:33:47.800><c> and</c><00:33:47.880><c> then</c><00:33:48.000><c> they</c>

00:33:48.110 --> 00:33:48.120 align:start position:0%
of what the rule might be, and then they
 

00:33:48.120 --> 00:33:49.470 align:start position:0%
of what the rule might be, and then they
think<00:33:48.360><c> of</c><00:33:48.520><c> other</c><00:33:48.720><c> things</c><00:33:48.960><c> that</c><00:33:49.080><c> might</c><00:33:49.320><c> fit</c>

00:33:49.470 --> 00:33:49.480 align:start position:0%
think of other things that might fit
 

00:33:49.480 --> 00:33:51.590 align:start position:0%
think of other things that might fit
that<00:33:49.720><c> rule,</c><00:33:49.920><c> and</c><00:33:50.000><c> they</c><00:33:50.160><c> ask</c><00:33:50.520><c> them</c><00:33:51.080><c> Yeah.</c><00:33:51.280><c> again</c>

00:33:51.590 --> 00:33:51.600 align:start position:0%
that rule, and they ask them Yeah. again
 

00:33:51.600 --> 00:33:53.830 align:start position:0%
that rule, and they ask them Yeah. again
and<00:33:51.679><c> again</c><00:33:51.920><c> and</c><00:33:52.040><c> again.</c><00:33:52.720><c> And</c><00:33:52.840><c> they</c><00:33:52.960><c> rarely</c><00:33:53.400><c> go,</c>

00:33:53.830 --> 00:33:53.840 align:start position:0%
and again and again. And they rarely go,
 

00:33:53.840 --> 00:33:55.630 align:start position:0%
and again and again. And they rarely go,
"I<00:33:53.920><c> think</c><00:33:54.120><c> the</c><00:33:54.240><c> rule</c><00:33:54.480><c> is</c><00:33:54.640><c> this,</c><00:33:55.120><c> so</c><00:33:55.320><c> let</c><00:33:55.520><c> me</c>

00:33:55.630 --> 00:33:55.640 align:start position:0%
"I think the rule is this, so let me
 

00:33:55.640 --> 00:33:57.230 align:start position:0%
"I think the rule is this, so let me
think<00:33:55.840><c> of</c><00:33:55.960><c> something</c><00:33:56.320><c> that</c><00:33:56.600><c> wouldn't</c><00:33:57.000><c> fit</c>

00:33:57.230 --> 00:33:57.240 align:start position:0%
think of something that wouldn't fit
 

00:33:57.240 --> 00:34:00.070 align:start position:0%
think of something that wouldn't fit
that<00:33:57.560><c> rule</c><00:33:58.120><c> and</c><00:33:58.320><c> test</c><00:33:58.800><c> it."</c>

00:34:00.070 --> 00:34:00.080 align:start position:0%
that rule and test it."
 

00:34:00.080 --> 00:34:02.190 align:start position:0%
that rule and test it."
Now,<00:34:00.280><c> why</c><00:34:00.520><c> don't</c><00:34:00.760><c> we</c><00:34:00.880><c> do</c><00:34:01.040><c> this</c><00:34:01.280><c> so</c><00:34:01.440><c> much?</c>

00:34:02.190 --> 00:34:02.200 align:start position:0%
Now, why don't we do this so much?
 

00:34:02.200 --> 00:34:04.750 align:start position:0%
Now, why don't we do this so much?
Obviously,<00:34:02.920><c> we</c><00:34:03.040><c> don't</c><00:34:03.360><c> know,</c><00:34:03.840><c> right?</c><00:34:04.280><c> This</c><00:34:04.480><c> is</c>

00:34:04.750 --> 00:34:04.760 align:start position:0%
Obviously, we don't know, right? This is
 

00:34:04.760 --> 00:34:07.750 align:start position:0%
Obviously, we don't know, right? This is
It's<00:34:04.920><c> all</c><00:34:05.120><c> very</c><00:34:05.440><c> speculative,</c><00:34:06.720><c> but</c><00:34:07.320><c> I</c><00:34:07.440><c> think</c>

00:34:07.750 --> 00:34:07.760 align:start position:0%
It's all very speculative, but I think
 

00:34:07.760 --> 00:34:10.190 align:start position:0%
It's all very speculative, but I think
that<00:34:08.520><c> Comedies</c><00:34:09.040><c> is</c><00:34:09.200><c> really</c><00:34:09.480><c> onto</c><00:34:09.760><c> something</c>

00:34:10.190 --> 00:34:10.200 align:start position:0%
that Comedies is really onto something
 

00:34:10.200 --> 00:34:13.790 align:start position:0%
that Comedies is really onto something
with<00:34:10.320><c> this</c><00:34:10.560><c> idea</c><00:34:11.040><c> that</c><00:34:12.080><c> reasoning</c><00:34:13.359><c> didn't</c>

00:34:13.790 --> 00:34:13.800 align:start position:0%
with this idea that reasoning didn't
 

00:34:13.800 --> 00:34:18.909 align:start position:0%
with this idea that reasoning didn't
evolve<00:34:14.480><c> to</c><00:34:14.640><c> help</c><00:34:15.480><c> us</c><00:34:15.720><c> solve</c><00:34:17.159><c> mathematical</c>

00:34:18.909 --> 00:34:18.919 align:start position:0%
evolve to help us solve mathematical
 

00:34:18.919 --> 00:34:21.510 align:start position:0%
evolve to help us solve mathematical
puzzles.<00:34:19.840><c> It</c><00:34:19.960><c> originally</c><00:34:20.480><c> evolved</c><00:34:21.040><c> to</c><00:34:21.159><c> help</c>

00:34:21.510 --> 00:34:21.520 align:start position:0%
puzzles. It originally evolved to help
 

00:34:21.520 --> 00:34:24.830 align:start position:0%
puzzles. It originally evolved to help
us<00:34:22.399><c> work</c><00:34:22.720><c> together</c><00:34:23.560><c> and</c><00:34:23.679><c> explain</c><00:34:24.320><c> ourselves</c>

00:34:24.830 --> 00:34:24.840 align:start position:0%
us work together and explain ourselves
 

00:34:24.840 --> 00:34:27.630 align:start position:0%
us work together and explain ourselves
to<00:34:25.000><c> each</c><00:34:25.280><c> other</c><00:34:25.840><c> because</c><00:34:26.480><c> humans</c><00:34:26.960><c> are</c><00:34:27.120><c> just</c>

00:34:27.630 --> 00:34:27.640 align:start position:0%
to each other because humans are just
 

00:34:27.640 --> 00:34:31.030 align:start position:0%
to each other because humans are just
too<00:34:28.159><c> weak.</c><00:34:29.520><c> We</c><00:34:29.760><c> we</c><00:34:30.000><c> need</c><00:34:30.359><c> each</c><00:34:30.600><c> other.</c><00:34:30.800><c> We</c><00:34:30.879><c> need</c>

00:34:31.030 --> 00:34:31.040 align:start position:0%
too weak. We we need each other. We need
 

00:34:31.040 --> 00:34:32.389 align:start position:0%
too weak. We we need each other. We need
to<00:34:31.120><c> cooperate,</c><00:34:31.760><c> and</c><00:34:31.840><c> that's</c><00:34:32.000><c> the</c><00:34:32.080><c> only</c><00:34:32.280><c> way</c>

00:34:32.389 --> 00:34:32.399 align:start position:0%
to cooperate, and that's the only way
 

00:34:32.399 --> 00:34:34.030 align:start position:0%
to cooperate, and that's the only way
we're<00:34:32.520><c> going</c><00:34:32.760><c> to</c><00:34:32.840><c> be</c><00:34:32.960><c> able</c><00:34:33.159><c> to</c><00:34:33.399><c> build</c><00:34:33.879><c> and</c>

00:34:34.030 --> 00:34:34.040 align:start position:0%
we're going to be able to build and
 

00:34:34.040 --> 00:34:37.030 align:start position:0%
we're going to be able to build and
collect<00:34:34.640><c> and</c><00:34:34.840><c> hunt.</c><00:34:35.640><c> So,</c><00:34:36.280><c> we</c><00:34:36.480><c> have</c><00:34:36.720><c> to</c><00:34:36.840><c> be</c><00:34:36.919><c> able</c>

00:34:37.030 --> 00:34:37.040 align:start position:0%
collect and hunt. So, we have to be able
 

00:34:37.040 --> 00:34:38.310 align:start position:0%
collect and hunt. So, we have to be able
to<00:34:37.120><c> communicate</c><00:34:37.600><c> what's</c><00:34:37.760><c> going</c><00:34:37.960><c> on</c><00:34:38.080><c> in</c><00:34:38.200><c> our</c>

00:34:38.310 --> 00:34:38.320 align:start position:0%
to communicate what's going on in our
 

00:34:38.320 --> 00:34:40.349 align:start position:0%
to communicate what's going on in our
heads.<00:34:39.080><c> We</c><00:34:39.159><c> don't</c><00:34:39.280><c> have</c><00:34:39.359><c> to</c><00:34:39.440><c> do</c><00:34:39.560><c> it</c><00:34:39.840><c> well.</c><00:34:40.280><c> We</c>

00:34:40.349 --> 00:34:40.359 align:start position:0%
heads. We don't have to do it well. We
 

00:34:40.359 --> 00:34:42.830 align:start position:0%
heads. We don't have to do it well. We
just<00:34:40.520><c> have</c><00:34:40.640><c> to</c><00:34:40.720><c> make</c><00:34:40.840><c> sure</c><00:34:41.000><c> that</c><00:34:41.240><c> people</c><00:34:42.359><c> trust</c>

00:34:42.830 --> 00:34:42.840 align:start position:0%
just have to make sure that people trust
 

00:34:42.840 --> 00:34:45.349 align:start position:0%
just have to make sure that people trust
us<00:34:43.080><c> and</c><00:34:43.320><c> feel</c><00:34:43.560><c> like</c><00:34:43.760><c> we're</c><00:34:43.879><c> playing</c><00:34:44.320><c> the</c><00:34:44.399><c> game.</c>

00:34:45.349 --> 00:34:45.359 align:start position:0%
us and feel like we're playing the game.
 

00:34:45.359 --> 00:34:46.630 align:start position:0%
us and feel like we're playing the game.
Okay?

00:34:46.630 --> 00:34:46.640 align:start position:0%
Okay?
 

00:34:46.640 --> 00:34:47.750 align:start position:0%
Okay?
So

00:34:47.750 --> 00:34:47.760 align:start position:0%
So
 

00:34:47.760 --> 00:34:50.149 align:start position:0%
So
So,<00:34:48.200><c> on</c><00:34:48.640><c> that</c><00:34:48.960><c> topic,</c><00:34:49.440><c> I</c><00:34:49.520><c> would</c><00:34:49.760><c> highly</c>

00:34:50.149 --> 00:34:50.159 align:start position:0%
So, on that topic, I would highly
 

00:34:50.159 --> 00:34:52.790 align:start position:0%
So, on that topic, I would highly
recommend<00:34:50.640><c> Hugo</c><00:34:50.919><c> Mercier</c><00:34:51.879><c> and</c><00:34:52.080><c> Dan</c><00:34:52.320><c> Sperber,</c>

00:34:52.790 --> 00:34:52.800 align:start position:0%
recommend Hugo Mercier and Dan Sperber,
 

00:34:52.800 --> 00:34:55.389 align:start position:0%
recommend Hugo Mercier and Dan Sperber,
The<00:34:52.919><c> Enigma</c><00:34:53.359><c> of</c><00:34:53.520><c> Reason.</c><00:34:54.440><c> This</c><00:34:54.800><c> goes</c><00:34:55.120><c> really</c>

00:34:55.389 --> 00:34:55.399 align:start position:0%
The Enigma of Reason. This goes really
 

00:34:55.399 --> 00:34:57.630 align:start position:0%
The Enigma of Reason. This goes really
deep<00:34:55.760><c> into</c><00:34:56.399><c> their</c><00:34:56.600><c> social</c><00:34:57.040><c> theory</c><00:34:57.480><c> of</c>

00:34:57.630 --> 00:34:57.640 align:start position:0%
deep into their social theory of
 

00:34:57.640 --> 00:35:00.310 align:start position:0%
deep into their social theory of
reasoning,<00:34:58.240><c> which</c><00:34:58.440><c> is</c><00:34:58.600><c> that,</c><00:34:58.840><c> "Look,</c><00:34:59.400><c> we</c><00:35:00.080><c> we</c>

00:35:00.310 --> 00:35:00.320 align:start position:0%
reasoning, which is that, "Look, we we
 

00:35:00.320 --> 00:35:01.750 align:start position:0%
reasoning, which is that, "Look, we we
don't<00:35:00.640><c> use</c><00:35:00.880><c> reasons</c><00:35:01.359><c> to</c><00:35:01.440><c> come</c><00:35:01.640><c> to</c>

00:35:01.750 --> 00:35:01.760 align:start position:0%
don't use reasons to come to
 

00:35:01.760 --> 00:35:04.790 align:start position:0%
don't use reasons to come to
conclusions.<00:35:03.000><c> We</c><00:35:03.400><c> use</c><00:35:03.680><c> conclusions</c><00:35:04.440><c> to</c><00:35:04.560><c> come</c>

00:35:04.790 --> 00:35:04.800 align:start position:0%
conclusions. We use conclusions to come
 

00:35:04.800 --> 00:35:07.630 align:start position:0%
conclusions. We use conclusions to come
to<00:35:04.960><c> reasons.</c><00:35:05.880><c> We</c><00:35:06.040><c> just</c><00:35:06.240><c> intuitively</c><00:35:07.120><c> feel</c><00:35:07.480><c> and</c>

00:35:07.630 --> 00:35:07.640 align:start position:0%
to reasons. We just intuitively feel and
 

00:35:07.640 --> 00:35:09.030 align:start position:0%
to reasons. We just intuitively feel and
want<00:35:07.840><c> to</c><00:35:07.920><c> do</c><00:35:08.120><c> things,</c><00:35:08.520><c> and</c><00:35:08.600><c> then</c><00:35:08.760><c> when</c><00:35:08.880><c> we're</c>

00:35:09.030 --> 00:35:09.040 align:start position:0%
want to do things, and then when we're
 

00:35:09.040 --> 00:35:11.950 align:start position:0%
want to do things, and then when we're
asked<00:35:09.480><c> to</c><00:35:09.560><c> defend</c><00:35:09.960><c> it,</c><00:35:10.440><c> we</c><00:35:11.080><c> confabulate</c><00:35:11.840><c> in</c>

00:35:11.950 --> 00:35:11.960 align:start position:0%
asked to defend it, we confabulate in
 

00:35:11.960 --> 00:35:13.950 align:start position:0%
asked to defend it, we confabulate in
our<00:35:12.080><c> own</c><00:35:12.240><c> heads</c><00:35:12.640><c> all</c><00:35:12.840><c> the</c><00:35:12.960><c> reasons</c><00:35:13.359><c> we</c><00:35:13.480><c> had</c><00:35:13.760><c> for</c>

00:35:13.950 --> 00:35:13.960 align:start position:0%
our own heads all the reasons we had for
 

00:35:13.960 --> 00:35:16.070 align:start position:0%
our own heads all the reasons we had for
it,<00:35:14.320><c> and</c><00:35:14.480><c> we</c><00:35:14.600><c> believe</c><00:35:14.960><c> them."</c><00:35:15.440><c> I</c><00:35:15.640><c> I</c><00:35:15.720><c> think</c><00:35:16.040><c> I</c>

00:35:16.070 --> 00:35:16.080 align:start position:0%
it, and we believe them." I I think I
 

00:35:16.080 --> 00:35:18.550 align:start position:0%
it, and we believe them." I I think I
think<00:35:16.320><c> what</c><00:35:16.440><c> I'm</c><00:35:17.000><c> I</c><00:35:17.480><c> like</c><00:35:17.680><c> is</c><00:35:17.920><c> is</c><00:35:18.080><c> calling</c><00:35:18.480><c> to</c>

00:35:18.550 --> 00:35:18.560 align:start position:0%
think what I'm I like is is calling to
 

00:35:18.560 --> 00:35:20.830 align:start position:0%
think what I'm I like is is calling to
mind<00:35:18.800><c> about</c><00:35:19.000><c> this</c><00:35:19.240><c> is</c><00:35:19.359><c> that</c><00:35:19.600><c> actually,</c><00:35:20.560><c> when</c>

00:35:20.830 --> 00:35:20.840 align:start position:0%
mind about this is that actually, when
 

00:35:20.840 --> 00:35:22.550 align:start position:0%
mind about this is that actually, when
there<00:35:21.040><c> are</c><00:35:21.160><c> situations</c><00:35:21.640><c> where</c><00:35:21.760><c> people</c><00:35:22.080><c> do</c><00:35:22.359><c> see</c>

00:35:22.550 --> 00:35:22.560 align:start position:0%
there are situations where people do see
 

00:35:22.560 --> 00:35:24.349 align:start position:0%
there are situations where people do see
counterexamples,

00:35:24.349 --> 00:35:24.359 align:start position:0%
counterexamples,
 

00:35:24.359 --> 00:35:27.190 align:start position:0%
counterexamples,
where<00:35:25.000><c> which</c><00:35:25.240><c> puncture</c><00:35:25.760><c> their</c><00:35:25.960><c> theories,</c>

00:35:27.190 --> 00:35:27.200 align:start position:0%
where which puncture their theories,
 

00:35:27.200 --> 00:35:32.070 align:start position:0%
where which puncture their theories,
it's<00:35:27.480><c> not</c><00:35:27.960><c> like</c><00:35:28.520><c> we</c><00:35:28.760><c> innately</c><00:35:30.200><c> very</c><00:35:30.640><c> happily</c>

00:35:32.070 --> 00:35:32.080 align:start position:0%
it's not like we innately very happily
 

00:35:32.080 --> 00:35:34.830 align:start position:0%
it's not like we innately very happily
get<00:35:32.320><c> on</c><00:35:32.480><c> board</c><00:35:33.440><c> and</c><00:35:33.640><c> just</c><00:35:33.880><c> like</c><00:35:34.200><c> go</c><00:35:34.400><c> along</c><00:35:34.680><c> with</c>

00:35:34.830 --> 00:35:34.840 align:start position:0%
get on board and just like go along with
 

00:35:34.840 --> 00:35:38.510 align:start position:0%
get on board and just like go along with
it,<00:35:35.000><c> you</c><00:35:35.080><c> know?</c><00:35:35.359><c> We</c><00:35:35.640><c> we</c><00:35:35.920><c> look</c><00:35:36.359><c> for</c><00:35:37.200><c> reasons</c><00:35:37.920><c> why</c>

00:35:38.510 --> 00:35:38.520 align:start position:0%
it, you know? We we look for reasons why
 

00:35:38.520 --> 00:35:40.470 align:start position:0%
it, you know? We we look for reasons why
the<00:35:38.640><c> counterexample</c><00:35:39.480><c> doesn't</c><00:35:39.800><c> exist.</c><00:35:40.400><c> I</c>

00:35:40.470 --> 00:35:40.480 align:start position:0%
the counterexample doesn't exist. I
 

00:35:40.480 --> 00:35:42.150 align:start position:0%
the counterexample doesn't exist. I
mean,<00:35:40.600><c> I'm</c><00:35:40.680><c> thinking</c><00:35:40.960><c> here</c><00:35:41.160><c> about,</c><00:35:41.920><c> I</c><00:35:41.960><c> don't</c>

00:35:42.150 --> 00:35:42.160 align:start position:0%
mean, I'm thinking here about, I don't
 

00:35:42.160 --> 00:35:43.349 align:start position:0%
mean, I'm thinking here about, I don't
know,<00:35:42.680><c> um</c>

00:35:43.349 --> 00:35:43.359 align:start position:0%
know, um
 

00:35:43.359 --> 00:35:46.750 align:start position:0%
know, um
uh<00:35:43.960><c> biology</c><00:35:44.560><c> in</c><00:35:44.680><c> the</c><00:35:44.760><c> sort</c><00:35:44.920><c> of</c><00:35:45.040><c> 17</c><00:35:45.800><c> 1800s,</c>

00:35:46.750 --> 00:35:46.760 align:start position:0%
uh biology in the sort of 17 1800s,
 

00:35:46.760 --> 00:35:49.510 align:start position:0%
uh biology in the sort of 17 1800s,
where<00:35:46.880><c> they</c><00:35:47.120><c> they</c><00:35:47.280><c> spent</c><00:35:47.640><c> absolutely</c><00:35:48.800><c> years</c>

00:35:49.510 --> 00:35:49.520 align:start position:0%
where they they spent absolutely years
 

00:35:49.520 --> 00:35:52.430 align:start position:0%
where they they spent absolutely years
like<00:35:50.080><c> merrily</c><00:35:50.760><c> shooting</c><00:35:51.280><c> things</c><00:35:51.680><c> and</c><00:35:51.960><c> pinning</c>

00:35:52.430 --> 00:35:52.440 align:start position:0%
like merrily shooting things and pinning
 

00:35:52.440 --> 00:35:54.830 align:start position:0%
like merrily shooting things and pinning
butterflies<00:35:53.040><c> to</c><00:35:53.160><c> boards</c><00:35:53.640><c> and</c><00:35:54.160><c> putting</c><00:35:54.520><c> birds</c>

00:35:54.830 --> 00:35:54.840 align:start position:0%
butterflies to boards and putting birds
 

00:35:54.840 --> 00:35:57.349 align:start position:0%
butterflies to boards and putting birds
in<00:35:54.960><c> sacks</c><00:35:55.320><c> and</c><00:35:55.440><c> stuff,</c><00:35:56.080><c> and</c><00:35:56.200><c> deciding</c><00:35:56.760><c> that</c><00:35:57.040><c> um</c>

00:35:57.349 --> 00:35:57.359 align:start position:0%
in sacks and stuff, and deciding that um
 

00:35:57.359 --> 00:36:00.830 align:start position:0%
in sacks and stuff, and deciding that um
that,<00:35:57.760><c> you</c><00:35:57.840><c> know,</c><00:35:58.480><c> birds</c><00:35:58.960><c> are</c><00:35:59.080><c> one</c><00:35:59.960><c> branch</c><00:36:00.600><c> of</c>

00:36:00.830 --> 00:36:00.840 align:start position:0%
that, you know, birds are one branch of
 

00:36:00.840 --> 00:36:02.910 align:start position:0%
that, you know, birds are one branch of
the<00:36:01.160><c> of</c><00:36:01.400><c> the</c><00:36:01.520><c> tree</c><00:36:01.720><c> of</c><00:36:01.840><c> life,</c><00:36:02.160><c> and</c><00:36:02.400><c> mammals</c><00:36:02.840><c> are</c>

00:36:02.910 --> 00:36:02.920 align:start position:0%
the of the tree of life, and mammals are
 

00:36:02.920 --> 00:36:05.670 align:start position:0%
the of the tree of life, and mammals are
another.<00:36:03.920><c> And</c><00:36:04.440><c> they</c><00:36:04.520><c> had</c><00:36:04.680><c> it</c><00:36:04.800><c> all</c><00:36:05.080><c> perfectly</c>

00:36:05.670 --> 00:36:05.680 align:start position:0%
another. And they had it all perfectly
 

00:36:05.680 --> 00:36:07.310 align:start position:0%
another. And they had it all perfectly
neatly<00:36:06.040><c> categorized</c><00:36:06.680><c> these</c><00:36:06.840><c> rules.</c><00:36:07.120><c> And</c><00:36:07.200><c> then</c>

00:36:07.310 --> 00:36:07.320 align:start position:0%
neatly categorized these rules. And then
 

00:36:07.320 --> 00:36:09.870 align:start position:0%
neatly categorized these rules. And then
someone<00:36:07.600><c> comes</c><00:36:07.800><c> along</c><00:36:07.960><c> with</c><00:36:08.080><c> a</c><00:36:08.160><c> platypus</c><00:36:09.120><c> um</c>

00:36:09.870 --> 00:36:09.880 align:start position:0%
someone comes along with a platypus um
 

00:36:09.880 --> 00:36:11.870 align:start position:0%
someone comes along with a platypus um
platypus<00:36:10.359><c> body,</c><00:36:11.160><c> and</c><00:36:11.280><c> they</c><00:36:11.359><c> have</c><00:36:11.520><c> no</c><00:36:11.680><c> idea</c>

00:36:11.870 --> 00:36:11.880 align:start position:0%
platypus body, and they have no idea
 

00:36:11.880 --> 00:36:13.670 align:start position:0%
platypus body, and they have no idea
what<00:36:12.000><c> to</c><00:36:12.120><c> do.</c><00:36:12.440><c> And</c><00:36:12.600><c> rather</c><00:36:12.800><c> than</c><00:36:13.000><c> saying,</c><00:36:13.600><c> "Oh,</c>

00:36:13.670 --> 00:36:13.680 align:start position:0%
what to do. And rather than saying, "Oh,
 

00:36:13.680 --> 00:36:14.910 align:start position:0%
what to do. And rather than saying, "Oh,
okay,<00:36:13.920><c> hang</c><00:36:14.080><c> on.</c><00:36:14.200><c> Actually,</c><00:36:14.440><c> this</c><00:36:14.600><c> is</c><00:36:14.720><c> a</c>

00:36:14.910 --> 00:36:14.920 align:start position:0%
okay, hang on. Actually, this is a
 

00:36:14.920 --> 00:36:17.430 align:start position:0%
okay, hang on. Actually, this is a
really<00:36:15.160><c> clear</c><00:36:15.359><c> counterexample</c><00:36:16.560><c> of</c><00:36:16.880><c> of</c><00:36:17.200><c> of</c><00:36:17.359><c> the</c>

00:36:17.430 --> 00:36:17.440 align:start position:0%
really clear counterexample of of of the
 

00:36:17.440 --> 00:36:18.830 align:start position:0%
really clear counterexample of of of the
ways<00:36:17.680><c> in</c><00:36:17.760><c> which</c><00:36:17.920><c> our</c><00:36:18.000><c> rule</c><00:36:18.160><c> is</c><00:36:18.280><c> wrong,"</c><00:36:18.640><c> they</c>

00:36:18.830 --> 00:36:18.840 align:start position:0%
ways in which our rule is wrong," they
 

00:36:18.840 --> 00:36:20.750 align:start position:0%
ways in which our rule is wrong," they
they<00:36:19.080><c> cut</c><00:36:19.440><c> it</c><00:36:19.560><c> up</c><00:36:19.760><c> looking</c><00:36:20.080><c> for</c><00:36:20.240><c> stitches.</c>

00:36:20.750 --> 00:36:20.760 align:start position:0%
they cut it up looking for stitches.
 

00:36:20.760 --> 00:36:22.270 align:start position:0%
they cut it up looking for stitches.
They<00:36:20.880><c> thought</c><00:36:21.080><c> it</c><00:36:21.160><c> was</c><00:36:21.280><c> a</c><00:36:21.359><c> fake.</c><00:36:22.120><c> You</c><00:36:22.200><c> know,</c>

00:36:22.270 --> 00:36:22.280 align:start position:0%
They thought it was a fake. You know,
 

00:36:22.280 --> 00:36:23.550 align:start position:0%
They thought it was a fake. You know,
they<00:36:22.400><c> spent</c><00:36:22.800><c> They</c><00:36:22.920><c> spent</c><00:36:23.140><c> [laughter]</c><00:36:23.240><c> nearly</c>

00:36:23.550 --> 00:36:23.560 align:start position:0%
they spent They spent [laughter] nearly
 

00:36:23.560 --> 00:36:25.830 align:start position:0%
they spent They spent [laughter] nearly
100<00:36:24.200><c> years</c><00:36:25.080><c> being</c><00:36:25.280><c> like,</c><00:36:25.480><c> "Well,</c><00:36:25.560><c> this</c><00:36:25.760><c> is</c>

00:36:25.830 --> 00:36:25.840 align:start position:0%
100 years being like, "Well, this is
 

00:36:25.840 --> 00:36:27.710 align:start position:0%
100 years being like, "Well, this is
just<00:36:26.000><c> it</c><00:36:26.080><c> can't</c><00:36:26.440><c> can't</c><00:36:26.680><c> be</c><00:36:26.800><c> possible,"</c><00:36:27.400><c> rather</c>

00:36:27.710 --> 00:36:27.720 align:start position:0%
just it can't can't be possible," rather
 

00:36:27.720 --> 00:36:28.630 align:start position:0%
just it can't can't be possible," rather
than<00:36:28.080><c> rather</c><00:36:28.320><c> than</c><00:36:28.440><c> it</c>

00:36:28.630 --> 00:36:28.640 align:start position:0%
than rather than it
 

00:36:28.640 --> 00:36:31.070 align:start position:0%
than rather than it
&gt;&gt; saying<00:36:28.920><c> that</c><00:36:29.040><c> platypuses</c><00:36:29.800><c> are</c><00:36:29.960><c> real?</c><00:36:30.960><c> I</c>

00:36:31.070 --> 00:36:31.080 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; saying that platypuses are real? I
 

00:36:31.080 --> 00:36:32.430 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; saying that platypuses are real? I
thought<00:36:31.320><c> they</c><00:36:31.480><c> were</c><00:36:31.680><c> Frankensteined</c>

00:36:32.430 --> 00:36:32.440 align:start position:0%
thought they were Frankensteined
 

00:36:32.440 --> 00:36:33.750 align:start position:0%
thought they were Frankensteined
together<00:36:32.760><c> by</c><00:36:32.880><c> some</c><00:36:33.120><c> pranksters</c><00:36:33.600><c> like</c>

00:36:33.750 --> 00:36:33.760 align:start position:0%
together by some pranksters like
 

00:36:33.760 --> 00:36:35.630 align:start position:0%
together by some pranksters like
jackalope.<00:36:34.720><c> I</c><00:36:34.920><c> mean,</c><00:36:35.120><c> that's</c><00:36:35.320><c> what</c><00:36:35.480><c> they</c>

00:36:35.630 --> 00:36:35.640 align:start position:0%
jackalope. I mean, that's what they
 

00:36:35.640 --> 00:36:37.430 align:start position:0%
jackalope. I mean, that's what they
thought,<00:36:35.920><c> too.</c><00:36:36.600><c> I've</c><00:36:36.760><c> never</c><00:36:36.960><c> seen</c><00:36:37.120><c> one</c><00:36:37.280><c> in</c><00:36:37.359><c> the</c>

00:36:37.430 --> 00:36:37.440 align:start position:0%
thought, too. I've never seen one in the
 

00:36:37.440 --> 00:36:39.390 align:start position:0%
thought, too. I've never seen one in the
wild,<00:36:37.760><c> have</c><00:36:37.880><c> you?</c><00:36:38.440><c> I've</c><00:36:38.760><c> never</c><00:36:38.960><c> seen</c><00:36:39.160><c> one</c><00:36:39.320><c> in</c>

00:36:39.390 --> 00:36:39.400 align:start position:0%
wild, have you? I've never seen one in
 

00:36:39.400 --> 00:36:40.150 align:start position:0%
wild, have you? I've never seen one in
the<00:36:39.480><c> wild.</c>

00:36:40.150 --> 00:36:40.160 align:start position:0%
the wild.
 

00:36:40.160 --> 00:36:41.510 align:start position:0%
the wild.
&gt;&gt; Basically,<00:36:40.480><c> I'm</c><00:36:40.600><c> taking</c><00:36:40.880><c> someone's</c><00:36:41.120><c> word</c><00:36:41.359><c> for</c>

00:36:41.510 --> 00:36:41.520 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Basically, I'm taking someone's word for
 

00:36:41.520 --> 00:36:43.670 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Basically, I'm taking someone's word for
it.<00:36:41.800><c> So,</c><00:36:42.400><c> you</c><00:36:42.520><c> know.</c><00:36:42.880><c> Uh</c><00:36:43.080><c> no,</c><00:36:43.240><c> that's</c><00:36:43.480><c> that's</c>

00:36:43.670 --> 00:36:43.680 align:start position:0%
it. So, you know. Uh no, that's that's
 

00:36:43.680 --> 00:36:45.830 align:start position:0%
it. So, you know. Uh no, that's that's
exactly<00:36:44.280><c> it.</c><00:36:44.680><c> Um</c><00:36:45.080><c> and</c><00:36:45.280><c> and</c><00:36:45.400><c> when</c><00:36:45.560><c> a</c><00:36:45.640><c> whole</c>

00:36:45.830 --> 00:36:45.840 align:start position:0%
exactly it. Um and and when a whole
 

00:36:45.840 --> 00:36:48.270 align:start position:0%
exactly it. Um and and when a whole
group<00:36:46.160><c> of</c><00:36:46.359><c> people</c><00:36:47.040><c> refuse</c><00:36:47.680><c> to</c><00:36:47.840><c> accept</c>

00:36:48.270 --> 00:36:48.280 align:start position:0%
group of people refuse to accept
 

00:36:48.280 --> 00:36:49.750 align:start position:0%
group of people refuse to accept
counterexamples,<00:36:49.040><c> that's</c><00:36:49.320><c> when</c><00:36:49.440><c> things</c><00:36:49.640><c> can</c>

00:36:49.750 --> 00:36:49.760 align:start position:0%
counterexamples, that's when things can
 

00:36:49.760 --> 00:36:52.110 align:start position:0%
counterexamples, that's when things can
get<00:36:49.920><c> pretty</c><00:36:50.080><c> dangerous</c><00:36:50.920><c> because</c><00:36:51.560><c> the</c><00:36:51.640><c> the</c>

00:36:52.110 --> 00:36:52.120 align:start position:0%
get pretty dangerous because the the
 

00:36:52.120 --> 00:36:54.150 align:start position:0%
get pretty dangerous because the the
conclusion<00:36:53.080><c> that</c><00:36:53.320><c> I</c><00:36:53.400><c> think</c><00:36:53.600><c> all</c><00:36:53.800><c> of</c><00:36:53.880><c> this</c><00:36:54.000><c> is</c>

00:36:54.150 --> 00:36:54.160 align:start position:0%
conclusion that I think all of this is
 

00:36:54.160 --> 00:36:55.790 align:start position:0%
conclusion that I think all of this is
pointing<00:36:54.520><c> at,</c><00:36:54.640><c> and</c><00:36:54.720><c> this</c><00:36:54.840><c> is</c><00:36:54.960><c> my</c><00:36:55.160><c> opinion,</c><00:36:55.600><c> is</c>

00:36:55.790 --> 00:36:55.800 align:start position:0%
pointing at, and this is my opinion, is
 

00:36:55.800 --> 00:36:57.870 align:start position:0%
pointing at, and this is my opinion, is
that<00:36:56.480><c> um</c>

00:36:57.870 --> 00:36:57.880 align:start position:0%
that um
 

00:36:57.880 --> 00:37:00.990 align:start position:0%
that um
we<00:36:58.160><c> we</c><00:36:58.320><c> truly</c><00:36:59.560><c> reason,</c><00:37:00.440><c> that</c><00:37:00.560><c> is,</c><00:37:00.680><c> we</c><00:37:00.800><c> give</c>

00:37:00.990 --> 00:37:01.000 align:start position:0%
we we truly reason, that is, we give
 

00:37:01.000 --> 00:37:02.670 align:start position:0%
we we truly reason, that is, we give
reasons<00:37:01.400><c> for</c><00:37:01.560><c> things</c><00:37:01.880><c> and</c><00:37:02.080><c> and</c><00:37:02.400><c> and</c><00:37:02.560><c> we</c>

00:37:02.670 --> 00:37:02.680 align:start position:0%
reasons for things and and and we
 

00:37:02.680 --> 00:37:04.230 align:start position:0%
reasons for things and and and we
extract<00:37:03.160><c> knowledge</c><00:37:03.600><c> from</c><00:37:03.800><c> knowledge</c><00:37:04.120><c> we</c>

00:37:04.230 --> 00:37:04.240 align:start position:0%
extract knowledge from knowledge we
 

00:37:04.240 --> 00:37:05.710 align:start position:0%
extract knowledge from knowledge we
already<00:37:04.560><c> have,</c><00:37:04.920><c> which</c><00:37:05.080><c> is</c><00:37:05.160><c> what</c><00:37:05.320><c> reasoning</c>

00:37:05.710 --> 00:37:05.720 align:start position:0%
already have, which is what reasoning
 

00:37:05.720 --> 00:37:06.550 align:start position:0%
already have, which is what reasoning
is,

00:37:06.550 --> 00:37:06.560 align:start position:0%
is,
 

00:37:06.560 --> 00:37:09.230 align:start position:0%
is,
to<00:37:06.800><c> get</c><00:37:06.960><c> along</c><00:37:07.440><c> and</c><00:37:07.600><c> be</c><00:37:07.760><c> social.</c><00:37:08.640><c> And</c><00:37:08.920><c> I</c><00:37:09.000><c> think</c>

00:37:09.230 --> 00:37:09.240 align:start position:0%
to get along and be social. And I think
 

00:37:09.240 --> 00:37:12.190 align:start position:0%
to get along and be social. And I think
that<00:37:09.680><c> that</c><00:37:09.960><c> if</c><00:37:10.240><c> you</c><00:37:11.040><c> really</c><00:37:11.480><c> meditate</c><00:37:12.000><c> on</c><00:37:12.120><c> the</c>

00:37:12.190 --> 00:37:12.200 align:start position:0%
that that if you really meditate on the
 

00:37:12.200 --> 00:37:14.470 align:start position:0%
that that if you really meditate on the
consequences<00:37:12.960><c> of</c><00:37:13.040><c> that,</c>

00:37:14.470 --> 00:37:14.480 align:start position:0%
consequences of that,
 

00:37:14.480 --> 00:37:16.430 align:start position:0%
consequences of that,
suddenly<00:37:14.960><c> a</c><00:37:15.000><c> lot</c><00:37:15.240><c> of</c><00:37:15.320><c> stuff</c><00:37:15.600><c> makes</c><00:37:15.840><c> sense,</c>

00:37:16.430 --> 00:37:16.440 align:start position:0%
suddenly a lot of stuff makes sense,
 

00:37:16.440 --> 00:37:18.590 align:start position:0%
suddenly a lot of stuff makes sense,
like<00:37:16.760><c> confirmation</c><00:37:17.520><c> bias,</c><00:37:18.200><c> which</c><00:37:18.400><c> is</c><00:37:18.480><c> what</c>

00:37:18.590 --> 00:37:18.600 align:start position:0%
like confirmation bias, which is what
 

00:37:18.600 --> 00:37:19.670 align:start position:0%
like confirmation bias, which is what
we've<00:37:18.720><c> been</c><00:37:18.840><c> talking</c><00:37:19.120><c> about</c><00:37:19.320><c> this</c><00:37:19.480><c> whole</c>

00:37:19.670 --> 00:37:19.680 align:start position:0%
we've been talking about this whole
 

00:37:19.680 --> 00:37:22.230 align:start position:0%
we've been talking about this whole
time.<00:37:20.400><c> The</c><00:37:20.640><c> the</c><00:37:21.040><c> pursuit</c><00:37:21.480><c> of</c><00:37:21.560><c> finding</c><00:37:21.920><c> things</c>

00:37:22.230 --> 00:37:22.240 align:start position:0%
time. The the pursuit of finding things
 

00:37:22.240 --> 00:37:24.190 align:start position:0%
time. The the pursuit of finding things
that<00:37:22.480><c> that</c><00:37:22.640><c> prove</c><00:37:22.880><c> your</c><00:37:23.000><c> hypothesis</c><00:37:23.640><c> correct</c>

00:37:24.190 --> 00:37:24.200 align:start position:0%
that that prove your hypothesis correct
 

00:37:24.200 --> 00:37:27.030 align:start position:0%
that that prove your hypothesis correct
and<00:37:24.440><c> and</c><00:37:24.600><c> ignoring</c><00:37:25.600><c> or</c><00:37:25.840><c> avoiding</c><00:37:26.560><c> a</c><00:37:26.680><c> search</c>

00:37:27.030 --> 00:37:27.040 align:start position:0%
and and ignoring or avoiding a search
 

00:37:27.040 --> 00:37:28.870 align:start position:0%
and and ignoring or avoiding a search
for<00:37:27.160><c> things</c><00:37:27.440><c> that</c><00:37:27.560><c> might</c><00:37:27.720><c> prove</c><00:37:27.960><c> it</c><00:37:28.080><c> wrong.</c>

00:37:28.870 --> 00:37:28.880 align:start position:0%
for things that might prove it wrong.
 

00:37:28.880 --> 00:37:31.190 align:start position:0%
for things that might prove it wrong.
Confirmation<00:37:29.560><c> bias,</c><00:37:30.040><c> I</c><00:37:30.160><c> think,</c><00:37:30.560><c> works</c><00:37:30.920><c> really</c>

00:37:31.190 --> 00:37:31.200 align:start position:0%
Confirmation bias, I think, works really
 

00:37:31.200 --> 00:37:32.670 align:start position:0%
Confirmation bias, I think, works really
well<00:37:31.480><c> when</c><00:37:31.600><c> you</c><00:37:31.680><c> consider</c><00:37:32.080><c> the</c><00:37:32.200><c> fact</c><00:37:32.520><c> that</c>

00:37:32.670 --> 00:37:32.680 align:start position:0%
well when you consider the fact that
 

00:37:32.680 --> 00:37:34.349 align:start position:0%
well when you consider the fact that
we're<00:37:32.800><c> supposed</c><00:37:33.160><c> to</c><00:37:33.240><c> all</c><00:37:33.440><c> be</c><00:37:34.000><c> working</c>

00:37:34.349 --> 00:37:34.359 align:start position:0%
we're supposed to all be working
 

00:37:34.359 --> 00:37:35.510 align:start position:0%
we're supposed to all be working
together.

00:37:35.510 --> 00:37:35.520 align:start position:0%
together.
 

00:37:35.520 --> 00:37:37.870 align:start position:0%
together.
As<00:37:35.720><c> a</c><00:37:35.800><c> group</c><00:37:36.200><c> activity,</c><00:37:37.000><c> it</c><00:37:37.160><c> actually</c><00:37:37.480><c> saves</c>

00:37:37.870 --> 00:37:37.880 align:start position:0%
As a group activity, it actually saves
 

00:37:37.880 --> 00:37:40.550 align:start position:0%
As a group activity, it actually saves
time<00:37:38.560><c> if</c><00:37:38.760><c> each</c><00:37:38.920><c> of</c><00:37:39.000><c> us</c><00:37:39.160><c> goes</c><00:37:39.440><c> off</c><00:37:39.920><c> and</c><00:37:40.200><c> finds</c>

00:37:40.550 --> 00:37:40.560 align:start position:0%
time if each of us goes off and finds
 

00:37:40.560 --> 00:37:42.310 align:start position:0%
time if each of us goes off and finds
evidence<00:37:40.880><c> for</c><00:37:41.080><c> our</c><00:37:41.280><c> own</c><00:37:41.480><c> pet</c><00:37:41.760><c> theory,</c><00:37:42.160><c> and</c>

00:37:42.310 --> 00:37:42.320 align:start position:0%
evidence for our own pet theory, and
 

00:37:42.320 --> 00:37:43.990 align:start position:0%
evidence for our own pet theory, and
then<00:37:42.440><c> we</c><00:37:42.560><c> come</c><00:37:42.760><c> and</c><00:37:42.840><c> combine</c><00:37:43.240><c> them.</c><00:37:43.840><c> If</c>

00:37:43.990 --> 00:37:44.000 align:start position:0%
then we come and combine them. If
 

00:37:44.000 --> 00:37:46.070 align:start position:0%
then we come and combine them. If
instead<00:37:44.440><c> we</c><00:37:44.560><c> didn't</c><00:37:45.160><c> do</c><00:37:45.320><c> that,</c><00:37:45.560><c> if</c><00:37:45.680><c> we</c><00:37:45.800><c> didn't</c>

00:37:46.070 --> 00:37:46.080 align:start position:0%
instead we didn't do that, if we didn't
 

00:37:46.080 --> 00:37:47.910 align:start position:0%
instead we didn't do that, if we didn't
have<00:37:46.200><c> a</c><00:37:46.240><c> confirmation</c><00:37:46.840><c> bias,</c><00:37:47.520><c> and</c><00:37:47.680><c> we</c><00:37:47.800><c> all</c>

00:37:47.910 --> 00:37:47.920 align:start position:0%
have a confirmation bias, and we all
 

00:37:47.920 --> 00:37:49.950 align:start position:0%
have a confirmation bias, and we all
went<00:37:48.120><c> off</c><00:37:48.280><c> and</c><00:37:48.400><c> we</c><00:37:48.520><c> did</c><00:37:48.720><c> all</c><00:37:49.080><c> the</c><00:37:49.240><c> research</c><00:37:49.840><c> and</c>

00:37:49.950 --> 00:37:49.960 align:start position:0%
went off and we did all the research and
 

00:37:49.960 --> 00:37:51.630 align:start position:0%
went off and we did all the research and
found<00:37:50.240><c> everything</c><00:37:50.960><c> and</c><00:37:51.080><c> read</c><00:37:51.280><c> all</c><00:37:51.480><c> these</c>

00:37:51.630 --> 00:37:51.640 align:start position:0%
found everything and read all these
 

00:37:51.640 --> 00:37:53.390 align:start position:0%
found everything and read all these
different<00:37:52.000><c> count</c><00:37:52.560><c> It'd</c><00:37:52.720><c> be</c><00:37:52.840><c> too</c><00:37:52.960><c> much</c><00:37:53.200><c> work</c>

00:37:53.390 --> 00:37:53.400 align:start position:0%
different count It'd be too much work
 

00:37:53.400 --> 00:37:55.470 align:start position:0%
different count It'd be too much work
for<00:37:53.520><c> all</c><00:37:53.680><c> of</c><00:37:53.760><c> us</c><00:37:53.880><c> to</c><00:37:54.000><c> do.</c><00:37:54.160><c> Let's</c><00:37:54.440><c> each</c>

00:37:55.470 --> 00:37:55.480 align:start position:0%
for all of us to do. Let's each
 

00:37:55.480 --> 00:37:58.070 align:start position:0%
for all of us to do. Let's each
split<00:37:55.960><c> the</c><00:37:56.080><c> task</c><00:37:56.520><c> up.</c><00:37:57.040><c> Many</c><00:37:57.320><c> hands</c><00:37:57.600><c> make</c><00:37:57.840><c> light</c>

00:37:58.070 --> 00:37:58.080 align:start position:0%
split the task up. Many hands make light
 

00:37:58.080 --> 00:38:00.070 align:start position:0%
split the task up. Many hands make light
work.<00:37:58.680><c> All</c><00:37:58.920><c> go</c><00:37:59.080><c> and</c><00:37:59.200><c> find</c><00:37:59.480><c> evidence</c><00:37:59.800><c> for</c><00:37:59.920><c> what</c>

00:38:00.070 --> 00:38:00.080 align:start position:0%
work. All go and find evidence for what
 

00:38:00.080 --> 00:38:01.310 align:start position:0%
work. All go and find evidence for what
I<00:38:00.160><c> believe,</c><00:38:00.480><c> you</c><00:38:00.600><c> find</c><00:38:00.800><c> evidence</c><00:38:01.080><c> for</c><00:38:01.160><c> what</c>

00:38:01.310 --> 00:38:01.320 align:start position:0%
I believe, you find evidence for what
 

00:38:01.320 --> 00:38:02.150 align:start position:0%
I believe, you find evidence for what
you<00:38:01.440><c> believe,</c><00:38:01.720><c> and</c><00:38:01.800><c> then</c><00:38:01.880><c> we'll</c><00:38:02.000><c> come</c>

00:38:02.150 --> 00:38:02.160 align:start position:0%
you believe, and then we'll come
 

00:38:02.160 --> 00:38:03.590 align:start position:0%
you believe, and then we'll come
together.<00:38:02.880><c> And</c><00:38:03.080><c> you've</c><00:38:03.200><c> already</c><00:38:03.400><c> done</c><00:38:03.560><c> a</c>

00:38:03.590 --> 00:38:03.600 align:start position:0%
together. And you've already done a
 

00:38:03.600 --> 00:38:06.030 align:start position:0%
together. And you've already done a
bunch<00:38:03.800><c> of</c><00:38:03.880><c> work</c><00:38:04.120><c> on</c><00:38:04.359><c> topic</c><00:38:04.760><c> A,</c><00:38:04.920><c> I</c><00:38:05.000><c> did</c><00:38:05.200><c> topic</c><00:38:05.560><c> B,</c>

00:38:06.030 --> 00:38:06.040 align:start position:0%
bunch of work on topic A, I did topic B,
 

00:38:06.040 --> 00:38:08.510 align:start position:0%
bunch of work on topic A, I did topic B,
and<00:38:06.120><c> we</c><00:38:06.200><c> combine</c><00:38:06.600><c> them.</c><00:38:07.160><c> That</c><00:38:08.080><c> seems</c><00:38:08.440><c> to</c>

00:38:08.510 --> 00:38:08.520 align:start position:0%
and we combine them. That seems to
 

00:38:08.520 --> 00:38:10.670 align:start position:0%
and we combine them. That seems to
explain<00:38:08.960><c> confirmation</c><00:38:09.640><c> bias</c><00:38:10.080><c> and</c><00:38:10.240><c> so</c><00:38:10.400><c> many</c><00:38:10.560><c> of</c>

00:38:10.670 --> 00:38:10.680 align:start position:0%
explain confirmation bias and so many of
 

00:38:10.680 --> 00:38:12.590 align:start position:0%
explain confirmation bias and so many of
our<00:38:10.760><c> other</c><00:38:10.920><c> biases</c><00:38:11.440><c> so</c><00:38:11.640><c> well.</c><00:38:11.880><c> It</c><00:38:12.080><c> all</c><00:38:12.280><c> I</c><00:38:12.359><c> also</c>

00:38:12.590 --> 00:38:12.600 align:start position:0%
our other biases so well. It all I also
 

00:38:12.600 --> 00:38:14.230 align:start position:0%
our other biases so well. It all I also
love<00:38:12.840><c> that</c><00:38:12.960><c> it</c><00:38:13.240><c> kind</c><00:38:13.440><c> of</c><00:38:13.520><c> pushes</c><00:38:13.840><c> us</c><00:38:13.960><c> to</c><00:38:14.080><c> this</c>

00:38:14.230 --> 00:38:14.240 align:start position:0%
love that it kind of pushes us to this
 

00:38:14.240 --> 00:38:16.150 align:start position:0%
love that it kind of pushes us to this
conclusion<00:38:14.760><c> that</c><00:38:15.280><c> humans</c><00:38:15.640><c> need</c><00:38:15.840><c> to</c><00:38:15.920><c> work</c>

00:38:16.150 --> 00:38:16.160 align:start position:0%
conclusion that humans need to work
 

00:38:16.160 --> 00:38:17.349 align:start position:0%
conclusion that humans need to work
together.

00:38:17.349 --> 00:38:17.359 align:start position:0%
together.
 

00:38:17.359 --> 00:38:19.430 align:start position:0%
together.
We<00:38:17.480><c> need</c><00:38:17.600><c> to</c><00:38:17.680><c> listen</c><00:38:17.960><c> to</c><00:38:18.040><c> people</c><00:38:18.440><c> even</c><00:38:18.720><c> if</c><00:38:19.200><c> we</c>

00:38:19.430 --> 00:38:19.440 align:start position:0%
We need to listen to people even if we
 

00:38:19.440 --> 00:38:21.750 align:start position:0%
We need to listen to people even if we
really<00:38:20.000><c> do</c><00:38:20.160><c> not</c><00:38:20.400><c> agree</c><00:38:20.680><c> with</c><00:38:20.840><c> them.</c><00:38:21.240><c> I</c><00:38:21.400><c> I'm</c>

00:38:21.750 --> 00:38:21.760 align:start position:0%
really do not agree with them. I I'm
 

00:38:21.760 --> 00:38:22.710 align:start position:0%
really do not agree with them. I I'm
also

00:38:22.710 --> 00:38:22.720 align:start position:0%
also
 

00:38:22.720 --> 00:38:24.910 align:start position:0%
also
um<00:38:23.080><c> thinking</c><00:38:23.440><c> here</c><00:38:23.640><c> about,</c><00:38:24.440><c> I</c><00:38:24.520><c> don't</c><00:38:24.680><c> know,</c><00:38:24.880><c> I</c>

00:38:24.910 --> 00:38:24.920 align:start position:0%
um thinking here about, I don't know, I
 

00:38:24.920 --> 00:38:27.670 align:start position:0%
um thinking here about, I don't know, I
have<00:38:25.120><c> like</c><00:38:25.600><c> a</c><00:38:25.640><c> few</c>

00:38:27.670 --> 00:38:27.680 align:start position:0%
have like a few
 

00:38:27.680 --> 00:38:29.349 align:start position:0%
have like a few
A<00:38:27.760><c> few</c><00:38:28.000><c> years</c><00:38:28.240><c> ago,</c><00:38:28.480><c> I</c><00:38:28.520><c> was</c><00:38:28.800><c> I</c><00:38:28.880><c> was</c><00:38:29.040><c> doing</c><00:38:29.200><c> quite</c>

00:38:29.349 --> 00:38:29.359 align:start position:0%
A few years ago, I was I was doing quite
 

00:38:29.359 --> 00:38:32.310 align:start position:0%
A few years ago, I was I was doing quite
a<00:38:29.400><c> lot</c><00:38:29.520><c> of</c><00:38:29.600><c> work</c><00:38:29.960><c> on</c><00:38:30.480><c> vaccine</c><00:38:30.920><c> skepticism.</c><00:38:32.080><c> Oh,</c>

00:38:32.310 --> 00:38:32.320 align:start position:0%
a lot of work on vaccine skepticism. Oh,
 

00:38:32.320 --> 00:38:34.070 align:start position:0%
a lot of work on vaccine skepticism. Oh,
yeah.<00:38:32.760><c> I'm</c><00:38:32.920><c> working</c><00:38:33.240><c> with</c><00:38:33.359><c> people</c><00:38:33.680><c> who</c><00:38:33.880><c> were</c>

00:38:34.070 --> 00:38:34.080 align:start position:0%
yeah. I'm working with people who were
 

00:38:34.080 --> 00:38:37.590 align:start position:0%
yeah. I'm working with people who were
hesitant<00:38:34.960><c> about</c><00:38:35.560><c> the</c><00:38:36.320><c> COVID</c><00:38:36.560><c> vaccine.</c><00:38:37.359><c> Now,</c><00:38:37.560><c> I</c>

00:38:37.590 --> 00:38:37.600 align:start position:0%
hesitant about the COVID vaccine. Now, I
 

00:38:37.600 --> 00:38:39.030 align:start position:0%
hesitant about the COVID vaccine. Now, I
have<00:38:37.760><c> to</c><00:38:37.840><c> be</c><00:38:37.920><c> a</c><00:38:37.960><c> tiny</c><00:38:38.280><c> bit</c><00:38:38.400><c> careful</c><00:38:38.680><c> about</c><00:38:38.920><c> what</c>

00:38:39.030 --> 00:38:39.040 align:start position:0%
have to be a tiny bit careful about what
 

00:38:39.040 --> 00:38:41.190 align:start position:0%
have to be a tiny bit careful about what
I<00:38:39.080><c> say</c><00:38:39.240><c> about</c><00:38:39.480><c> this</c><00:38:39.680><c> because</c><00:38:40.480><c> um</c><00:38:40.840><c> what</c><00:38:41.000><c> I</c><00:38:41.040><c> will</c>

00:38:41.190 --> 00:38:41.200 align:start position:0%
I say about this because um what I will
 

00:38:41.200 --> 00:38:43.956 align:start position:0%
I say about this because um what I will
say<00:38:41.400><c> is</c><00:38:41.560><c> they</c><00:38:41.760><c> are</c><00:38:42.359><c> a</c><00:38:42.480><c> vocal</c><00:38:42.880><c> community.</c>

00:38:43.956 --> 00:38:43.966 align:start position:0%
say is they are a vocal community.
 

00:38:43.966 --> 00:38:45.230 align:start position:0%
say is they are a vocal community.
&gt;&gt; [laughter]

00:38:45.230 --> 00:38:45.240 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
 

00:38:45.240 --> 00:38:47.150 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
&gt;&gt; Mhm.<00:38:46.080><c> They</c><00:38:46.320><c> are.</c>

00:38:47.150 --> 00:38:47.160 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Mhm. They are.
 

00:38:47.160 --> 00:38:48.790 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Mhm. They are.
Not<00:38:47.320><c> afraid</c><00:38:47.520><c> to</c><00:38:47.600><c> tell</c><00:38:47.880><c> you</c><00:38:48.120><c> what</c><00:38:48.520><c> what</c><00:38:48.680><c> they</c>

00:38:48.790 --> 00:38:48.800 align:start position:0%
Not afraid to tell you what what they
 

00:38:48.800 --> 00:38:49.670 align:start position:0%
Not afraid to tell you what what they
think.<00:38:49.320><c> Yeah.</c>

00:38:49.670 --> 00:38:49.680 align:start position:0%
think. Yeah.
 

00:38:49.680 --> 00:38:49.851 align:start position:0%
think. Yeah.
&gt;&gt; Um

00:38:49.851 --> 00:38:49.861 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Um
 

00:38:49.861 --> 00:38:49.910 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Um
&gt;&gt; [snorts]

00:38:49.910 --> 00:38:49.920 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [snorts]
 

00:38:49.920 --> 00:38:51.470 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [snorts]
&gt;&gt; I'm<00:38:50.000><c> just</c><00:38:50.160><c> going</c><00:38:50.280><c> to</c><00:38:50.359><c> tread</c><00:38:50.680><c> del-</c><00:38:51.000><c> delicately</c>

00:38:51.470 --> 00:38:51.480 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I'm just going to tread del- delicately
 

00:38:51.480 --> 00:38:54.390 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I'm just going to tread del- delicately
and<00:38:51.600><c> carefully.</c><00:38:52.120><c> I</c><00:38:52.240><c> I</c><00:38:52.560><c> also</c><00:38:52.920><c> was</c><00:38:53.520><c> uh</c><00:38:53.880><c> made</c><00:38:54.200><c> lots</c>

00:38:54.390 --> 00:38:54.400 align:start position:0%
and carefully. I I also was uh made lots
 

00:38:54.400 --> 00:38:56.110 align:start position:0%
and carefully. I I also was uh made lots
of<00:38:54.480><c> mistakes</c><00:38:55.040><c> in</c><00:38:55.160><c> the</c><00:38:55.240><c> way</c><00:38:55.400><c> that</c><00:38:55.840><c> that</c><00:38:56.040><c> the</c>

00:38:56.110 --> 00:38:56.120 align:start position:0%
of mistakes in the way that that the
 

00:38:56.120 --> 00:38:57.590 align:start position:0%
of mistakes in the way that that the
whole<00:38:56.280><c> thing</c><00:38:56.440><c> was</c><00:38:56.560><c> approached.</c>

00:38:57.590 --> 00:38:57.600 align:start position:0%
whole thing was approached.
 

00:38:57.600 --> 00:39:00.830 align:start position:0%
whole thing was approached.
But<00:38:57.840><c> but</c><00:38:58.040><c> the</c><00:38:58.160><c> thing</c><00:38:58.440><c> that</c><00:38:58.600><c> I</c><00:38:58.680><c> noticed</c><00:38:59.760><c> is</c>

00:39:00.830 --> 00:39:00.840 align:start position:0%
But but the thing that I noticed is
 

00:39:00.840 --> 00:39:04.150 align:start position:0%
But but the thing that I noticed is
well,<00:39:01.120><c> twofold,</c><00:39:01.680><c> actually.</c><00:39:02.359><c> One</c><00:39:02.760><c> is</c><00:39:03.000><c> that</c>

00:39:04.150 --> 00:39:04.160 align:start position:0%
well, twofold, actually. One is that
 

00:39:04.160 --> 00:39:05.630 align:start position:0%
well, twofold, actually. One is that
people

00:39:05.630 --> 00:39:05.640 align:start position:0%
people
 

00:39:05.640 --> 00:39:08.590 align:start position:0%
people
the<00:39:05.920><c> only</c><00:39:06.359><c> way</c><00:39:06.760><c> that</c><00:39:06.920><c> people</c><00:39:07.200><c> make</c><00:39:07.400><c> decisions</c>

00:39:08.590 --> 00:39:08.600 align:start position:0%
the only way that people make decisions
 

00:39:08.600 --> 00:39:11.230 align:start position:0%
the only way that people make decisions
is<00:39:09.320><c> in</c><00:39:09.480><c> an</c><00:39:09.600><c> emotional</c><00:39:10.200><c> way.</c>

00:39:11.230 --> 00:39:11.240 align:start position:0%
is in an emotional way.
 

00:39:11.240 --> 00:39:13.710 align:start position:0%
is in an emotional way.
It<00:39:11.480><c> may</c><00:39:11.840><c> be</c><00:39:12.440><c> that</c><00:39:12.680><c> you</c><00:39:12.840><c> and</c><00:39:13.040><c> I,</c><00:39:13.480><c> who</c><00:39:13.600><c> are</c>

00:39:13.710 --> 00:39:13.720 align:start position:0%
It may be that you and I, who are
 

00:39:13.720 --> 00:39:15.750 align:start position:0%
It may be that you and I, who are
scientifically<00:39:14.359><c> minded,</c><00:39:14.840><c> believe</c><00:39:15.480><c> that</c><00:39:15.640><c> we</c>

00:39:15.750 --> 00:39:15.760 align:start position:0%
scientifically minded, believe that we
 

00:39:15.760 --> 00:39:18.110 align:start position:0%
scientifically minded, believe that we
make<00:39:16.000><c> decisions</c><00:39:16.480><c> based</c><00:39:16.800><c> on</c><00:39:16.920><c> statistics,</c><00:39:17.960><c> but</c>

00:39:18.110 --> 00:39:18.120 align:start position:0%
make decisions based on statistics, but
 

00:39:18.120 --> 00:39:19.950 align:start position:0%
make decisions based on statistics, but
ultimately,<00:39:18.680><c> for</c><00:39:19.000><c> us,</c><00:39:19.240><c> that</c><00:39:19.440><c> is</c><00:39:19.600><c> still</c><00:39:19.840><c> an</c>

00:39:19.950 --> 00:39:19.960 align:start position:0%
ultimately, for us, that is still an
 

00:39:19.960 --> 00:39:21.910 align:start position:0%
ultimately, for us, that is still an
emotional<00:39:20.480><c> story.</c><00:39:20.960><c> We</c><00:39:21.160><c> have</c><00:39:21.320><c> an</c><00:39:21.440><c> emotional</c>

00:39:21.910 --> 00:39:21.920 align:start position:0%
emotional story. We have an emotional
 

00:39:21.920 --> 00:39:24.430 align:start position:0%
emotional story. We have an emotional
relationship<00:39:22.920><c> to</c><00:39:23.200><c> to</c><00:39:23.400><c> data</c><00:39:23.800><c> and</c><00:39:23.920><c> mathematics</c>

00:39:24.430 --> 00:39:24.440 align:start position:0%
relationship to to data and mathematics
 

00:39:24.440 --> 00:39:26.990 align:start position:0%
relationship to to data and mathematics
and<00:39:24.560><c> science</c><00:39:25.400><c> in</c><00:39:26.040><c> a</c><00:39:26.200><c> whole</c><00:39:26.400><c> story</c><00:39:26.760><c> of</c><00:39:26.880><c> our</c>

00:39:26.990 --> 00:39:27.000 align:start position:0%
and science in a whole story of our
 

00:39:27.000 --> 00:39:28.790 align:start position:0%
and science in a whole story of our
lives<00:39:27.359><c> that</c><00:39:27.480><c> kind</c><00:39:27.600><c> of</c><00:39:27.720><c> builds</c><00:39:28.040><c> up</c><00:39:28.200><c> to</c><00:39:28.520><c> to</c><00:39:28.600><c> that</c>

00:39:28.790 --> 00:39:28.800 align:start position:0%
lives that kind of builds up to to that
 

00:39:28.800 --> 00:39:30.270 align:start position:0%
lives that kind of builds up to to that
moment.<00:39:29.640><c> And</c><00:39:29.800><c> it's</c><00:39:29.820><c> [snorts]</c><00:39:29.920><c> still</c><00:39:30.160><c> an</c>

00:39:30.270 --> 00:39:30.280 align:start position:0%
moment. And it's [snorts] still an
 

00:39:30.280 --> 00:39:33.070 align:start position:0%
moment. And it's [snorts] still an
emotional<00:39:30.840><c> decision.</c><00:39:31.800><c> It's</c><00:39:32.000><c> just</c><00:39:32.480><c> a</c><00:39:32.560><c> slightly</c>

00:39:33.070 --> 00:39:33.080 align:start position:0%
emotional decision. It's just a slightly
 

00:39:33.080 --> 00:39:35.110 align:start position:0%
emotional decision. It's just a slightly
different<00:39:33.440><c> one.</c><00:39:33.640><c> I</c><00:39:33.720><c> think</c><00:39:34.000><c> I</c><00:39:34.040><c> think</c><00:39:34.440><c> people</c>

00:39:35.110 --> 00:39:35.120 align:start position:0%
different one. I think I think people
 

00:39:35.120 --> 00:39:37.590 align:start position:0%
different one. I think I think people
are<00:39:35.280><c> not</c><00:39:35.720><c> persuaded</c><00:39:36.359><c> by</c><00:39:36.560><c> data</c><00:39:37.000><c> and</c><00:39:37.120><c> numbers.</c><00:39:37.520><c> I</c>

00:39:37.590 --> 00:39:37.600 align:start position:0%
are not persuaded by data and numbers. I
 

00:39:37.600 --> 00:39:39.910 align:start position:0%
are not persuaded by data and numbers. I
think<00:39:37.840><c> it</c><00:39:37.920><c> is</c><00:39:38.120><c> is</c><00:39:38.359><c> always</c><00:39:38.960><c> um</c><00:39:39.240><c> fundamentally</c>

00:39:39.910 --> 00:39:39.920 align:start position:0%
think it is is always um fundamentally
 

00:39:39.920 --> 00:39:41.830 align:start position:0%
think it is is always um fundamentally
about<00:39:40.280><c> the</c><00:39:40.400><c> social</c><00:39:40.800><c> aspect,</c><00:39:41.200><c> exactly</c><00:39:41.640><c> as</c><00:39:41.720><c> you</c>

00:39:41.830 --> 00:39:41.840 align:start position:0%
about the social aspect, exactly as you
 

00:39:41.840 --> 00:39:42.907 align:start position:0%
about the social aspect, exactly as you
described,

00:39:42.907 --> 00:39:42.917 align:start position:0%
described,
 

00:39:42.917 --> 00:39:43.070 align:start position:0%
described,
&gt;&gt; [snorts]

00:39:43.070 --> 00:39:43.080 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [snorts]
 

00:39:43.080 --> 00:39:44.750 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [snorts]
&gt;&gt; Because<00:39:43.280><c> if</c><00:39:43.400><c> it</c><00:39:43.560><c> was</c><00:39:43.800><c> about</c><00:39:44.080><c> data,</c><00:39:44.480><c> then</c><00:39:44.680><c> you</c>

00:39:44.750 --> 00:39:44.760 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Because if it was about data, then you
 

00:39:44.760 --> 00:39:46.670 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Because if it was about data, then you
could<00:39:44.960><c> show</c><00:39:45.240><c> somebody</c><00:39:45.760><c> the</c><00:39:46.000><c> right</c><00:39:46.360><c> piece</c><00:39:46.600><c> of</c>

00:39:46.670 --> 00:39:46.680 align:start position:0%
could show somebody the right piece of
 

00:39:46.680 --> 00:39:48.830 align:start position:0%
could show somebody the right piece of
data.<00:39:47.120><c> You</c><00:39:47.240><c> could</c><00:39:47.400><c> show</c><00:39:47.560><c> somebody</c><00:39:48.320><c> the</c><00:39:48.480><c> right</c>

00:39:48.830 --> 00:39:48.840 align:start position:0%
data. You could show somebody the right
 

00:39:48.840 --> 00:39:50.830 align:start position:0%
data. You could show somebody the right
combination<00:39:49.520><c> of</c><00:39:49.640><c> words</c><00:39:50.040><c> and</c><00:39:50.160><c> it</c><00:39:50.280><c> would</c><00:39:50.480><c> change</c>

00:39:50.830 --> 00:39:50.840 align:start position:0%
combination of words and it would change
 

00:39:50.840 --> 00:39:52.670 align:start position:0%
combination of words and it would change
their<00:39:50.960><c> mind.</c><00:39:51.280><c> And</c><00:39:51.520><c> people</c><00:39:51.880><c> do</c><00:39:52.040><c> not</c><00:39:52.240><c> work</c><00:39:52.480><c> like</c>

00:39:52.670 --> 00:39:52.680 align:start position:0%
their mind. And people do not work like
 

00:39:52.680 --> 00:39:54.510 align:start position:0%
their mind. And people do not work like
that.<00:39:53.080><c> That's</c><00:39:53.360><c> not</c><00:39:53.560><c> how</c><00:39:53.760><c> it</c><00:39:53.880><c> works</c><00:39:54.160><c> at</c><00:39:54.280><c> all.</c>

00:39:54.510 --> 00:39:54.520 align:start position:0%
that. That's not how it works at all.
 

00:39:54.520 --> 00:39:56.510 align:start position:0%
that. That's not how it works at all.
&gt;&gt; works.<00:39:55.520><c> And</c><00:39:55.680><c> the</c><00:39:55.800><c> second</c><00:39:56.160><c> thing</c><00:39:56.360><c> that's</c>

00:39:56.510 --> 00:39:56.520 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; works. And the second thing that's
 

00:39:56.520 --> 00:39:57.990 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; works. And the second thing that's
called<00:39:56.760><c> to</c><00:39:56.840><c> mind</c><00:39:57.080><c> here</c><00:39:57.240><c> in</c><00:39:57.720><c> what</c><00:39:57.880><c> you're</c>

00:39:57.990 --> 00:39:58.000 align:start position:0%
called to mind here in what you're
 

00:39:58.000 --> 00:39:59.670 align:start position:0%
called to mind here in what you're
describing<00:39:58.560><c> is</c><00:39:58.720><c> there's</c><00:39:58.960><c> something</c><00:39:59.360><c> which</c><00:39:59.560><c> is</c>

00:39:59.670 --> 00:39:59.680 align:start position:0%
describing is there's something which is
 

00:39:59.680 --> 00:40:02.670 align:start position:0%
describing is there's something which is
called<00:40:00.320><c> the</c><00:40:01.000><c> uh</c><00:40:01.080><c> deficit</c><00:40:01.760><c> model</c><00:40:02.160><c> of</c><00:40:02.280><c> public</c>

00:40:02.670 --> 00:40:02.680 align:start position:0%
called the uh deficit model of public
 

00:40:02.680 --> 00:40:05.190 align:start position:0%
called the uh deficit model of public
communication,<00:40:03.960><c> Ah,</c><00:40:04.680><c> I</c><00:40:04.760><c> haven't</c><00:40:04.960><c> heard</c><00:40:05.040><c> about</c>

00:40:05.190 --> 00:40:05.200 align:start position:0%
communication, Ah, I haven't heard about
 

00:40:05.200 --> 00:40:08.150 align:start position:0%
communication, Ah, I haven't heard about
this.<00:40:05.920><c> Okay,</c><00:40:06.240><c> so</c><00:40:06.880><c> um</c><00:40:07.400><c> when</c><00:40:07.640><c> you're</c><00:40:07.760><c> working</c><00:40:08.040><c> in</c>

00:40:08.150 --> 00:40:08.160 align:start position:0%
this. Okay, so um when you're working in
 

00:40:08.160 --> 00:40:10.350 align:start position:0%
this. Okay, so um when you're working in
an<00:40:08.240><c> academic</c><00:40:08.640><c> institution,</c><00:40:09.920><c> there's</c><00:40:10.080><c> a</c><00:40:10.160><c> lot</c>

00:40:10.350 --> 00:40:10.360 align:start position:0%
an academic institution, there's a lot
 

00:40:10.360 --> 00:40:12.710 align:start position:0%
an academic institution, there's a lot
of<00:40:10.480><c> talk</c><00:40:10.720><c> about</c><00:40:11.080><c> how</c><00:40:11.280><c> do</c><00:40:11.440><c> you</c><00:40:11.560><c> get</c><00:40:11.840><c> your</c><00:40:12.440><c> how</c><00:40:12.640><c> do</c>

00:40:12.710 --> 00:40:12.720 align:start position:0%
of talk about how do you get your how do
 

00:40:12.720 --> 00:40:14.430 align:start position:0%
of talk about how do you get your how do
you<00:40:12.800><c> get</c><00:40:12.960><c> the</c><00:40:13.080><c> scientific</c><00:40:13.720><c> ideas</c><00:40:14.080><c> out</c><00:40:14.280><c> to</c><00:40:14.360><c> the</c>

00:40:14.430 --> 00:40:14.440 align:start position:0%
you get the scientific ideas out to the
 

00:40:14.440 --> 00:40:15.910 align:start position:0%
you get the scientific ideas out to the
public,<00:40:14.840><c> right?</c><00:40:15.000><c> How</c><00:40:15.160><c> do</c><00:40:15.280><c> you</c><00:40:15.360><c> talk</c><00:40:15.600><c> to</c><00:40:15.680><c> people</c>

00:40:15.910 --> 00:40:15.920 align:start position:0%
public, right? How do you talk to people
 

00:40:15.920 --> 00:40:18.830 align:start position:0%
public, right? How do you talk to people
about<00:40:16.200><c> this?</c><00:40:17.080><c> Especially</c><00:40:17.640><c> when</c><00:40:17.880><c> you</c><00:40:18.440><c> look</c><00:40:18.720><c> at</c>

00:40:18.830 --> 00:40:18.840 align:start position:0%
about this? Especially when you look at
 

00:40:18.840 --> 00:40:21.430 align:start position:0%
about this? Especially when you look at
situations<00:40:19.520><c> where</c><00:40:19.680><c> people</c><00:40:20.000><c> are</c><00:40:20.120><c> making</c>

00:40:21.430 --> 00:40:21.440 align:start position:0%
situations where people are making
 

00:40:21.440 --> 00:40:23.190 align:start position:0%
situations where people are making
choices<00:40:21.960><c> that</c><00:40:22.120><c> are</c><00:40:22.240><c> maybe</c><00:40:22.520><c> counter</c><00:40:22.920><c> to</c><00:40:23.040><c> their</c>

00:40:23.190 --> 00:40:23.200 align:start position:0%
choices that are maybe counter to their
 

00:40:23.200 --> 00:40:25.110 align:start position:0%
choices that are maybe counter to their
health<00:40:23.640><c> or</c><00:40:23.800><c> maybe</c><00:40:24.040><c> counter</c><00:40:24.440><c> to</c><00:40:24.560><c> public</c><00:40:24.920><c> health</c>

00:40:25.110 --> 00:40:25.120 align:start position:0%
health or maybe counter to public health
 

00:40:25.120 --> 00:40:28.350 align:start position:0%
health or maybe counter to public health
more<00:40:25.280><c> generally.</c><00:40:25.760><c> How</c><00:40:25.960><c> do</c><00:40:26.160><c> we</c><00:40:26.760><c> How</c><00:40:27.000><c> do</c><00:40:27.240><c> we</c><00:40:28.120><c> uh</c>

00:40:28.350 --> 00:40:28.360 align:start position:0%
more generally. How do we How do we uh
 

00:40:28.360 --> 00:40:30.150 align:start position:0%
more generally. How do we How do we uh
get<00:40:28.640><c> the</c><00:40:28.760><c> information</c><00:40:29.320><c> out</c><00:40:29.520><c> there</c><00:40:29.720><c> so</c><00:40:29.880><c> that</c>

00:40:30.150 --> 00:40:30.160 align:start position:0%
get the information out there so that
 

00:40:30.160 --> 00:40:32.310 align:start position:0%
get the information out there so that
that<00:40:30.320><c> people</c><00:40:30.680><c> make</c><00:40:30.960><c> better</c><00:40:31.320><c> choices,</c><00:40:32.000><c> make</c>

00:40:32.310 --> 00:40:32.320 align:start position:0%
that people make better choices, make
 

00:40:32.320 --> 00:40:34.390 align:start position:0%
that people make better choices, make
make<00:40:32.520><c> choices</c><00:40:32.840><c> that</c><00:40:33.000><c> align</c><00:40:33.440><c> more</c><00:40:33.600><c> carefully</c>

00:40:34.390 --> 00:40:34.400 align:start position:0%
make choices that align more carefully
 

00:40:34.400 --> 00:40:35.910 align:start position:0%
make choices that align more carefully
with<00:40:34.600><c> what's</c><00:40:34.920><c> right</c><00:40:35.120><c> for</c><00:40:35.240><c> them</c><00:40:35.440><c> and</c><00:40:35.560><c> what's</c>

00:40:35.910 --> 00:40:35.920 align:start position:0%
with what's right for them and what's
 

00:40:35.920 --> 00:40:38.550 align:start position:0%
with what's right for them and what's
what's<00:40:36.240><c> right</c><00:40:36.760><c> you</c><00:40:36.840><c> know</c><00:40:37.200><c> overall?</c>

00:40:38.550 --> 00:40:38.560 align:start position:0%
what's right you know overall?
 

00:40:38.560 --> 00:40:40.790 align:start position:0%
what's right you know overall?
And<00:40:39.080><c> for</c><00:40:39.200><c> a</c><00:40:39.280><c> long</c><00:40:39.560><c> time,</c><00:40:40.040><c> people</c><00:40:40.440><c> thought</c><00:40:40.680><c> that</c>

00:40:40.790 --> 00:40:40.800 align:start position:0%
And for a long time, people thought that
 

00:40:40.800 --> 00:40:42.230 align:start position:0%
And for a long time, people thought that
what<00:40:40.960><c> you</c><00:40:41.160><c> all</c><00:40:41.320><c> you</c><00:40:41.440><c> needed</c><00:40:41.720><c> to</c><00:40:41.800><c> do</c><00:40:41.960><c> was</c><00:40:42.080><c> just</c>

00:40:42.230 --> 00:40:42.240 align:start position:0%
what you all you needed to do was just
 

00:40:42.240 --> 00:40:44.110 align:start position:0%
what you all you needed to do was just
give<00:40:42.440><c> them</c><00:40:42.600><c> information,</c><00:40:43.480><c> you</c><00:40:43.560><c> know?</c><00:40:43.720><c> That</c><00:40:43.960><c> if</c>

00:40:44.110 --> 00:40:44.120 align:start position:0%
give them information, you know? That if
 

00:40:44.120 --> 00:40:46.790 align:start position:0%
give them information, you know? That if
you<00:40:44.400><c> educated</c><00:40:45.040><c> people</c><00:40:45.920><c> to</c><00:40:46.080><c> the</c><00:40:46.320><c> correct</c>

00:40:46.790 --> 00:40:46.800 align:start position:0%
you educated people to the correct
 

00:40:46.800 --> 00:40:49.110 align:start position:0%
you educated people to the correct
level,<00:40:47.120><c> that</c><00:40:47.240><c> if</c><00:40:47.440><c> you</c><00:40:48.040><c> put</c><00:40:48.280><c> information</c><00:40:48.920><c> out</c>

00:40:49.110 --> 00:40:49.120 align:start position:0%
level, that if you put information out
 

00:40:49.120 --> 00:40:51.230 align:start position:0%
level, that if you put information out
there,<00:40:49.480><c> then</c><00:40:49.680><c> that</c><00:40:49.800><c> would</c><00:40:49.960><c> be</c><00:40:50.080><c> enough.</c><00:40:51.000><c> But</c>

00:40:51.230 --> 00:40:51.240 align:start position:0%
there, then that would be enough. But
 

00:40:51.240 --> 00:40:53.390 align:start position:0%
there, then that would be enough. But
the<00:40:51.400><c> problem</c><00:40:51.840><c> with</c><00:40:51.960><c> that</c><00:40:52.200><c> idea</c><00:40:52.600><c> is</c><00:40:52.800><c> that</c><00:40:53.200><c> it's</c>

00:40:53.390 --> 00:40:53.400 align:start position:0%
the problem with that idea is that it's
 

00:40:53.400 --> 00:40:55.990 align:start position:0%
the problem with that idea is that it's
called<00:40:53.640><c> the</c><00:40:53.720><c> deficit</c><00:40:54.280><c> model</c><00:40:55.080><c> because</c><00:40:55.800><c> it's</c>

00:40:55.990 --> 00:40:56.000 align:start position:0%
called the deficit model because it's
 

00:40:56.000 --> 00:40:58.670 align:start position:0%
called the deficit model because it's
essentially<00:40:56.560><c> saying</c><00:40:57.200><c> that</c><00:40:57.360><c> the</c><00:40:57.520><c> only</c><00:40:57.840><c> problem</c>

00:40:58.670 --> 00:40:58.680 align:start position:0%
essentially saying that the only problem
 

00:40:58.680 --> 00:41:01.470 align:start position:0%
essentially saying that the only problem
is<00:40:58.920><c> that</c><00:40:59.360><c> the</c><00:40:59.520><c> public</c><00:41:00.400><c> have</c><00:41:00.560><c> a</c><00:41:00.640><c> deficit</c><00:41:01.320><c> of</c>

00:41:01.470 --> 00:41:01.480 align:start position:0%
is that the public have a deficit of
 

00:41:01.480 --> 00:41:03.190 align:start position:0%
is that the public have a deficit of
knowledge,<00:41:02.280><c> right?</c><00:41:02.440><c> They</c><00:41:02.600><c> just</c><00:41:02.880><c> need</c><00:41:03.120><c> the</c>

00:41:03.190 --> 00:41:03.200 align:start position:0%
knowledge, right? They just need the
 

00:41:03.200 --> 00:41:03.670 align:start position:0%
knowledge, right? They just need the
facts.

00:41:03.670 --> 00:41:03.680 align:start position:0%
facts.
 

00:41:03.680 --> 00:41:05.670 align:start position:0%
facts.
&gt;&gt; They just<00:41:03.960><c> need</c><00:41:04.200><c> the</c><00:41:04.320><c> facts.</c><00:41:04.800><c> And</c><00:41:04.960><c> it</c><00:41:05.080><c> is</c><00:41:05.400><c> the</c>

00:41:05.670 --> 00:41:05.680 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; They just need the facts. And it is the
 

00:41:05.680 --> 00:41:10.510 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; They just need the facts. And it is the
most<00:41:06.400><c> arrogant,</c><00:41:07.320><c> insulting</c><00:41:08.440><c> way</c><00:41:09.480><c> to</c><00:41:10.040><c> I</c><00:41:10.240><c> think</c>

00:41:10.510 --> 00:41:10.520 align:start position:0%
most arrogant, insulting way to I think
 

00:41:10.520 --> 00:41:14.070 align:start position:0%
most arrogant, insulting way to I think
belittle<00:41:11.040><c> people</c><00:41:12.000><c> and</c><00:41:12.560><c> to</c><00:41:12.640><c> basically</c><00:41:13.400><c> imagine</c>

00:41:14.070 --> 00:41:14.080 align:start position:0%
belittle people and to basically imagine
 

00:41:14.080 --> 00:41:17.070 align:start position:0%
belittle people and to basically imagine
that<00:41:14.280><c> the</c><00:41:14.520><c> only</c><00:41:14.960><c> reason</c><00:41:15.960><c> why</c><00:41:16.160><c> somebody</c><00:41:16.720><c> is</c><00:41:16.840><c> not</c>

00:41:17.070 --> 00:41:17.080 align:start position:0%
that the only reason why somebody is not
 

00:41:17.080 --> 00:41:19.270 align:start position:0%
that the only reason why somebody is not
making<00:41:17.400><c> the</c><00:41:17.520><c> same</c><00:41:17.800><c> decisions</c><00:41:18.360><c> as</c><00:41:18.520><c> you</c><00:41:18.760><c> are</c><00:41:19.160><c> is</c>

00:41:19.270 --> 00:41:19.280 align:start position:0%
making the same decisions as you are is
 

00:41:19.280 --> 00:41:21.110 align:start position:0%
making the same decisions as you are is
nothing<00:41:19.720><c> to</c><00:41:19.840><c> do</c><00:41:20.080><c> with</c><00:41:20.200><c> their</c><00:41:20.400><c> worldview,</c><00:41:21.000><c> is</c>

00:41:21.110 --> 00:41:21.120 align:start position:0%
nothing to do with their worldview, is
 

00:41:21.120 --> 00:41:23.550 align:start position:0%
nothing to do with their worldview, is
nothing<00:41:21.520><c> to</c><00:41:21.640><c> do</c><00:41:21.840><c> with</c><00:41:22.040><c> their</c><00:41:22.320><c> own</c><00:41:22.960><c> their</c><00:41:23.240><c> own</c>

00:41:23.550 --> 00:41:23.560 align:start position:0%
nothing to do with their own their own
 

00:41:23.560 --> 00:41:25.150 align:start position:0%
nothing to do with their own their own
version<00:41:24.000><c> of</c><00:41:24.160><c> reasoning,</c><00:41:24.640><c> the</c><00:41:24.760><c> things</c><00:41:25.040><c> that</c>

00:41:25.150 --> 00:41:25.160 align:start position:0%
version of reasoning, the things that
 

00:41:25.160 --> 00:41:27.110 align:start position:0%
version of reasoning, the things that
are<00:41:25.240><c> important</c><00:41:25.640><c> to</c><00:41:25.680><c> them.</c><00:41:25.920><c> It's</c><00:41:26.080><c> just</c><00:41:26.360><c> because</c>

00:41:27.110 --> 00:41:27.120 align:start position:0%
are important to them. It's just because
 

00:41:27.120 --> 00:41:28.950 align:start position:0%
are important to them. It's just because
they<00:41:27.320><c> don't</c><00:41:27.600><c> know</c><00:41:27.800><c> as</c><00:41:27.960><c> much</c><00:41:28.240><c> as</c><00:41:28.400><c> you</c><00:41:28.600><c> do,</c>

00:41:28.950 --> 00:41:28.960 align:start position:0%
they don't know as much as you do,
 

00:41:28.960 --> 00:41:29.550 align:start position:0%
they don't know as much as you do,
right?

00:41:29.550 --> 00:41:29.560 align:start position:0%
right?
 

00:41:29.560 --> 00:41:31.670 align:start position:0%
right?
&gt;&gt; Right.<00:41:29.920><c> And</c><00:41:30.280><c> not</c><00:41:30.600><c> only</c><00:41:30.880><c> is</c><00:41:31.040><c> it</c><00:41:31.120><c> incredibly</c>

00:41:31.670 --> 00:41:31.680 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Right. And not only is it incredibly
 

00:41:31.680 --> 00:41:35.350 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Right. And not only is it incredibly
insulting,<00:41:32.440><c> it</c><00:41:32.640><c> also</c><00:41:33.560><c> demonstratively</c><00:41:35.000><c> does</c>

00:41:35.350 --> 00:41:35.360 align:start position:0%
insulting, it also demonstratively does
 

00:41:35.360 --> 00:41:40.030 align:start position:0%
insulting, it also demonstratively does
not<00:41:35.720><c> work.</c><00:41:36.240><c> You</c><00:41:36.440><c> cannot</c><00:41:37.720><c> argue</c><00:41:38.960><c> or</c><00:41:39.200><c> maths</c><00:41:39.800><c> your</c>

00:41:40.030 --> 00:41:40.040 align:start position:0%
not work. You cannot argue or maths your
 

00:41:40.040 --> 00:41:42.030 align:start position:0%
not work. You cannot argue or maths your
way<00:41:40.800><c> into</c>

00:41:42.030 --> 00:41:42.040 align:start position:0%
way into
 

00:41:42.040 --> 00:41:43.910 align:start position:0%
way into
uh<00:41:42.280><c> changing</c><00:41:42.720><c> people's</c><00:41:43.040><c> minds</c><00:41:43.320><c> or</c><00:41:43.400><c> persuading</c>

00:41:43.910 --> 00:41:43.920 align:start position:0%
uh changing people's minds or persuading
 

00:41:43.920 --> 00:41:45.990 align:start position:0%
uh changing people's minds or persuading
them.<00:41:44.200><c> It</c><00:41:44.360><c> just</c><00:41:44.680><c> doesn't</c><00:41:45.000><c> work.</c><00:41:45.560><c> And</c><00:41:45.720><c> I</c><00:41:45.760><c> think</c>

00:41:45.990 --> 00:41:46.000 align:start position:0%
them. It just doesn't work. And I think
 

00:41:46.000 --> 00:41:46.750 align:start position:0%
them. It just doesn't work. And I think
that

00:41:46.750 --> 00:41:46.760 align:start position:0%
that
 

00:41:46.760 --> 00:41:48.870 align:start position:0%
that
the<00:41:47.000><c> the</c><00:41:47.160><c> way</c><00:41:47.400><c> that</c><00:41:47.560><c> you've</c><00:41:47.680><c> described</c><00:41:48.520><c> all</c><00:41:48.800><c> of</c>

00:41:48.870 --> 00:41:48.880 align:start position:0%
the the way that you've described all of
 

00:41:48.880 --> 00:41:50.790 align:start position:0%
the the way that you've described all of
this<00:41:49.080><c> stuff,</c><00:41:49.560><c> the</c><00:41:49.720><c> way</c><00:41:50.000><c> that</c><00:41:50.240><c> people's</c>

00:41:50.790 --> 00:41:50.800 align:start position:0%
this stuff, the way that people's
 

00:41:50.800 --> 00:41:54.630 align:start position:0%
this stuff, the way that people's
logical<00:41:51.360><c> brains</c><00:41:51.960><c> are</c><00:41:52.160><c> not</c><00:41:53.120><c> not</c><00:41:53.560><c> geared</c><00:41:54.160><c> for</c>

00:41:54.630 --> 00:41:54.640 align:start position:0%
logical brains are not not geared for
 

00:41:54.640 --> 00:41:56.910 align:start position:0%
logical brains are not not geared for
statistics<00:41:55.360><c> and</c><00:41:55.520><c> data</c><00:41:55.880><c> and</c><00:41:56.320><c> and</c><00:41:56.480><c> abstract</c>

00:41:56.910 --> 00:41:56.920 align:start position:0%
statistics and data and and abstract
 

00:41:56.920 --> 00:41:58.750 align:start position:0%
statistics and data and and abstract
descriptions,<00:41:57.880><c> and</c><00:41:58.080><c> the</c><00:41:58.160><c> way</c><00:41:58.360><c> that</c><00:41:58.600><c> our</c>

00:41:58.750 --> 00:41:58.760 align:start position:0%
descriptions, and the way that our
 

00:41:58.760 --> 00:42:01.550 align:start position:0%
descriptions, and the way that our
brains<00:41:59.320><c> are</c><00:41:59.560><c> geared</c><00:41:59.920><c> towards</c><00:42:00.640><c> the</c><00:42:00.800><c> social</c>

00:42:01.550 --> 00:42:01.560 align:start position:0%
brains are geared towards the social
 

00:42:01.560 --> 00:42:04.950 align:start position:0%
brains are geared towards the social
aspect<00:42:02.760><c> of</c><00:42:03.400><c> aligning</c><00:42:04.000><c> with</c><00:42:04.160><c> other</c><00:42:04.360><c> people</c><00:42:04.840><c> and</c>

00:42:04.950 --> 00:42:04.960 align:start position:0%
aspect of aligning with other people and
 

00:42:04.960 --> 00:42:07.230 align:start position:0%
aspect of aligning with other people and
collaborating.<00:42:05.880><c> I</c><00:42:05.960><c> mean,</c><00:42:06.120><c> it</c><00:42:06.200><c> just</c><00:42:06.800><c> looking</c>

00:42:07.230 --> 00:42:07.240 align:start position:0%
collaborating. I mean, it just looking
 

00:42:07.240 --> 00:42:09.630 align:start position:0%
collaborating. I mean, it just looking
at<00:42:07.400><c> the</c><00:42:07.520><c> sort</c><00:42:07.760><c> of</c><00:42:07.920><c> anti-vax</c><00:42:08.560><c> movement</c><00:42:09.200><c> against</c>

00:42:09.630 --> 00:42:09.640 align:start position:0%
at the sort of anti-vax movement against
 

00:42:09.640 --> 00:42:11.870 align:start position:0%
at the sort of anti-vax movement against
that<00:42:10.120><c> perspective,</c><00:42:10.680><c> it</c><00:42:10.800><c> just</c><00:42:11.160><c> really</c><00:42:11.520><c> really</c>

00:42:11.870 --> 00:42:11.880 align:start position:0%
that perspective, it just really really
 

00:42:11.880 --> 00:42:13.670 align:start position:0%
that perspective, it just really really
really<00:42:12.120><c> resonates</c><00:42:12.640><c> with</c><00:42:12.800><c> me.</c>

00:42:13.670 --> 00:42:13.680 align:start position:0%
really resonates with me.
 

00:42:13.680 --> 00:42:16.190 align:start position:0%
really resonates with me.
Yeah.<00:42:14.240><c> You</c><00:42:14.320><c> know,</c><00:42:14.480><c> it</c><00:42:14.760><c> it's</c><00:42:15.040><c> it's</c><00:42:15.840><c> kind</c><00:42:16.080><c> of</c>

00:42:16.190 --> 00:42:16.200 align:start position:0%
Yeah. You know, it it's it's kind of
 

00:42:16.200 --> 00:42:18.150 align:start position:0%
Yeah. You know, it it's it's kind of
frustrating,<00:42:16.920><c> but</c><00:42:17.080><c> it's</c><00:42:17.240><c> almost</c><00:42:17.520><c> a</c><00:42:17.560><c> relief</c><00:42:18.040><c> to</c>

00:42:18.150 --> 00:42:18.160 align:start position:0%
frustrating, but it's almost a relief to
 

00:42:18.160 --> 00:42:21.350 align:start position:0%
frustrating, but it's almost a relief to
realize,<00:42:18.680><c> "Oh</c><00:42:18.880><c> my</c><00:42:19.120><c> gosh,</c><00:42:19.560><c> you're</c><00:42:19.840><c> right.</c><00:42:20.840><c> It's</c>

00:42:21.350 --> 00:42:21.360 align:start position:0%
realize, "Oh my gosh, you're right. It's
 

00:42:21.360 --> 00:42:23.750 align:start position:0%
realize, "Oh my gosh, you're right. It's
It's<00:42:21.560><c> not</c><00:42:21.880><c> that</c><00:42:22.240><c> with</c><00:42:22.480><c> the</c><00:42:22.640><c> right</c>

00:42:23.750 --> 00:42:23.760 align:start position:0%
It's not that with the right
 

00:42:23.760 --> 00:42:26.550 align:start position:0%
It's not that with the right
facts<00:42:24.760><c> and</c><00:42:25.000><c> reasons,</c><00:42:25.720><c> we'll</c><00:42:25.920><c> all</c><00:42:26.080><c> agree</c><00:42:26.400><c> on</c>

00:42:26.550 --> 00:42:26.560 align:start position:0%
facts and reasons, we'll all agree on
 

00:42:26.560 --> 00:42:28.150 align:start position:0%
facts and reasons, we'll all agree on
something<00:42:26.960><c> because</c><00:42:27.200><c> that's</c><00:42:27.560><c> not</c><00:42:27.960><c> what</c>

00:42:28.150 --> 00:42:28.160 align:start position:0%
something because that's not what
 

00:42:28.160 --> 00:42:30.870 align:start position:0%
something because that's not what
happens.<00:42:29.080><c> My</c><00:42:29.400><c> My</c><00:42:29.600><c> favorite</c><00:42:30.160><c> demonstration</c><00:42:30.800><c> of</c>

00:42:30.870 --> 00:42:30.880 align:start position:0%
happens. My My favorite demonstration of
 

00:42:30.880 --> 00:42:32.750 align:start position:0%
happens. My My favorite demonstration of
this<00:42:31.120><c> was</c><00:42:31.280><c> something</c><00:42:31.600><c> we</c><00:42:31.680><c> did</c><00:42:31.840><c> on</c><00:42:32.000><c> Mind</c><00:42:32.360><c> Field</c>

00:42:32.750 --> 00:42:32.760 align:start position:0%
this was something we did on Mind Field
 

00:42:32.760 --> 00:42:35.550 align:start position:0%
this was something we did on Mind Field
where<00:42:32.960><c> we</c><00:42:33.120><c> had</c><00:42:33.240><c> a</c><00:42:33.280><c> magician</c><00:42:34.000><c> come</c><00:42:34.240><c> in</c><00:42:35.000><c> and</c><00:42:35.280><c> act</c>

00:42:35.550 --> 00:42:35.560 align:start position:0%
where we had a magician come in and act
 

00:42:35.560 --> 00:42:38.270 align:start position:0%
where we had a magician come in and act
like<00:42:35.840><c> he</c><00:42:35.960><c> was</c><00:42:36.160><c> doing</c><00:42:36.480><c> a</c><00:42:36.520><c> study</c><00:42:37.080><c> on</c><00:42:37.320><c> appearance.</c>

00:42:38.270 --> 00:42:38.280 align:start position:0%
like he was doing a study on appearance.
 

00:42:38.280 --> 00:42:39.990 align:start position:0%
like he was doing a study on appearance.
And<00:42:38.360><c> he</c><00:42:38.480><c> showed</c><00:42:38.760><c> people</c><00:42:39.120><c> two</c><00:42:39.360><c> photographs</c><00:42:39.920><c> at</c>

00:42:39.990 --> 00:42:40.000 align:start position:0%
And he showed people two photographs at
 

00:42:40.000 --> 00:42:41.430 align:start position:0%
And he showed people two photographs at
a<00:42:40.040><c> time</c><00:42:40.360><c> and</c><00:42:40.480><c> said,</c><00:42:40.920><c> "Which</c><00:42:41.120><c> of</c><00:42:41.160><c> these</c><00:42:41.320><c> two</c>

00:42:41.430 --> 00:42:41.440 align:start position:0%
a time and said, "Which of these two
 

00:42:41.440 --> 00:42:42.990 align:start position:0%
a time and said, "Which of these two
people<00:42:41.760><c> would</c><00:42:41.880><c> you</c><00:42:41.960><c> rather</c><00:42:42.280><c> work</c><00:42:42.560><c> with</c><00:42:42.800><c> in</c><00:42:42.880><c> an</c>

00:42:42.990 --> 00:42:43.000 align:start position:0%
people would you rather work with in an
 

00:42:43.000 --> 00:42:45.870 align:start position:0%
people would you rather work with in an
office?"<00:42:44.040><c> And</c><00:42:44.520><c> he</c><00:42:44.640><c> would</c><00:42:44.800><c> put</c><00:42:45.000><c> the</c><00:42:45.080><c> people</c><00:42:45.720><c> the</c>

00:42:45.870 --> 00:42:45.880 align:start position:0%
office?" And he would put the people the
 

00:42:45.880 --> 00:42:47.590 align:start position:0%
office?" And he would put the people the
the<00:42:46.000><c> people</c><00:42:46.280><c> that</c><00:42:46.400><c> were</c><00:42:46.520><c> chosen</c><00:42:46.920><c> on</c><00:42:47.200><c> in</c><00:42:47.400><c> one</c>

00:42:47.590 --> 00:42:47.600 align:start position:0%
the people that were chosen on in one
 

00:42:47.600 --> 00:42:49.630 align:start position:0%
the people that were chosen on in one
stack<00:42:48.040><c> and</c><00:42:48.160><c> the</c><00:42:48.280><c> people</c><00:42:48.600><c> that</c><00:42:48.720><c> were</c><00:42:49.280><c> uh</c><00:42:49.360><c> not</c>

00:42:49.630 --> 00:42:49.640 align:start position:0%
stack and the people that were uh not
 

00:42:49.640 --> 00:42:51.110 align:start position:0%
stack and the people that were uh not
chosen<00:42:50.000><c> in</c><00:42:50.080><c> another</c><00:42:50.400><c> stack.</c><00:42:50.720><c> And</c><00:42:50.800><c> he</c><00:42:50.840><c> did</c><00:42:51.000><c> this</c>

00:42:51.110 --> 00:42:51.120 align:start position:0%
chosen in another stack. And he did this
 

00:42:51.120 --> 00:42:52.390 align:start position:0%
chosen in another stack. And he did this
over<00:42:51.320><c> and</c><00:42:51.400><c> over</c><00:42:51.560><c> again.</c><00:42:52.000><c> And</c><00:42:52.080><c> then</c><00:42:52.200><c> he</c><00:42:52.280><c> said,</c>

00:42:52.390 --> 00:42:52.400 align:start position:0%
over and over again. And then he said,
 

00:42:52.400 --> 00:42:53.710 align:start position:0%
over and over again. And then he said,
"Okay,<00:42:52.560><c> now</c><00:42:52.720><c> I</c><00:42:52.760><c> want</c><00:42:52.920><c> to</c><00:42:53.000><c> go</c><00:42:53.120><c> through</c><00:42:53.360><c> everyone</c>

00:42:53.710 --> 00:42:53.720 align:start position:0%
"Okay, now I want to go through everyone
 

00:42:53.720 --> 00:42:55.310 align:start position:0%
"Okay, now I want to go through everyone
that<00:42:53.840><c> you</c><00:42:53.960><c> chose</c><00:42:54.320><c> to</c><00:42:54.480><c> work</c><00:42:54.680><c> with</c><00:42:55.040><c> and</c><00:42:55.120><c> I</c><00:42:55.160><c> want</c>

00:42:55.310 --> 00:42:55.320 align:start position:0%
that you chose to work with and I want
 

00:42:55.320 --> 00:42:57.630 align:start position:0%
that you chose to work with and I want
you<00:42:55.360><c> to</c><00:42:55.480><c> tell</c><00:42:55.680><c> me</c><00:42:55.840><c> why</c><00:42:56.160><c> you</c><00:42:56.360><c> picked</c><00:42:56.680><c> them."</c>

00:42:57.630 --> 00:42:57.640 align:start position:0%
you to tell me why you picked them."
 

00:42:57.640 --> 00:42:59.550 align:start position:0%
you to tell me why you picked them."
But<00:42:57.800><c> he</c><00:42:57.880><c> was</c><00:42:58.000><c> a</c><00:42:58.040><c> magician.</c><00:42:58.800><c> So</c><00:42:58.960><c> he</c><00:42:59.080><c> used</c><00:42:59.320><c> slight</c>

00:42:59.550 --> 00:42:59.560 align:start position:0%
But he was a magician. So he used slight
 

00:42:59.560 --> 00:43:02.270 align:start position:0%
But he was a magician. So he used slight
of<00:42:59.640><c> hand</c><00:43:00.040><c> to</c><00:43:00.160><c> actually</c><00:43:00.520><c> slip</c><00:43:01.000><c> in</c><00:43:01.800><c> a</c><00:43:01.880><c> bunch</c><00:43:02.200><c> of</c>

00:43:02.270 --> 00:43:02.280 align:start position:0%
of hand to actually slip in a bunch of
 

00:43:02.280 --> 00:43:04.270 align:start position:0%
of hand to actually slip in a bunch of
the<00:43:02.360><c> people</c><00:43:02.680><c> that</c><00:43:02.800><c> they</c><00:43:02.960><c> had</c><00:43:03.120><c> dismissed</c><00:43:04.000><c> as</c><00:43:04.240><c> I</c>

00:43:04.270 --> 00:43:04.280 align:start position:0%
the people that they had dismissed as I
 

00:43:04.280 --> 00:43:05.310 align:start position:0%
the people that they had dismissed as I
don't<00:43:04.480><c> want</c><00:43:04.600><c> to</c><00:43:04.640><c> work</c><00:43:04.800><c> with</c><00:43:04.920><c> a</c><00:43:04.960><c> person</c><00:43:05.240><c> who</c>

00:43:05.310 --> 00:43:05.320 align:start position:0%
don't want to work with a person who
 

00:43:05.320 --> 00:43:07.350 align:start position:0%
don't want to work with a person who
looks<00:43:05.560><c> like</c><00:43:05.720><c> that.</c><00:43:06.440><c> And</c><00:43:06.600><c> he</c><00:43:06.720><c> would</c><00:43:06.920><c> then</c><00:43:07.120><c> show</c>

00:43:07.350 --> 00:43:07.360 align:start position:0%
looks like that. And he would then show
 

00:43:07.360 --> 00:43:09.190 align:start position:0%
looks like that. And he would then show
them<00:43:07.480><c> the</c><00:43:07.600><c> cards</c><00:43:07.960><c> and</c><00:43:08.040><c> they</c><00:43:08.120><c> gave</c><00:43:08.400><c> reasons.</c>

00:43:09.190 --> 00:43:09.200 align:start position:0%
them the cards and they gave reasons.
 

00:43:09.200 --> 00:43:11.710 align:start position:0%
them the cards and they gave reasons.
And<00:43:09.320><c> whenever</c><00:43:10.360><c> every</c><00:43:10.600><c> time,</c><00:43:10.920><c> without</c>

00:43:11.710 --> 00:43:11.720 align:start position:0%
And whenever every time, without
 

00:43:11.720 --> 00:43:12.990 align:start position:0%
And whenever every time, without
exception,<00:43:11.840><c> he</c><00:43:11.920><c> would</c><00:43:12.040><c> show</c><00:43:12.280><c> a</c><00:43:12.320><c> face</c><00:43:12.800><c> that</c><00:43:12.960><c> the</c>

00:43:12.990 --> 00:43:13.000 align:start position:0%
exception, he would show a face that the
 

00:43:13.000 --> 00:43:14.950 align:start position:0%
exception, he would show a face that the
person<00:43:13.360><c> had</c><00:43:13.480><c> rejected,</c><00:43:14.160><c> they'd</c><00:43:14.360><c> go,</c><00:43:14.800><c> "Oh</c>

00:43:14.950 --> 00:43:14.960 align:start position:0%
person had rejected, they'd go, "Oh
 

00:43:14.960 --> 00:43:16.510 align:start position:0%
person had rejected, they'd go, "Oh
yeah,<00:43:15.280><c> so</c><00:43:15.480><c> I</c><00:43:15.560><c> picked</c><00:43:15.880><c> this</c><00:43:16.040><c> person</c><00:43:16.320><c> cuz</c><00:43:16.440><c> I</c>

00:43:16.510 --> 00:43:16.520 align:start position:0%
yeah, so I picked this person cuz I
 

00:43:16.520 --> 00:43:18.030 align:start position:0%
yeah, so I picked this person cuz I
really<00:43:16.760><c> like</c><00:43:16.960><c> the</c><00:43:17.040><c> way</c><00:43:17.200><c> their</c><00:43:17.480><c> eyes</c><00:43:17.800><c> kind</c><00:43:17.960><c> of</c>

00:43:18.030 --> 00:43:18.040 align:start position:0%
really like the way their eyes kind of
 

00:43:18.040 --> 00:43:18.950 align:start position:0%
really like the way their eyes kind of
look<00:43:18.200><c> like</c><00:43:18.320><c> they</c><00:43:18.400><c> might</c><00:43:18.560><c> they</c><00:43:18.680><c> might</c><00:43:18.840><c> have</c>

00:43:18.950 --> 00:43:18.960 align:start position:0%
look like they might they might have
 

00:43:18.960 --> 00:43:20.790 align:start position:0%
look like they might they might have
like<00:43:19.080><c> good</c><00:43:19.240><c> inside</c><00:43:19.560><c> jokes."</c><00:43:20.280><c> Point</c><00:43:20.560><c> is</c><00:43:20.640><c> that</c>

00:43:20.790 --> 00:43:20.800 align:start position:0%
like good inside jokes." Point is that
 

00:43:20.800 --> 00:43:22.790 align:start position:0%
like good inside jokes." Point is that
we<00:43:20.920><c> use</c><00:43:21.160><c> reasons</c><00:43:21.720><c> to</c><00:43:21.840><c> explain</c><00:43:22.280><c> ourselves</c><00:43:22.720><c> and</c>

00:43:22.790 --> 00:43:22.800 align:start position:0%
we use reasons to explain ourselves and
 

00:43:22.800 --> 00:43:24.830 align:start position:0%
we use reasons to explain ourselves and
express<00:43:23.240><c> who</c><00:43:23.360><c> we</c><00:43:23.520><c> are</c><00:43:24.040><c> at</c><00:43:24.160><c> a</c><00:43:24.200><c> deep</c><00:43:24.440><c> level.</c><00:43:24.720><c> We</c>

00:43:24.830 --> 00:43:24.840 align:start position:0%
express who we are at a deep level. We
 

00:43:24.840 --> 00:43:27.830 align:start position:0%
express who we are at a deep level. We
don't<00:43:25.200><c> use</c><00:43:25.400><c> them</c><00:43:25.680><c> because</c><00:43:26.520><c> of</c><00:43:26.920><c> anything</c>

00:43:27.830 --> 00:43:27.840 align:start position:0%
don't use them because of anything
 

00:43:27.840 --> 00:43:30.830 align:start position:0%
don't use them because of anything
logical<00:43:29.000><c> and</c><00:43:29.160><c> timelessly</c><00:43:29.840><c> true.</c>

00:43:30.830 --> 00:43:30.840 align:start position:0%
logical and timelessly true.
 

00:43:30.840 --> 00:43:32.910 align:start position:0%
logical and timelessly true.
It's<00:43:31.240><c> It</c><00:43:31.480><c> It</c><00:43:31.600><c> was</c><00:43:31.800><c> so</c><00:43:32.120><c> awkward</c><00:43:32.560><c> to</c><00:43:32.640><c> watch</c>

00:43:32.910 --> 00:43:32.920 align:start position:0%
It's It It was so awkward to watch
 

00:43:32.920 --> 00:43:35.470 align:start position:0%
It's It It was so awkward to watch
people<00:43:33.600><c> defend</c><00:43:34.200><c> and</c><00:43:34.280><c> explain</c><00:43:34.800><c> why</c><00:43:34.960><c> they</c><00:43:35.120><c> chose</c>

00:43:35.470 --> 00:43:35.480 align:start position:0%
people defend and explain why they chose
 

00:43:35.480 --> 00:43:37.990 align:start position:0%
people defend and explain why they chose
a<00:43:35.520><c> person</c><00:43:36.080><c> that</c><00:43:36.400><c> did</c><00:43:36.640><c> not</c><00:43:36.880><c> choose.</c><00:43:37.720><c> It</c><00:43:37.840><c> was</c>

00:43:37.990 --> 00:43:38.000 align:start position:0%
a person that did not choose. It was
 

00:43:38.000 --> 00:43:40.910 align:start position:0%
a person that did not choose. It was
embarrassing<00:43:38.760><c> for</c><00:43:38.960><c> them,</c><00:43:39.360><c> but</c><00:43:39.560><c> yet</c><00:43:39.800><c> it</c><00:43:39.960><c> was</c><00:43:40.800><c> it</c>

00:43:40.910 --> 00:43:40.920 align:start position:0%
embarrassing for them, but yet it was it
 

00:43:40.920 --> 00:43:43.790 align:start position:0%
embarrassing for them, but yet it was it
was<00:43:41.760><c> uh</c><00:43:41.920><c> enlightening</c><00:43:42.560><c> for</c><00:43:42.720><c> our</c><00:43:42.840><c> species.</c>

00:43:43.790 --> 00:43:43.800 align:start position:0%
was uh enlightening for our species.
 

00:43:43.800 --> 00:43:46.190 align:start position:0%
was uh enlightening for our species.
Yeah.<00:43:44.600><c> Oh,</c><00:43:44.720><c> we're</c><00:43:44.960><c> all</c><00:43:45.120><c> We're</c><00:43:45.240><c> just</c><00:43:45.520><c> a</c><00:43:45.600><c> mess,</c>

00:43:46.190 --> 00:43:46.200 align:start position:0%
Yeah. Oh, we're all We're just a mess,
 

00:43:46.200 --> 00:43:49.190 align:start position:0%
Yeah. Oh, we're all We're just a mess,
Michael.<00:43:46.680><c> We're</c><00:43:46.840><c> all</c><00:43:47.040><c> just</c><00:43:47.360><c> a</c><00:43:47.680><c> a</c><00:43:47.760><c> big</c><00:43:48.560><c> sloshy</c>

00:43:49.190 --> 00:43:49.200 align:start position:0%
Michael. We're all just a a big sloshy
 

00:43:49.200 --> 00:43:51.910 align:start position:0%
Michael. We're all just a a big sloshy
mess<00:43:49.600><c> with</c><00:43:49.800><c> our</c><00:43:50.000><c> squirty</c><00:43:50.520><c> water</c><00:43:50.800><c> computers.</c>

00:43:51.910 --> 00:43:51.920 align:start position:0%
mess with our squirty water computers.
 

00:43:51.920 --> 00:43:56.790 align:start position:0%
mess with our squirty water computers.
That<00:43:52.320><c> is</c><00:43:52.600><c> true</c><00:43:53.640><c> and</c><00:43:53.800><c> the</c><00:43:54.200><c> only</c><00:43:55.040><c> way</c><00:43:56.280><c> to</c><00:43:56.440><c> rise</c>

00:43:56.790 --> 00:43:56.800 align:start position:0%
That is true and the only way to rise
 

00:43:56.800 --> 00:43:59.070 align:start position:0%
That is true and the only way to rise
above<00:43:57.280><c> that</c><00:43:57.600><c> is</c><00:43:57.800><c> for</c><00:43:57.920><c> us</c><00:43:58.120><c> to</c><00:43:58.280><c> stay</c><00:43:58.720><c> a</c><00:43:58.800><c> big</c>

00:43:59.070 --> 00:43:59.080 align:start position:0%
above that is for us to stay a big
 

00:43:59.080 --> 00:44:02.030 align:start position:0%
above that is for us to stay a big
sloshy<00:43:59.680><c> mess</c><00:44:00.040><c> because</c><00:44:00.760><c> the</c><00:44:01.040><c> average</c><00:44:01.600><c> of</c><00:44:01.760><c> all</c>

00:44:02.030 --> 00:44:02.040 align:start position:0%
sloshy mess because the average of all
 

00:44:02.040 --> 00:44:05.390 align:start position:0%
sloshy mess because the average of all
of<00:44:02.160><c> us</c><00:44:02.680><c> winds</c><00:44:03.040><c> up</c><00:44:03.160><c> being</c><00:44:03.560><c> better</c><00:44:04.400><c> than</c><00:44:05.200><c> one</c>

00:44:05.390 --> 00:44:05.400 align:start position:0%
of us winds up being better than one
 

00:44:05.400 --> 00:44:08.550 align:start position:0%
of us winds up being better than one
individual's<00:44:05.960><c> opinion</c><00:44:06.320><c> on</c><00:44:06.440><c> their</c><00:44:06.640><c> own.</c><00:44:07.240><c> Yeah.</c>

00:44:08.550 --> 00:44:08.560 align:start position:0%
individual's opinion on their own. Yeah.
 

00:44:08.560 --> 00:44:10.110 align:start position:0%
individual's opinion on their own. Yeah.
I<00:44:08.640><c> mean,</c><00:44:08.920><c> this</c><00:44:09.080><c> is</c><00:44:09.200><c> the</c><00:44:09.280><c> wisdom</c><00:44:09.600><c> of</c><00:44:09.680><c> the</c><00:44:09.760><c> crowd</c>

00:44:10.110 --> 00:44:10.120 align:start position:0%
I mean, this is the wisdom of the crowd
 

00:44:10.120 --> 00:44:11.910 align:start position:0%
I mean, this is the wisdom of the crowd
stuff,<00:44:10.480><c> right?</c><00:44:10.960><c> That's</c><00:44:11.200><c> right.</c><00:44:11.600><c> And</c><00:44:11.720><c> this</c><00:44:11.840><c> is</c>

00:44:11.910 --> 00:44:11.920 align:start position:0%
stuff, right? That's right. And this is
 

00:44:11.920 --> 00:44:13.550 align:start position:0%
stuff, right? That's right. And this is
something<00:44:12.240><c> that's</c><00:44:12.440><c> really</c><00:44:12.680><c> important</c><00:44:13.200><c> to</c><00:44:13.320><c> me.</c>

00:44:13.550 --> 00:44:13.560 align:start position:0%
something that's really important to me.
 

00:44:13.560 --> 00:44:15.510 align:start position:0%
something that's really important to me.
I<00:44:13.680><c> really</c><00:44:13.960><c> believe</c><00:44:14.320><c> in</c><00:44:14.440><c> it.</c><00:44:14.680><c> I</c><00:44:14.760><c> did</c><00:44:14.920><c> an</c><00:44:15.040><c> episode</c>

00:44:15.510 --> 00:44:15.520 align:start position:0%
I really believe in it. I did an episode
 

00:44:15.520 --> 00:44:18.390 align:start position:0%
I really believe in it. I did an episode
about<00:44:16.480><c> lotocracy</c><00:44:17.280><c> and</c><00:44:17.440><c> how</c><00:44:17.680><c> I</c><00:44:17.760><c> would</c><00:44:18.000><c> really</c>

00:44:18.390 --> 00:44:18.400 align:start position:0%
about lotocracy and how I would really
 

00:44:18.400 --> 00:44:22.270 align:start position:0%
about lotocracy and how I would really
love<00:44:18.720><c> a</c><00:44:18.800><c> government</c><00:44:19.720><c> run</c><00:44:20.000><c> by</c><00:44:20.200><c> random</c><00:44:20.880><c> people.</c>

00:44:22.270 --> 00:44:22.280 align:start position:0%
love a government run by random people.
 

00:44:22.280 --> 00:44:25.150 align:start position:0%
love a government run by random people.
Like<00:44:22.920><c> rather</c><00:44:23.400><c> than</c><00:44:23.720><c> electing</c><00:44:24.359><c> people,</c><00:44:24.880><c> let's</c>

00:44:25.150 --> 00:44:25.160 align:start position:0%
Like rather than electing people, let's
 

00:44:25.160 --> 00:44:26.470 align:start position:0%
Like rather than electing people, let's
literally<00:44:25.520><c> just</c><00:44:25.760><c> be</c><00:44:25.880><c> like,</c><00:44:26.080><c> "Look,</c><00:44:26.200><c> there's</c><00:44:26.400><c> a</c>

00:44:26.470 --> 00:44:26.480 align:start position:0%
literally just be like, "Look, there's a
 

00:44:26.480 --> 00:44:29.670 align:start position:0%
literally just be like, "Look, there's a
lottery<00:44:27.120><c> every</c><00:44:27.400><c> 4</c><00:44:27.720><c> years</c><00:44:28.240><c> and</c><00:44:28.960><c> uh</c><00:44:29.320><c> you'll</c><00:44:29.480><c> just</c>

00:44:29.670 --> 00:44:29.680 align:start position:0%
lottery every 4 years and uh you'll just
 

00:44:29.680 --> 00:44:33.070 align:start position:0%
lottery every 4 years and uh you'll just
get<00:44:29.840><c> asked</c><00:44:30.320><c> to</c><00:44:30.480><c> come</c><00:44:30.760><c> and</c><00:44:30.960><c> be</c><00:44:31.480><c> a</c><00:44:31.880><c> member</c><00:44:32.440><c> of</c>

00:44:33.070 --> 00:44:33.080 align:start position:0%
get asked to come and be a member of
 

00:44:33.080 --> 00:44:35.510 align:start position:0%
get asked to come and be a member of
Congress<00:44:33.840><c> or</c><00:44:34.120><c> Parliament</c><00:44:34.840><c> or</c><00:44:35.000><c> whatever,</c><00:44:35.400><c> the</c>

00:44:35.510 --> 00:44:35.520 align:start position:0%
Congress or Parliament or whatever, the
 

00:44:35.520 --> 00:44:37.310 align:start position:0%
Congress or Parliament or whatever, the
House<00:44:35.800><c> of</c><00:44:35.920><c> Lords,</c><00:44:36.400><c> randomly.</c><00:44:36.840><c> You'll</c><00:44:37.000><c> do</c><00:44:37.160><c> your</c>

00:44:37.310 --> 00:44:37.320 align:start position:0%
House of Lords, randomly. You'll do your
 

00:44:37.320 --> 00:44:39.470 align:start position:0%
House of Lords, randomly. You'll do your
term,<00:44:38.000><c> you'll</c><00:44:38.200><c> get</c><00:44:38.440><c> paid,</c><00:44:38.920><c> there's</c><00:44:39.080><c> housing</c>

00:44:39.470 --> 00:44:39.480 align:start position:0%
term, you'll get paid, there's housing
 

00:44:39.480 --> 00:44:43.349 align:start position:0%
term, you'll get paid, there's housing
for<00:44:39.760><c> you."</c><00:44:40.520><c> And</c><00:44:41.520><c> I</c><00:44:41.640><c> think</c><00:44:41.960><c> that</c>

00:44:43.349 --> 00:44:43.359 align:start position:0%
for you." And I think that
 

00:44:43.359 --> 00:44:44.790 align:start position:0%
for you." And I think that
it<00:44:43.480><c> would</c><00:44:43.640><c> be</c>

00:44:44.790 --> 00:44:44.800 align:start position:0%
it would be
 

00:44:44.800 --> 00:44:46.710 align:start position:0%
it would be
amazing<00:44:45.600><c> what</c><00:44:45.760><c> would</c><00:44:45.880><c> happen</c><00:44:46.200><c> if</c><00:44:46.320><c> you</c><00:44:46.440><c> like</c>

00:44:46.710 --> 00:44:46.720 align:start position:0%
amazing what would happen if you like
 

00:44:46.720 --> 00:44:49.190 align:start position:0%
amazing what would happen if you like
took<00:44:47.520><c> such</c><00:44:47.880><c> a</c><00:44:47.920><c> variety</c><00:44:48.400><c> of</c><00:44:48.520><c> views</c><00:44:48.920><c> and</c><00:44:49.040><c> had</c>

00:44:49.190 --> 00:44:49.200 align:start position:0%
took such a variety of views and had
 

00:44:49.200 --> 00:44:51.830 align:start position:0%
took such a variety of views and had
them<00:44:49.359><c> all</c><00:44:50.080><c> kind</c><00:44:50.280><c> of</c><00:44:50.359><c> average</c><00:44:50.720><c> each</c><00:44:50.880><c> other</c><00:44:51.120><c> out</c>

00:44:51.830 --> 00:44:51.840 align:start position:0%
them all kind of average each other out
 

00:44:51.840 --> 00:44:53.349 align:start position:0%
them all kind of average each other out
as<00:44:51.960><c> opposed</c><00:44:52.240><c> to</c><00:44:52.320><c> what</c><00:44:52.440><c> we</c><00:44:52.520><c> have</c><00:44:52.720><c> now,</c><00:44:53.040><c> which</c><00:44:53.240><c> is</c>

00:44:53.349 --> 00:44:53.359 align:start position:0%
as opposed to what we have now, which is
 

00:44:53.359 --> 00:44:55.190 align:start position:0%
as opposed to what we have now, which is
like,<00:44:53.560><c> "Hey,</c><00:44:54.280><c> we're</c><00:44:54.440><c> all</c><00:44:54.600><c> kind</c><00:44:54.840><c> of</c><00:44:54.920><c> in</c><00:44:55.040><c> this</c>

00:44:55.190 --> 00:44:55.200 align:start position:0%
like, "Hey, we're all kind of in this
 

00:44:55.200 --> 00:44:57.270 align:start position:0%
like, "Hey, we're all kind of in this
political<00:44:55.640><c> class.</c><00:44:56.160><c> Let's</c><00:44:56.400><c> be</c><00:44:56.560><c> leaders.</c><00:44:57.160><c> We</c>

00:44:57.270 --> 00:44:57.280 align:start position:0%
political class. Let's be leaders. We
 

00:44:57.280 --> 00:44:58.670 align:start position:0%
political class. Let's be leaders. We
all<00:44:57.359><c> kind</c><00:44:57.520><c> of</c><00:44:57.600><c> already</c><00:44:57.800><c> feel</c><00:44:57.960><c> the</c><00:44:58.040><c> same</c><00:44:58.320><c> way.</c>

00:44:58.670 --> 00:44:58.680 align:start position:0%
all kind of already feel the same way.
 

00:44:58.680 --> 00:45:00.110 align:start position:0%
all kind of already feel the same way.
Great.<00:44:59.080><c> Great.</c><00:44:59.320><c> Great.</c><00:44:59.520><c> Great."</c><00:45:00.000><c> Yeah,</c>

00:45:00.110 --> 00:45:00.120 align:start position:0%
Great. Great. Great. Great." Yeah,
 

00:45:00.120 --> 00:45:01.590 align:start position:0%
Great. Great. Great. Great." Yeah,
there's<00:45:00.280><c> a</c><00:45:00.359><c> superiority</c><00:45:01.120><c> that</c><00:45:01.240><c> comes</c><00:45:01.520><c> with</c>

00:45:01.590 --> 00:45:01.600 align:start position:0%
there's a superiority that comes with
 

00:45:01.600 --> 00:45:03.550 align:start position:0%
there's a superiority that comes with
that.<00:45:02.120><c> I</c><00:45:02.240><c> think</c><00:45:02.560><c> I</c><00:45:02.640><c> remember</c><00:45:03.040><c> reading</c>

00:45:03.550 --> 00:45:03.560 align:start position:0%
that. I think I remember reading
 

00:45:03.560 --> 00:45:05.590 align:start position:0%
that. I think I remember reading
something<00:45:03.920><c> about</c><00:45:04.200><c> this</c><00:45:04.640><c> in</c><00:45:04.880><c> Rory</c><00:45:05.120><c> Stewart's</c>

00:45:05.590 --> 00:45:05.600 align:start position:0%
something about this in Rory Stewart's
 

00:45:05.600 --> 00:45:07.590 align:start position:0%
something about this in Rory Stewart's
book.<00:45:06.520><c> Uh</c><00:45:06.800><c> Rory</c><00:45:07.000><c> Stewart,</c><00:45:07.200><c> of</c><00:45:07.280><c> course,</c><00:45:07.480><c> of</c>

00:45:07.590 --> 00:45:07.600 align:start position:0%
book. Uh Rory Stewart, of course, of
 

00:45:07.600 --> 00:45:09.790 align:start position:0%
book. Uh Rory Stewart, of course, of
Fresh<00:45:07.840><c> Eyes</c><00:45:07.960><c> Politics</c><00:45:08.400><c> fame,</c><00:45:08.760><c> the</c><00:45:09.000><c> the</c><00:45:09.240><c> lesser</c>

00:45:09.790 --> 00:45:09.800 align:start position:0%
Fresh Eyes Politics fame, the the lesser
 

00:45:09.800 --> 00:45:12.376 align:start position:0%
Fresh Eyes Politics fame, the the lesser
known<00:45:10.400><c> Go</c><00:45:10.600><c> Hang</c><00:45:10.800><c> a</c><00:45:10.840><c> Llama</c><00:45:11.000><c> podcast.</c>

00:45:12.376 --> 00:45:12.386 align:start position:0%
known Go Hang a Llama podcast.
 

00:45:12.386 --> 00:45:13.990 align:start position:0%
known Go Hang a Llama podcast.
&gt;&gt; [laughter]

00:45:13.990 --> 00:45:14.000 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
 

00:45:14.000 --> 00:45:16.630 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
&gt;&gt; But<00:45:14.200><c> he</c><00:45:14.440><c> is</c><00:45:14.600><c> extremely</c><00:45:15.480><c> keen</c><00:45:15.960><c> on</c><00:45:16.120><c> the</c><00:45:16.280><c> idea</c><00:45:16.520><c> of</c>

00:45:16.630 --> 00:45:16.640 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; But he is extremely keen on the idea of
 

00:45:16.640 --> 00:45:19.630 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; But he is extremely keen on the idea of
town<00:45:16.960><c> halls,</c><00:45:17.440><c> but</c><00:45:17.640><c> also</c><00:45:18.080><c> of</c><00:45:18.600><c> um</c><00:45:18.880><c> civilian</c>

00:45:19.630 --> 00:45:19.640 align:start position:0%
town halls, but also of um civilian
 

00:45:19.640 --> 00:45:22.590 align:start position:0%
town halls, but also of um civilian
panels,<00:45:20.640><c> civilian</c><00:45:21.120><c> assemblies.</c>

00:45:22.590 --> 00:45:22.600 align:start position:0%
panels, civilian assemblies.
 

00:45:22.600 --> 00:45:23.670 align:start position:0%
panels, civilian assemblies.
Because<00:45:23.280><c> I</c><00:45:23.320><c> mean,</c>

00:45:23.670 --> 00:45:23.680 align:start position:0%
Because I mean,
 

00:45:23.680 --> 00:45:24.790 align:start position:0%
Because I mean,
&gt;&gt; Deliberation<00:45:24.280><c> days.</c>

00:45:24.790 --> 00:45:24.800 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Deliberation days.
 

00:45:24.800 --> 00:45:26.710 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Deliberation days.
&gt;&gt; Yeah,<00:45:25.080><c> deliberation</c><00:45:25.640><c> Exactly,</c><00:45:26.080><c> why</c><00:45:26.240><c> not?</c><00:45:26.680><c> I</c>

00:45:26.710 --> 00:45:26.720 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Yeah, deliberation Exactly, why not? I
 

00:45:26.720 --> 00:45:28.270 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Yeah, deliberation Exactly, why not? I
mean,<00:45:26.880><c> this</c><00:45:27.080><c> is</c><00:45:27.200><c> what</c><00:45:27.359><c> we</c><00:45:27.440><c> do</c><00:45:27.600><c> in</c><00:45:27.680><c> the</c><00:45:27.800><c> judicial</c>

00:45:28.270 --> 00:45:28.280 align:start position:0%
mean, this is what we do in the judicial
 

00:45:28.280 --> 00:45:30.870 align:start position:0%
mean, this is what we do in the judicial
system.<00:45:29.080><c> I</c><00:45:29.120><c> mean,</c><00:45:29.320><c> it's</c><00:45:29.640><c> it's</c><00:45:29.760><c> not</c><00:45:30.080><c> perfect</c><00:45:30.720><c> by</c>

00:45:30.870 --> 00:45:30.880 align:start position:0%
system. I mean, it's it's not perfect by
 

00:45:30.880 --> 00:45:32.430 align:start position:0%
system. I mean, it's it's not perfect by
any<00:45:31.040><c> stretch</c><00:45:31.320><c> of</c><00:45:31.359><c> the</c><00:45:31.480><c> imagination,</c><00:45:32.160><c> but</c><00:45:32.320><c> I</c>

00:45:32.430 --> 00:45:32.440 align:start position:0%
any stretch of the imagination, but I
 

00:45:32.440 --> 00:45:34.430 align:start position:0%
any stretch of the imagination, but I
but<00:45:32.640><c> I</c><00:45:33.000><c> but</c><00:45:33.160><c> I</c><00:45:33.280><c> also</c><00:45:33.640><c> think</c><00:45:33.880><c> that</c><00:45:34.000><c> it's</c><00:45:34.160><c> the</c>

00:45:34.430 --> 00:45:34.440 align:start position:0%
but I but I also think that it's the
 

00:45:34.440 --> 00:45:36.590 align:start position:0%
but I but I also think that it's the
best<00:45:34.720><c> that</c><00:45:34.840><c> we've</c><00:45:35.000><c> got.</c><00:45:35.720><c> And</c><00:45:35.960><c> and</c><00:45:36.080><c> it</c><00:45:36.359><c> does</c>

00:45:36.590 --> 00:45:36.600 align:start position:0%
best that we've got. And and it does
 

00:45:36.600 --> 00:45:39.510 align:start position:0%
best that we've got. And and it does
exactly<00:45:37.200><c> what</c><00:45:37.359><c> you're</c><00:45:37.520><c> describing.</c><00:45:38.440><c> It</c><00:45:38.800><c> stops</c>

00:45:39.510 --> 00:45:39.520 align:start position:0%
exactly what you're describing. It stops
 

00:45:39.520 --> 00:45:43.470 align:start position:0%
exactly what you're describing. It stops
pretending<00:45:41.000><c> that</c><00:45:41.400><c> reason</c><00:45:42.480><c> is</c><00:45:42.920><c> some</c>

00:45:43.470 --> 00:45:43.480 align:start position:0%
pretending that reason is some
 

00:45:43.480 --> 00:45:46.830 align:start position:0%
pretending that reason is some
mathematically<00:45:44.560><c> pure</c><00:45:45.240><c> thing</c><00:45:45.840><c> that</c><00:45:46.040><c> we</c><00:45:46.240><c> can</c>

00:45:46.830 --> 00:45:46.840 align:start position:0%
mathematically pure thing that we can
 

00:45:46.840 --> 00:45:50.110 align:start position:0%
mathematically pure thing that we can
march<00:45:47.359><c> towards</c><00:45:48.480><c> and</c><00:45:48.640><c> instead</c><00:45:49.280><c> accepts</c><00:45:50.000><c> the</c>

00:45:50.110 --> 00:45:50.120 align:start position:0%
march towards and instead accepts the
 

00:45:50.120 --> 00:45:52.950 align:start position:0%
march towards and instead accepts the
messiness<00:45:50.840><c> of</c><00:45:51.000><c> human</c><00:45:51.320><c> nature</c><00:45:52.440><c> and</c><00:45:52.640><c> that</c><00:45:52.760><c> we</c>

00:45:52.950 --> 00:45:52.960 align:start position:0%
messiness of human nature and that we
 

00:45:52.960 --> 00:45:55.910 align:start position:0%
messiness of human nature and that we
are<00:45:53.160><c> social</c><00:45:53.760><c> creatures</c><00:45:54.359><c> and</c><00:45:54.560><c> social</c><00:45:55.000><c> beings</c>

00:45:55.910 --> 00:45:55.920 align:start position:0%
are social creatures and social beings
 

00:45:55.920 --> 00:45:58.790 align:start position:0%
are social creatures and social beings
and<00:45:56.040><c> we</c><00:45:56.200><c> are</c><00:45:56.359><c> totally,</c><00:45:57.160><c> perfectly</c><00:45:57.920><c> tuned</c>

00:45:58.790 --> 00:45:58.800 align:start position:0%
and we are totally, perfectly tuned
 

00:45:58.800 --> 00:46:01.550 align:start position:0%
and we are totally, perfectly tuned
through<00:45:59.160><c> an</c><00:45:59.359><c> astonishing</c><00:46:00.120><c> evolution</c><00:46:01.320><c> to</c>

00:46:01.550 --> 00:46:01.560 align:start position:0%
through an astonishing evolution to
 

00:46:01.560 --> 00:46:04.270 align:start position:0%
through an astonishing evolution to
really<00:46:01.920><c> prioritize</c><00:46:02.640><c> that.</c><00:46:03.400><c> Right.</c><00:46:03.960><c> Yeah,</c><00:46:04.120><c> we</c>

00:46:04.270 --> 00:46:04.280 align:start position:0%
really prioritize that. Right. Yeah, we
 

00:46:04.280 --> 00:46:06.990 align:start position:0%
really prioritize that. Right. Yeah, we
evolved<00:46:04.800><c> to</c><00:46:05.720><c> be</c><00:46:05.840><c> a</c><00:46:05.920><c> group</c><00:46:06.240><c> and</c><00:46:06.400><c> work</c><00:46:06.600><c> together.</c>

00:46:06.990 --> 00:46:07.000 align:start position:0%
evolved to be a group and work together.
 

00:46:07.000 --> 00:46:09.190 align:start position:0%
evolved to be a group and work together.
And<00:46:07.120><c> so</c><00:46:07.520><c> collectively,</c><00:46:08.160><c> like</c><00:46:08.440><c> all</c><00:46:08.720><c> voting</c>

00:46:09.190 --> 00:46:09.200 align:start position:0%
And so collectively, like all voting
 

00:46:09.200 --> 00:46:10.910 align:start position:0%
And so collectively, like all voting
together,<00:46:09.800><c> I</c><00:46:09.880><c> just</c><00:46:10.120><c> It's</c><00:46:10.320><c> hard</c><00:46:10.600><c> for</c><00:46:10.680><c> me</c><00:46:10.800><c> to</c>

00:46:10.910 --> 00:46:10.920 align:start position:0%
together, I just It's hard for me to
 

00:46:10.920 --> 00:46:12.270 align:start position:0%
together, I just It's hard for me to
find

00:46:12.270 --> 00:46:12.280 align:start position:0%
find
 

00:46:12.280 --> 00:46:14.349 align:start position:0%
find
a<00:46:12.440><c> solution</c><00:46:13.080><c> that's</c><00:46:13.280><c> better</c><00:46:13.560><c> than</c><00:46:13.720><c> that.</c>

00:46:14.349 --> 00:46:14.359 align:start position:0%
a solution that's better than that.
 

00:46:14.359 --> 00:46:15.390 align:start position:0%
a solution that's better than that.
That's

00:46:15.390 --> 00:46:15.400 align:start position:0%
That's
 

00:46:15.400 --> 00:46:17.550 align:start position:0%
That's
It's<00:46:15.720><c> better</c><00:46:16.080><c> than</c><00:46:16.240><c> asking</c><00:46:16.720><c> any</c><00:46:16.960><c> particular</c>

00:46:17.550 --> 00:46:17.560 align:start position:0%
It's better than asking any particular
 

00:46:17.560 --> 00:46:19.590 align:start position:0%
It's better than asking any particular
person<00:46:18.120><c> or</c><00:46:18.280><c> type</c><00:46:18.560><c> of</c><00:46:18.680><c> people</c><00:46:19.040><c> to</c><00:46:19.160><c> make</c><00:46:19.359><c> all</c><00:46:19.480><c> the</c>

00:46:19.590 --> 00:46:19.600 align:start position:0%
person or type of people to make all the
 

00:46:19.600 --> 00:46:21.910 align:start position:0%
person or type of people to make all the
decisions.<00:46:20.280><c> We've</c><00:46:20.440><c> got</c><00:46:20.680><c> to</c><00:46:20.880><c> all</c><00:46:21.240><c> come</c><00:46:21.440><c> in.</c><00:46:21.760><c> And</c>

00:46:21.910 --> 00:46:21.920 align:start position:0%
decisions. We've got to all come in. And
 

00:46:21.920 --> 00:46:23.990 align:start position:0%
decisions. We've got to all come in. And
there<00:46:22.080><c> are</c><00:46:22.160><c> people</c><00:46:22.720><c> who</c><00:46:22.920><c> are</c><00:46:23.200><c> have</c><00:46:23.440><c> terrible</c>

00:46:23.990 --> 00:46:24.000 align:start position:0%
there are people who are have terrible
 

00:46:24.000 --> 00:46:25.910 align:start position:0%
there are people who are have terrible
ideas.

00:46:25.910 --> 00:46:25.920 align:start position:0%
ideas.
 

00:46:25.920 --> 00:46:27.550 align:start position:0%
ideas.
And<00:46:26.280><c> And</c><00:46:26.400><c> sometimes</c><00:46:26.800><c> people</c><00:46:27.000><c> have</c><00:46:27.160><c> terrible</c>

00:46:27.550 --> 00:46:27.560 align:start position:0%
And And sometimes people have terrible
 

00:46:27.560 --> 00:46:29.430 align:start position:0%
And And sometimes people have terrible
ideas<00:46:28.400><c> that</c><00:46:28.640><c> that</c><00:46:28.760><c> are</c><00:46:28.840><c> opposite</c><00:46:29.200><c> of</c><00:46:29.280><c> each</c>

00:46:29.430 --> 00:46:29.440 align:start position:0%
ideas that that are opposite of each
 

00:46:29.440 --> 00:46:30.790 align:start position:0%
ideas that that are opposite of each
other<00:46:29.680><c> and</c><00:46:29.760><c> they</c><00:46:29.880><c> cancel</c><00:46:30.240><c> each</c><00:46:30.400><c> other</c><00:46:30.640><c> out.</c>

00:46:30.790 --> 00:46:30.800 align:start position:0%
other and they cancel each other out.
 

00:46:30.800 --> 00:46:32.870 align:start position:0%
other and they cancel each other out.
And<00:46:30.880><c> that's</c><00:46:31.040><c> like</c><00:46:31.160><c> our</c><00:46:31.320><c> only</c><00:46:31.600><c> hope</c><00:46:32.240><c> is</c><00:46:32.440><c> to</c><00:46:32.560><c> hope</c>

00:46:32.870 --> 00:46:32.880 align:start position:0%
And that's like our only hope is to hope
 

00:46:32.880 --> 00:46:34.550 align:start position:0%
And that's like our only hope is to hope
that<00:46:33.120><c> things</c><00:46:33.400><c> cancel</c><00:46:33.960><c> out</c><00:46:34.200><c> and</c><00:46:34.320><c> what</c><00:46:34.440><c> we're</c>

00:46:34.550 --> 00:46:34.560 align:start position:0%
that things cancel out and what we're
 

00:46:34.560 --> 00:46:37.790 align:start position:0%
that things cancel out and what we're
left<00:46:34.840><c> with</c><00:46:35.440><c> is</c><00:46:35.680><c> the</c><00:46:35.840><c> wisest</c><00:46:36.400><c> way</c><00:46:36.600><c> to</c><00:46:36.800><c> go.</c><00:46:37.640><c> What</c>

00:46:37.790 --> 00:46:37.800 align:start position:0%
left with is the wisest way to go. What
 

00:46:37.800 --> 00:46:39.270 align:start position:0%
left with is the wisest way to go. What
does<00:46:37.960><c> your</c><00:46:38.400><c> What</c><00:46:38.520><c> does</c><00:46:38.640><c> your</c><00:46:38.760><c> t-shirt</c><00:46:39.120><c> say</c>

00:46:39.270 --> 00:46:39.280 align:start position:0%
does your What does your t-shirt say
 

00:46:39.280 --> 00:46:40.830 align:start position:0%
does your What does your t-shirt say
today,<00:46:39.520><c> Michael?</c><00:46:39.880><c> I</c><00:46:39.920><c> sort</c><00:46:40.120><c> of</c><00:46:40.200><c> feel</c><00:46:40.400><c> like</c>

00:46:40.830 --> 00:46:40.840 align:start position:0%
today, Michael? I sort of feel like
 

00:46:40.840 --> 00:46:42.750 align:start position:0%
today, Michael? I sort of feel like
somehow<00:46:41.240><c> rather</c><00:46:41.480><c> we've</c><00:46:41.680><c> been</c><00:46:42.120><c> Oh,</c><00:46:42.320><c> it's</c><00:46:42.520><c> very</c>

00:46:42.750 --> 00:46:42.760 align:start position:0%
somehow rather we've been Oh, it's very
 

00:46:42.760 --> 00:46:45.110 align:start position:0%
somehow rather we've been Oh, it's very
reflective<00:46:43.480><c> of</c><00:46:43.600><c> kind</c><00:46:43.800><c> of</c><00:46:44.320><c> the</c><00:46:44.480><c> mood</c><00:46:45.000><c> that</c>

00:46:45.110 --> 00:46:45.120 align:start position:0%
reflective of kind of the mood that
 

00:46:45.120 --> 00:46:46.042 align:start position:0%
reflective of kind of the mood that
we've<00:46:45.280><c> created</c><00:46:45.720><c> here.</c>

00:46:46.042 --> 00:46:46.052 align:start position:0%
we've created here.
 

00:46:46.052 --> 00:46:46.190 align:start position:0%
we've created here.
&gt;&gt; [laughter]

00:46:46.190 --> 00:46:46.200 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
 

00:46:46.200 --> 00:46:49.630 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
&gt;&gt; Everything<00:46:46.760><c> is</c><00:46:46.960><c> terrible.</c>

00:46:49.630 --> 00:46:49.640 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Everything is terrible.
 

00:46:49.640 --> 00:46:51.990 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Everything is terrible.
With<00:46:49.840><c> an</c><00:46:50.000><c> atomic</c><00:46:50.560><c> bomb</c><00:46:51.320><c> going</c><00:46:51.600><c> off</c><00:46:51.800><c> in</c><00:46:51.920><c> the</c>

00:46:51.990 --> 00:46:52.000 align:start position:0%
With an atomic bomb going off in the
 

00:46:52.000 --> 00:46:54.910 align:start position:0%
With an atomic bomb going off in the
background.<00:46:52.920><c> It's</c><00:46:53.120><c> not</c><00:46:53.480><c> actually</c><00:46:54.359><c> the</c><00:46:54.800><c> I'm</c>

00:46:54.910 --> 00:46:54.920 align:start position:0%
background. It's not actually the I'm
 

00:46:54.920 --> 00:46:56.349 align:start position:0%
background. It's not actually the I'm
not<00:46:55.120><c> saying</c><00:46:55.359><c> that</c><00:46:55.560><c> I</c><00:46:55.680><c> feel</c><00:46:55.920><c> everything</c><00:46:56.240><c> is</c>

00:46:56.349 --> 00:46:56.359 align:start position:0%
not saying that I feel everything is
 

00:46:56.359 --> 00:46:58.950 align:start position:0%
not saying that I feel everything is
terrible.<00:46:56.760><c> This</c><00:46:56.960><c> is</c><00:46:57.120><c> a</c><00:46:57.640><c> a</c><00:46:57.720><c> troop</c><00:46:58.600><c> of</c>

00:46:58.950 --> 00:46:58.960 align:start position:0%
terrible. This is a a troop of
 

00:46:58.960 --> 00:47:02.270 align:start position:0%
terrible. This is a a troop of
performers<00:46:59.840><c> who</c><00:47:00.600><c> collect</c><00:47:01.240><c> found</c><00:47:01.920><c> media</c>

00:47:02.270 --> 00:47:02.280 align:start position:0%
performers who collect found media
 

00:47:02.280 --> 00:47:04.710 align:start position:0%
performers who collect found media
footage<00:47:03.040><c> and</c><00:47:03.760><c> they</c><00:47:03.880><c> do</c><00:47:04.080><c> shows</c><00:47:04.480><c> where</c><00:47:04.560><c> they</c>

00:47:04.710 --> 00:47:04.720 align:start position:0%
footage and they do shows where they
 

00:47:04.720 --> 00:47:06.310 align:start position:0%
footage and they do shows where they
show<00:47:04.960><c> it</c><00:47:05.080><c> off.</c><00:47:05.280><c> And</c><00:47:05.359><c> they</c><00:47:05.440><c> call</c><00:47:05.680><c> themselves</c>

00:47:06.310 --> 00:47:06.320 align:start position:0%
show it off. And they call themselves
 

00:47:06.320 --> 00:47:08.150 align:start position:0%
show it off. And they call themselves
everything<00:47:06.800><c> is</c><00:47:06.920><c> terrible.</c><00:47:07.760><c> Uh</c><00:47:07.840><c> they're</c><00:47:08.000><c> kind</c>

00:47:08.150 --> 00:47:08.160 align:start position:0%
everything is terrible. Uh they're kind
 

00:47:08.160 --> 00:47:10.510 align:start position:0%
everything is terrible. Uh they're kind
of<00:47:08.280><c> like</c><00:47:09.040><c> they</c><00:47:09.160><c> really</c><00:47:09.520><c> love</c><00:47:10.000><c> this</c><00:47:10.240><c> like</c>

00:47:10.510 --> 00:47:10.520 align:start position:0%
of like they really love this like
 

00:47:10.520 --> 00:47:13.070 align:start position:0%
of like they really love this like
terrible,<00:47:11.560><c> forgotten</c><00:47:12.040><c> media.</c><00:47:12.840><c> They're</c><00:47:13.000><c> a</c>

00:47:13.070 --> 00:47:13.080 align:start position:0%
terrible, forgotten media. They're a
 

00:47:13.080 --> 00:47:14.630 align:start position:0%
terrible, forgotten media. They're a
great<00:47:13.320><c> group.</c><00:47:13.760><c> I</c><00:47:13.800><c> don't</c><00:47:14.120><c> actually</c><00:47:14.440><c> haven't</c>

00:47:14.630 --> 00:47:14.640 align:start position:0%
great group. I don't actually haven't
 

00:47:14.640 --> 00:47:16.750 align:start position:0%
great group. I don't actually haven't
checked<00:47:14.840><c> in</c><00:47:14.960><c> on</c><00:47:15.040><c> them</c><00:47:15.160><c> in</c><00:47:15.240><c> a</c><00:47:15.280><c> while,</c><00:47:15.680><c> but</c><00:47:16.240><c> uh</c>

00:47:16.750 --> 00:47:16.760 align:start position:0%
checked in on them in a while, but uh
 

00:47:16.760 --> 00:47:18.470 align:start position:0%
checked in on them in a while, but uh
Basically,<00:47:17.240><c> what</c><00:47:17.440><c> we</c><00:47:17.560><c> solved</c><00:47:17.880><c> human</c><00:47:18.120><c> nature</c>

00:47:18.470 --> 00:47:18.480 align:start position:0%
Basically, what we solved human nature
 

00:47:18.480 --> 00:47:19.910 align:start position:0%
Basically, what we solved human nature
today,<00:47:18.760><c> is</c><00:47:18.880><c> that</c><00:47:19.120><c> right?</c><00:47:19.520><c> I</c><00:47:19.560><c> think</c><00:47:19.800><c> we</c>

00:47:19.910 --> 00:47:19.920 align:start position:0%
today, is that right? I think we
 

00:47:19.920 --> 00:47:21.310 align:start position:0%
today, is that right? I think we
probably<00:47:20.359><c> did.</c>

00:47:21.310 --> 00:47:21.320 align:start position:0%
probably did.
 

00:47:21.320 --> 00:47:23.270 align:start position:0%
probably did.
&gt;&gt; it.<00:47:21.480><c> We</c><00:47:21.600><c> finally</c><00:47:22.000><c> cracked</c><00:47:22.400><c> it.</c><00:47:22.600><c> When</c><00:47:22.760><c> it</c><00:47:22.880><c> comes</c>

00:47:23.270 --> 00:47:23.280 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; it. We finally cracked it. When it comes
 

00:47:23.280 --> 00:47:25.790 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; it. We finally cracked it. When it comes
to<00:47:23.800><c> things</c><00:47:24.160><c> that</c><00:47:24.320><c> we</c><00:47:24.440><c> do</c><00:47:24.680><c> that</c><00:47:24.840><c> are</c><00:47:24.960><c> social,</c>

00:47:25.790 --> 00:47:25.800 align:start position:0%
to things that we do that are social,
 

00:47:25.800 --> 00:47:27.390 align:start position:0%
to things that we do that are social,
there's<00:47:26.240><c> there's</c><00:47:26.480><c> another</c><00:47:26.880><c> really</c><00:47:27.120><c> funny</c>

00:47:27.390 --> 00:47:27.400 align:start position:0%
there's there's another really funny
 

00:47:27.400 --> 00:47:29.030 align:start position:0%
there's there's another really funny
example<00:47:27.920><c> that</c><00:47:28.120><c> I</c><00:47:28.240><c> I've</c><00:47:28.359><c> been</c><00:47:28.520><c> wanting</c><00:47:28.760><c> to</c><00:47:28.840><c> do</c><00:47:29.000><c> a</c>

00:47:29.030 --> 00:47:29.040 align:start position:0%
example that I I've been wanting to do a
 

00:47:29.040 --> 00:47:32.990 align:start position:0%
example that I I've been wanting to do a
longer<00:47:29.480><c> video</c><00:47:29.840><c> about.</c><00:47:30.359><c> And</c><00:47:31.120><c> it's</c><00:47:31.480><c> the</c><00:47:31.880><c> classic</c>

00:47:32.990 --> 00:47:33.000 align:start position:0%
longer video about. And it's the classic
 

00:47:33.000 --> 00:47:36.910 align:start position:0%
longer video about. And it's the classic
situation<00:47:34.400><c> where</c><00:47:35.080><c> you</c><00:47:35.520><c> are</c><00:47:35.920><c> at</c><00:47:36.040><c> a</c><00:47:36.080><c> restaurant</c>

00:47:36.910 --> 00:47:36.920 align:start position:0%
situation where you are at a restaurant
 

00:47:36.920 --> 00:47:39.230 align:start position:0%
situation where you are at a restaurant
and<00:47:37.120><c> the</c><00:47:37.240><c> waiter</c><00:47:37.800><c> brings</c><00:47:38.359><c> your</c><00:47:38.560><c> food</c><00:47:38.840><c> out</c><00:47:39.080><c> and</c>

00:47:39.230 --> 00:47:39.240 align:start position:0%
and the waiter brings your food out and
 

00:47:39.240 --> 00:47:41.430 align:start position:0%
and the waiter brings your food out and
says,<00:47:39.880><c> "All</c><00:47:40.000><c> right,</c><00:47:40.280><c> enjoy</c><00:47:40.600><c> your</c><00:47:40.720><c> meal."</c><00:47:41.240><c> And</c>

00:47:41.430 --> 00:47:41.440 align:start position:0%
says, "All right, enjoy your meal." And
 

00:47:41.440 --> 00:47:43.990 align:start position:0%
says, "All right, enjoy your meal." And
you<00:47:41.560><c> go,</c><00:47:42.040><c> "Oh,</c><00:47:42.200><c> you</c><00:47:42.359><c> too."</c><00:47:42.960><c> I</c><00:47:43.080><c> mean,</c><00:47:43.600><c> thank</c>

00:47:43.990 --> 00:47:44.000 align:start position:0%
you go, "Oh, you too." I mean, thank
 

00:47:44.000 --> 00:47:44.990 align:start position:0%
you go, "Oh, you too." I mean, thank
you.

00:47:44.990 --> 00:47:45.000 align:start position:0%
you.
 

00:47:45.000 --> 00:47:46.710 align:start position:0%
you.
Or,<00:47:45.600><c> you</c><00:47:45.680><c> know,</c><00:47:45.840><c> you're</c><00:47:46.040><c> at</c><00:47:46.320><c> you're</c><00:47:46.520><c> you're</c>

00:47:46.710 --> 00:47:46.720 align:start position:0%
Or, you know, you're at you're you're
 

00:47:46.720 --> 00:47:47.950 align:start position:0%
Or, you know, you're at you're you're
you're<00:47:46.880><c> dropping</c><00:47:47.240><c> off</c><00:47:47.359><c> your</c><00:47:47.480><c> bag</c><00:47:47.720><c> at</c><00:47:47.840><c> the</c>

00:47:47.950 --> 00:47:47.960 align:start position:0%
you're dropping off your bag at the
 

00:47:47.960 --> 00:47:50.870 align:start position:0%
you're dropping off your bag at the
airport<00:47:48.760><c> and</c><00:47:49.520><c> the</c><00:47:49.720><c> gate</c><00:47:50.120><c> attendant</c><00:47:50.680><c> says,</c>

00:47:50.870 --> 00:47:50.880 align:start position:0%
airport and the gate attendant says,
 

00:47:50.880 --> 00:47:52.150 align:start position:0%
airport and the gate attendant says,
"All<00:47:50.960><c> right,</c><00:47:51.080><c> have</c><00:47:51.200><c> a</c><00:47:51.320><c> nice</c><00:47:51.600><c> flight."</c><00:47:51.960><c> And</c><00:47:52.080><c> you</c>

00:47:52.150 --> 00:47:52.160 align:start position:0%
"All right, have a nice flight." And you
 

00:47:52.160 --> 00:47:54.270 align:start position:0%
"All right, have a nice flight." And you
go,<00:47:52.359><c> "You</c><00:47:52.560><c> too."</c><00:47:53.040><c> Oh</c><00:47:53.200><c> shoot,</c><00:47:53.560><c> no,</c><00:47:53.800><c> I</c><00:47:53.880><c> mean,</c>

00:47:54.270 --> 00:47:54.280 align:start position:0%
go, "You too." Oh shoot, no, I mean,
 

00:47:54.280 --> 00:47:56.270 align:start position:0%
go, "You too." Oh shoot, no, I mean,
thanks.<00:47:55.080><c> Why</c><00:47:55.240><c> do</c><00:47:55.320><c> we</c><00:47:55.440><c> do</c><00:47:55.560><c> that?</c><00:47:56.000><c> Well,</c><00:47:56.120><c> there's</c>

00:47:56.270 --> 00:47:56.280 align:start position:0%
thanks. Why do we do that? Well, there's
 

00:47:56.280 --> 00:47:59.310 align:start position:0%
thanks. Why do we do that? Well, there's
a<00:47:56.359><c> name</c><00:47:57.400><c> for</c><00:47:57.560><c> those</c><00:47:57.960><c> kinds</c><00:47:58.400><c> of</c><00:47:58.520><c> exchanges,</c>

00:47:59.310 --> 00:47:59.320 align:start position:0%
a name for those kinds of exchanges,
 

00:47:59.320 --> 00:48:01.349 align:start position:0%
a name for those kinds of exchanges,
those<00:47:59.600><c> kinds</c><00:48:00.160><c> of</c><00:48:00.320><c> words</c><00:48:00.680><c> we</c><00:48:00.800><c> say</c><00:48:01.000><c> to</c><00:48:01.160><c> each</c>

00:48:01.349 --> 00:48:01.359 align:start position:0%
those kinds of words we say to each
 

00:48:01.359 --> 00:48:03.790 align:start position:0%
those kinds of words we say to each
other.<00:48:02.200><c> Back</c><00:48:02.440><c> in</c><00:48:02.560><c> the</c><00:48:02.680><c> '30s,</c><00:48:03.120><c> a</c><00:48:03.200><c> researcher</c>

00:48:03.790 --> 00:48:03.800 align:start position:0%
other. Back in the '30s, a researcher
 

00:48:03.800 --> 00:48:07.310 align:start position:0%
other. Back in the '30s, a researcher
named<00:48:04.200><c> Bronisław</c><00:48:04.760><c> Malinowski</c><00:48:06.240><c> called</c><00:48:06.920><c> these</c>

00:48:07.310 --> 00:48:07.320 align:start position:0%
named Bronisław Malinowski called these
 

00:48:07.320 --> 00:48:09.390 align:start position:0%
named Bronisław Malinowski called these
kinds<00:48:07.840><c> of</c><00:48:07.920><c> exchanges</c>

00:48:09.390 --> 00:48:09.400 align:start position:0%
kinds of exchanges
 

00:48:09.400 --> 00:48:12.910 align:start position:0%
kinds of exchanges
phatic<00:48:10.359><c> communion.</c><00:48:11.560><c> Okay.</c>

00:48:12.910 --> 00:48:12.920 align:start position:0%
phatic communion. Okay.
 

00:48:12.920 --> 00:48:14.710 align:start position:0%
phatic communion. Okay.
Like<00:48:13.160><c> you're</c><00:48:13.680><c> you're</c><00:48:13.880><c> breaking</c><00:48:14.280><c> the</c><00:48:14.400><c> bread</c>

00:48:14.710 --> 00:48:14.720 align:start position:0%
Like you're you're breaking the bread
 

00:48:14.720 --> 00:48:17.190 align:start position:0%
Like you're you're breaking the bread
together.<00:48:15.520><c> That's</c><00:48:15.760><c> right.</c><00:48:15.960><c> It's</c><00:48:16.160><c> communion.</c>

00:48:17.190 --> 00:48:17.200 align:start position:0%
together. That's right. It's communion.
 

00:48:17.200 --> 00:48:18.870 align:start position:0%
together. That's right. It's communion.
It's<00:48:17.440><c> breaking</c><00:48:17.880><c> bread</c><00:48:18.200><c> together.</c><00:48:18.600><c> It's</c>

00:48:18.870 --> 00:48:18.880 align:start position:0%
It's breaking bread together. It's
 

00:48:18.880 --> 00:48:20.950 align:start position:0%
It's breaking bread together. It's
showing<00:48:19.280><c> that</c><00:48:19.480><c> I'm</c><00:48:19.680><c> here.</c><00:48:20.160><c> I</c><00:48:20.320><c> acknowledge</c>

00:48:20.950 --> 00:48:20.960 align:start position:0%
showing that I'm here. I acknowledge
 

00:48:20.960 --> 00:48:22.590 align:start position:0%
showing that I'm here. I acknowledge
you.<00:48:21.160><c> We're</c><00:48:21.320><c> both</c><00:48:21.560><c> humans.</c>

00:48:22.590 --> 00:48:22.600 align:start position:0%
you. We're both humans.
 

00:48:22.600 --> 00:48:25.190 align:start position:0%
you. We're both humans.
But<00:48:22.760><c> it's</c><00:48:22.920><c> communion</c><00:48:23.440><c> done</c><00:48:23.800><c> through</c><00:48:24.440><c> phatic</c>

00:48:25.190 --> 00:48:25.200 align:start position:0%
But it's communion done through phatic
 

00:48:25.200 --> 00:48:26.710 align:start position:0%
But it's communion done through phatic
means,<00:48:25.880><c> which</c><00:48:26.080><c> means</c><00:48:26.280><c> pertaining</c><00:48:26.640><c> to</c>

00:48:26.710 --> 00:48:26.720 align:start position:0%
means, which means pertaining to
 

00:48:26.720 --> 00:48:28.710 align:start position:0%
means, which means pertaining to
language.<00:48:27.240><c> So</c><00:48:27.400><c> when</c><00:48:27.600><c> we</c><00:48:27.760><c> say</c><00:48:28.000><c> things</c><00:48:28.320><c> to</c><00:48:28.480><c> each</c>

00:48:28.710 --> 00:48:28.720 align:start position:0%
language. So when we say things to each
 

00:48:28.720 --> 00:48:31.270 align:start position:0%
language. So when we say things to each
other<00:48:29.040><c> like,</c><00:48:29.760><c> "Oh</c><00:48:30.000><c> hey,</c><00:48:30.240><c> how's</c><00:48:30.359><c> it</c><00:48:30.440><c> going?"</c>

00:48:31.270 --> 00:48:31.280 align:start position:0%
other like, "Oh hey, how's it going?"
 

00:48:31.280 --> 00:48:34.390 align:start position:0%
other like, "Oh hey, how's it going?"
I'm<00:48:31.520><c> not</c><00:48:32.000><c> literally</c><00:48:32.640><c> asking,</c><00:48:33.760><c> "Tell</c><00:48:34.000><c> me</c><00:48:34.200><c> how</c>

00:48:34.390 --> 00:48:34.400 align:start position:0%
I'm not literally asking, "Tell me how
 

00:48:34.400 --> 00:48:36.590 align:start position:0%
I'm not literally asking, "Tell me how
things<00:48:34.720><c> are</c><00:48:34.840><c> going."</c><00:48:35.640><c> In</c><00:48:35.800><c> fact,</c><00:48:36.160><c> a</c><00:48:36.240><c> common</c>

00:48:36.590 --> 00:48:36.600 align:start position:0%
things are going." In fact, a common
 

00:48:36.600 --> 00:48:38.670 align:start position:0%
things are going." In fact, a common
response<00:48:37.080><c> to,</c><00:48:37.480><c> "Hey,</c><00:48:37.760><c> what's</c><00:48:38.000><c> up?"</c><00:48:38.280><c> or</c><00:48:38.480><c> "Hey,</c>

00:48:38.670 --> 00:48:38.680 align:start position:0%
response to, "Hey, what's up?" or "Hey,
 

00:48:38.680 --> 00:48:40.670 align:start position:0%
response to, "Hey, what's up?" or "Hey,
how's<00:48:38.800><c> it</c><00:48:38.880><c> going?"</c><00:48:39.240><c> is,</c><00:48:39.640><c> "Oh</c><00:48:39.920><c> hey,</c><00:48:40.080><c> man."</c>

00:48:40.670 --> 00:48:40.680 align:start position:0%
how's it going?" is, "Oh hey, man."
 

00:48:40.680 --> 00:48:42.110 align:start position:0%
how's it going?" is, "Oh hey, man."
You're<00:48:40.960><c> literally</c><00:48:41.320><c> not</c><00:48:41.440><c> answering</c><00:48:41.720><c> at</c><00:48:41.800><c> all.</c>

00:48:42.110 --> 00:48:42.120 align:start position:0%
You're literally not answering at all.
 

00:48:42.120 --> 00:48:43.390 align:start position:0%
You're literally not answering at all.
You're<00:48:42.240><c> You're</c><00:48:42.359><c> literally</c><00:48:42.760><c> ignoring</c><00:48:43.240><c> their</c>

00:48:43.390 --> 00:48:43.400 align:start position:0%
You're You're literally ignoring their
 

00:48:43.400 --> 00:48:45.349 align:start position:0%
You're You're literally ignoring their
question.<00:48:44.160><c> An</c><00:48:44.359><c> alien</c><00:48:44.800><c> would</c><00:48:44.960><c> find</c><00:48:45.200><c> that</c>

00:48:45.349 --> 00:48:45.359 align:start position:0%
question. An alien would find that
 

00:48:45.359 --> 00:48:47.430 align:start position:0%
question. An alien would find that
really<00:48:45.600><c> weird,</c><00:48:45.960><c> but</c><00:48:46.240><c> we</c><00:48:46.680><c> understand</c><00:48:47.240><c> that</c><00:48:47.359><c> I</c>

00:48:47.430 --> 00:48:47.440 align:start position:0%
really weird, but we understand that I
 

00:48:47.440 --> 00:48:49.750 align:start position:0%
really weird, but we understand that I
wasn't<00:48:47.760><c> actually</c><00:48:48.120><c> asking</c><00:48:48.600><c> you,</c><00:48:49.120><c> "What</c><00:48:49.480><c> is</c>

00:48:49.750 --> 00:48:49.760 align:start position:0%
wasn't actually asking you, "What is
 

00:48:49.760 --> 00:48:51.910 align:start position:0%
wasn't actually asking you, "What is
up?"<00:48:50.200><c> or</c><00:48:50.440><c> "How's</c><00:48:50.680><c> it</c><00:48:50.800><c> going?"</c><00:48:51.520><c> I'm</c><00:48:51.720><c> just</c>

00:48:51.910 --> 00:48:51.920 align:start position:0%
up?" or "How's it going?" I'm just
 

00:48:51.920 --> 00:48:54.150 align:start position:0%
up?" or "How's it going?" I'm just
saying<00:48:52.359><c> I</c><00:48:52.480><c> acknowledge</c><00:48:53.040><c> that</c><00:48:53.200><c> you're</c><00:48:53.400><c> here.</c>

00:48:54.150 --> 00:48:54.160 align:start position:0%
saying I acknowledge that you're here.
 

00:48:54.160 --> 00:48:55.510 align:start position:0%
saying I acknowledge that you're here.
We're<00:48:54.320><c> two</c><00:48:54.560><c> social</c><00:48:54.960><c> beings</c><00:48:55.240><c> who</c><00:48:55.359><c> can</c>

00:48:55.510 --> 00:48:55.520 align:start position:0%
We're two social beings who can
 

00:48:55.520 --> 00:48:57.630 align:start position:0%
We're two social beings who can
communicate<00:48:56.560><c> and</c><00:48:56.720><c> we</c><00:48:56.800><c> just</c><00:48:56.960><c> need</c><00:48:57.080><c> to</c><00:48:57.160><c> say</c><00:48:57.359><c> hi</c>

00:48:57.630 --> 00:48:57.640 align:start position:0%
communicate and we just need to say hi
 

00:48:57.640 --> 00:48:58.910 align:start position:0%
communicate and we just need to say hi
to<00:48:57.800><c> each</c><00:48:58.000><c> other.</c><00:48:58.200><c> We</c><00:48:58.320><c> just</c><00:48:58.440><c> need</c><00:48:58.560><c> to</c><00:48:58.640><c> give</c><00:48:58.760><c> each</c>

00:48:58.910 --> 00:48:58.920 align:start position:0%
to each other. We just need to give each
 

00:48:58.920 --> 00:49:00.630 align:start position:0%
to each other. We just need to give each
other<00:48:59.120><c> a</c><00:48:59.160><c> bit</c><00:48:59.280><c> of</c><00:48:59.400><c> a</c><00:48:59.440><c> nod.</c><00:48:59.840><c> That's</c><00:49:00.120><c> it.</c><00:49:00.560><c> A</c>

00:49:00.630 --> 00:49:00.640 align:start position:0%
other a bit of a nod. That's it. A
 

00:49:00.640 --> 00:49:02.590 align:start position:0%
other a bit of a nod. That's it. A
little<00:49:00.840><c> bit</c><00:49:00.960><c> of</c><00:49:01.040><c> communion.</c><00:49:01.800><c> A</c><00:49:01.880><c> little</c><00:49:02.280><c> bit</c><00:49:02.480><c> of</c>

00:49:02.590 --> 00:49:02.600 align:start position:0%
little bit of communion. A little bit of
 

00:49:02.600 --> 00:49:04.190 align:start position:0%
little bit of communion. A little bit of
communion.<00:49:03.240><c> And</c><00:49:03.359><c> that's</c><00:49:03.600><c> what</c><00:49:03.720><c> the</c><00:49:03.840><c> waiter</c>

00:49:04.190 --> 00:49:04.200 align:start position:0%
communion. And that's what the waiter
 

00:49:04.200 --> 00:49:05.710 align:start position:0%
communion. And that's what the waiter
does<00:49:04.440><c> when</c><00:49:04.600><c> they</c><00:49:04.760><c> say,</c><00:49:05.000><c> "Hey,</c><00:49:05.240><c> have</c><00:49:05.440><c> a</c><00:49:05.480><c> great</c>

00:49:05.710 --> 00:49:05.720 align:start position:0%
does when they say, "Hey, have a great
 

00:49:05.720 --> 00:49:07.670 align:start position:0%
does when they say, "Hey, have a great
meal."<00:49:06.280><c> You</c><00:49:06.600><c> are</c><00:49:07.040><c> you're</c><00:49:07.320><c> are</c><00:49:07.440><c> you're</c>

00:49:07.670 --> 00:49:07.680 align:start position:0%
meal." You are you're are you're
 

00:49:07.680 --> 00:49:10.470 align:start position:0%
meal." You are you're are you're
automatically<00:49:08.520><c> ready</c><00:49:08.880><c> to</c><00:49:09.280><c> to</c><00:49:09.720><c> to</c><00:49:09.920><c> exchange</c>

00:49:10.470 --> 00:49:10.480 align:start position:0%
automatically ready to to to exchange
 

00:49:10.480 --> 00:49:12.630 align:start position:0%
automatically ready to to to exchange
these<00:49:10.720><c> things</c><00:49:11.120><c> without</c><00:49:11.640><c> conscious</c><00:49:12.120><c> thought.</c>

00:49:12.630 --> 00:49:12.640 align:start position:0%
these things without conscious thought.
 

00:49:12.640 --> 00:49:15.790 align:start position:0%
these things without conscious thought.
And<00:49:12.760><c> that's</c><00:49:13.040><c> why</c><00:49:13.760><c> we</c><00:49:13.920><c> absentmindedly</c><00:49:15.200><c> respond</c>

00:49:15.790 --> 00:49:15.800 align:start position:0%
And that's why we absentmindedly respond
 

00:49:15.800 --> 00:49:19.314 align:start position:0%
And that's why we absentmindedly respond
with<00:49:16.000><c> you,</c><00:49:16.160><c> too.</c><00:49:16.640><c> I</c><00:49:16.880><c> um</c><00:49:17.200><c> I</c><00:49:17.320><c> have</c><00:49:17.560><c> heard</c><00:49:18.280><c> uh</c>

00:49:19.314 --> 00:49:19.324 align:start position:0%
with you, too. I um I have heard uh
 

00:49:19.324 --> 00:49:19.550 align:start position:0%
with you, too. I um I have heard uh
&gt;&gt; [laughter]

00:49:19.550 --> 00:49:19.560 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
 

00:49:19.560 --> 00:49:21.710 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
&gt;&gt; from<00:49:20.000><c> an</c><00:49:20.120><c> American</c><00:49:20.600><c> who</c><00:49:20.720><c> moved</c><00:49:20.960><c> to</c><00:49:21.040><c> London.</c><00:49:21.600><c> He</c>

00:49:21.710 --> 00:49:21.720 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; from an American who moved to London. He
 

00:49:21.720 --> 00:49:24.030 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; from an American who moved to London. He
found<00:49:21.920><c> it</c><00:49:21.960><c> extremely</c><00:49:22.480><c> confusing</c><00:49:23.240><c> when</c><00:49:23.640><c> when</c>

00:49:24.030 --> 00:49:24.040 align:start position:0%
found it extremely confusing when when
 

00:49:24.040 --> 00:49:25.190 align:start position:0%
found it extremely confusing when when
he<00:49:24.160><c> first</c><00:49:24.400><c> got</c><00:49:24.560><c> here</c><00:49:24.680><c> and</c><00:49:24.760><c> people</c><00:49:24.960><c> were</c><00:49:25.040><c> like,</c>

00:49:25.190 --> 00:49:25.200 align:start position:0%
he first got here and people were like,
 

00:49:25.200 --> 00:49:26.470 align:start position:0%
he first got here and people were like,
"You<00:49:25.280><c> all</c><00:49:25.359><c> right?"</c>

00:49:26.470 --> 00:49:26.480 align:start position:0%
"You all right?"
 

00:49:26.480 --> 00:49:27.430 align:start position:0%
"You all right?"
"You<00:49:26.600><c> all</c><00:49:26.680><c> right?"</c><00:49:27.000><c> He</c><00:49:27.080><c> was</c><00:49:27.200><c> like,</c><00:49:27.280><c> "What</c><00:49:27.400><c> do</c>

00:49:27.430 --> 00:49:27.440 align:start position:0%
"You all right?" He was like, "What do
 

00:49:27.440 --> 00:49:28.510 align:start position:0%
"You all right?" He was like, "What do
you<00:49:27.520><c> mean,</c><00:49:27.640><c> am</c><00:49:27.760><c> I</c><00:49:27.840><c> all</c><00:49:27.920><c> right?</c><00:49:28.320><c> Am</c><00:49:28.359><c> I</c><00:49:28.440><c> all</c>

00:49:28.510 --> 00:49:28.520 align:start position:0%
you mean, am I all right? Am I all
 

00:49:28.520 --> 00:49:30.430 align:start position:0%
you mean, am I all right? Am I all
right?"<00:49:29.280><c> And</c><00:49:29.359><c> was</c><00:49:29.520><c> it</c><00:49:29.720><c> me</c><00:49:29.880><c> that</c><00:49:30.080><c> told</c><00:49:30.359><c> you</c>

00:49:30.430 --> 00:49:30.440 align:start position:0%
right?" And was it me that told you
 

00:49:30.440 --> 00:49:32.110 align:start position:0%
right?" And was it me that told you
that?<00:49:30.920><c> Because</c><00:49:31.200><c> this</c><00:49:31.400><c> was</c><00:49:31.560><c> my</c><00:49:31.760><c> one</c><00:49:31.960><c> of</c><00:49:32.000><c> my</c>

00:49:32.110 --> 00:49:32.120 align:start position:0%
that? Because this was my one of my
 

00:49:32.120 --> 00:49:33.790 align:start position:0%
that? Because this was my one of my
biggest<00:49:32.520><c> struggles</c><00:49:32.960><c> when</c><00:49:33.080><c> I</c><00:49:33.160><c> first</c><00:49:33.480><c> moved</c><00:49:33.720><c> to</c>

00:49:33.790 --> 00:49:33.800 align:start position:0%
biggest struggles when I first moved to
 

00:49:33.800 --> 00:49:36.230 align:start position:0%
biggest struggles when I first moved to
the<00:49:33.920><c> UK.</c><00:49:34.680><c> Every</c><00:49:35.160><c> time</c><00:49:35.520><c> I</c><00:49:35.600><c> entered</c><00:49:35.840><c> a</c><00:49:35.920><c> room,</c>

00:49:36.230 --> 00:49:36.240 align:start position:0%
the UK. Every time I entered a room,
 

00:49:36.240 --> 00:49:37.550 align:start position:0%
the UK. Every time I entered a room,
people<00:49:36.520><c> would</c><00:49:36.600><c> be</c><00:49:36.720><c> like,</c><00:49:37.360><c> "You're</c><00:49:37.480><c> all</c>

00:49:37.550 --> 00:49:37.560 align:start position:0%
people would be like, "You're all
 

00:49:37.560 --> 00:49:38.630 align:start position:0%
people would be like, "You're all
right?"

00:49:38.630 --> 00:49:38.640 align:start position:0%
right?"
 

00:49:38.640 --> 00:49:39.790 align:start position:0%
right?"
And<00:49:38.760><c> I'd</c><00:49:38.840><c> be</c><00:49:38.920><c> like,</c><00:49:39.080><c> "What's</c><00:49:39.280><c> wrong?</c><00:49:39.520><c> Why</c><00:49:39.680><c> do</c>

00:49:39.790 --> 00:49:39.800 align:start position:0%
And I'd be like, "What's wrong? Why do
 

00:49:39.800 --> 00:49:41.390 align:start position:0%
And I'd be like, "What's wrong? Why do
you<00:49:39.920><c> think</c><00:49:40.080><c> something's</c><00:49:40.440><c> wrong</c><00:49:40.640><c> with</c><00:49:40.800><c> me?</c><00:49:41.200><c> Am</c>

00:49:41.390 --> 00:49:41.400 align:start position:0%
you think something's wrong with me? Am
 

00:49:41.400 --> 00:49:44.510 align:start position:0%
you think something's wrong with me? Am
I<00:49:41.520><c> acting</c><00:49:42.000><c> weird?"</c>

00:49:44.510 --> 00:49:44.520 align:start position:0%
I acting weird?"
 

00:49:44.520 --> 00:49:46.824 align:start position:0%
I acting weird?"
Maybe<00:49:44.800><c> it</c><00:49:44.920><c> was</c><00:49:45.120><c> you.</c><00:49:45.760><c> All</c><00:49:45.840><c> right.</c>

00:49:46.824 --> 00:49:46.834 align:start position:0%
Maybe it was you. All right.
 

00:49:46.834 --> 00:49:46.990 align:start position:0%
Maybe it was you. All right.
&gt;&gt; [laughter]

00:49:46.990 --> 00:49:47.000 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
 

00:49:47.000 --> 00:49:49.230 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
&gt;&gt; But<00:49:47.240><c> for</c><00:49:47.480><c> them</c><00:49:48.200><c> Just</c><00:49:48.400><c> phatic</c><00:49:48.680><c> communion.</c>

00:49:49.230 --> 00:49:49.240 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; But for them Just phatic communion.
 

00:49:49.240 --> 00:49:51.230 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; But for them Just phatic communion.
&gt;&gt; phatic.<00:49:49.720><c> It</c><00:49:49.800><c> was</c><00:49:49.920><c> just</c><00:49:50.320><c> It</c><00:49:50.400><c> was</c><00:49:50.520><c> just</c><00:49:50.760><c> a</c><00:49:50.800><c> like,</c>

00:49:51.230 --> 00:49:51.240 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; phatic. It was just It was just a like,
 

00:49:51.240 --> 00:49:52.830 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; phatic. It was just It was just a like,
"Beep<00:49:51.480><c> beep,</c><00:49:51.840><c> I</c><00:49:52.000><c> am</c><00:49:52.120><c> human,</c><00:49:52.480><c> too."</c>

00:49:52.830 --> 00:49:52.840 align:start position:0%
"Beep beep, I am human, too."
 

00:49:52.840 --> 00:49:54.390 align:start position:0%
"Beep beep, I am human, too."
acknowledged,<00:49:53.640><c> right?</c><00:49:53.880><c> That's</c><00:49:54.080><c> all</c><00:49:54.280><c> they</c>

00:49:54.390 --> 00:49:54.400 align:start position:0%
acknowledged, right? That's all they
 

00:49:54.400 --> 00:49:55.790 align:start position:0%
acknowledged, right? That's all they
meant<00:49:54.640><c> by</c><00:49:54.840><c> it.</c><00:49:55.160><c> Absolutely.</c>

00:49:55.790 --> 00:49:55.800 align:start position:0%
meant by it. Absolutely.
 

00:49:55.800 --> 00:49:57.270 align:start position:0%
meant by it. Absolutely.
&gt;&gt; And<00:49:55.880><c> you</c><00:49:55.960><c> see</c><00:49:56.120><c> this</c><00:49:56.320><c> between</c><00:49:56.640><c> generations</c>

00:49:57.270 --> 00:49:57.280 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; And you see this between generations
 

00:49:57.280 --> 00:49:59.190 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; And you see this between generations
because<00:49:57.680><c> what</c><00:49:57.960><c> what</c><00:49:58.200><c> is</c><00:49:58.360><c> and</c><00:49:58.480><c> is</c><00:49:58.560><c> not</c><00:49:58.840><c> phatic</c>

00:49:59.190 --> 00:49:59.200 align:start position:0%
because what what is and is not phatic
 

00:49:59.200 --> 00:50:02.630 align:start position:0%
because what what is and is not phatic
changes<00:49:59.840><c> over</c><00:50:00.080><c> time.</c><00:50:00.760><c> And</c><00:50:01.000><c> so</c><00:50:01.280><c> for</c><00:50:02.080><c> for</c><00:50:02.400><c> like</c>

00:50:02.630 --> 00:50:02.640 align:start position:0%
changes over time. And so for for like
 

00:50:02.640 --> 00:50:03.990 align:start position:0%
changes over time. And so for for like
younger<00:50:02.920><c> people,</c>

00:50:03.990 --> 00:50:04.000 align:start position:0%
younger people,
 

00:50:04.000 --> 00:50:06.230 align:start position:0%
younger people,
um<00:50:04.200><c> saying</c><00:50:04.560><c> things</c><00:50:04.840><c> like,</c><00:50:05.160><c> "Oh,</c><00:50:05.280><c> no</c><00:50:05.400><c> problem."</c>

00:50:06.230 --> 00:50:06.240 align:start position:0%
um saying things like, "Oh, no problem."
 

00:50:06.240 --> 00:50:07.990 align:start position:0%
um saying things like, "Oh, no problem."
is<00:50:06.400><c> very</c><00:50:06.720><c> phatic,</c><00:50:07.280><c> right?</c><00:50:07.480><c> If</c><00:50:07.600><c> someone</c><00:50:07.840><c> says,</c>

00:50:07.990 --> 00:50:08.000 align:start position:0%
is very phatic, right? If someone says,
 

00:50:08.000 --> 00:50:09.390 align:start position:0%
is very phatic, right? If someone says,
"Hey,<00:50:08.160><c> thanks."</c><00:50:08.520><c> and</c><00:50:08.600><c> I</c><00:50:08.800><c> I'll</c><00:50:09.000><c> just</c><00:50:09.120><c> say,</c><00:50:09.240><c> "No</c>

00:50:09.390 --> 00:50:09.400 align:start position:0%
"Hey, thanks." and I I'll just say, "No
 

00:50:09.400 --> 00:50:11.510 align:start position:0%
"Hey, thanks." and I I'll just say, "No
problem."<00:50:10.200><c> But</c><00:50:10.440><c> to</c><00:50:10.640><c> to</c><00:50:10.760><c> people</c><00:50:11.000><c> in</c><00:50:11.080><c> an</c><00:50:11.200><c> older</c>

00:50:11.510 --> 00:50:11.520 align:start position:0%
problem." But to to people in an older
 

00:50:11.520 --> 00:50:13.470 align:start position:0%
problem." But to to people in an older
generation,<00:50:12.360><c> they</c><00:50:12.520><c> don't</c><00:50:12.760><c> realize</c><00:50:13.160><c> that</c><00:50:13.280><c> it's</c>

00:50:13.470 --> 00:50:13.480 align:start position:0%
generation, they don't realize that it's
 

00:50:13.480 --> 00:50:15.230 align:start position:0%
generation, they don't realize that it's
phatic.<00:50:14.160><c> They</c><00:50:14.280><c> take</c><00:50:14.560><c> it</c><00:50:14.720><c> literally.</c><00:50:15.080><c> They</c>

00:50:15.230 --> 00:50:15.240 align:start position:0%
phatic. They take it literally. They
 

00:50:15.240 --> 00:50:17.510 align:start position:0%
phatic. They take it literally. They
listen<00:50:15.600><c> to</c><00:50:15.680><c> those</c><00:50:15.920><c> words</c><00:50:16.680><c> and</c><00:50:16.840><c> they</c><00:50:16.960><c> go,</c><00:50:17.360><c> "No</c>

00:50:17.510 --> 00:50:17.520 align:start position:0%
listen to those words and they go, "No
 

00:50:17.520 --> 00:50:19.350 align:start position:0%
listen to those words and they go, "No
problem."<00:50:18.200><c> Well,</c><00:50:18.600><c> I</c><00:50:18.640><c> didn't</c><00:50:18.880><c> say</c><00:50:19.040><c> it</c><00:50:19.160><c> was</c><00:50:19.320><c> a</c>

00:50:19.350 --> 00:50:19.360 align:start position:0%
problem." Well, I didn't say it was a
 

00:50:19.360 --> 00:50:21.590 align:start position:0%
problem." Well, I didn't say it was a
problem.<00:50:20.240><c> Why</c><00:50:20.400><c> would</c><00:50:20.560><c> it</c><00:50:20.640><c> be</c><00:50:20.760><c> a</c><00:50:20.800><c> problem?</c><00:50:21.480><c> Do</c>

00:50:21.590 --> 00:50:21.600 align:start position:0%
problem. Why would it be a problem? Do
 

00:50:21.600 --> 00:50:22.830 align:start position:0%
problem. Why would it be a problem? Do
you<00:50:21.640><c> think</c><00:50:21.800><c> I'm</c><00:50:22.000><c> acting</c><00:50:22.360><c> like</c><00:50:22.520><c> this</c><00:50:22.640><c> was</c><00:50:22.760><c> a</c>

00:50:22.830 --> 00:50:22.840 align:start position:0%
you think I'm acting like this was a
 

00:50:22.840 --> 00:50:25.830 align:start position:0%
you think I'm acting like this was a
problem?"<00:50:23.520><c> And</c><00:50:23.720><c> so</c><00:50:24.040><c> I</c><00:50:24.480><c> I</c><00:50:24.680><c> thoroughly</c><00:50:25.360><c> believe</c>

00:50:25.830 --> 00:50:25.840 align:start position:0%
problem?" And so I I thoroughly believe
 

00:50:25.840 --> 00:50:27.790 align:start position:0%
problem?" And so I I thoroughly believe
that<00:50:26.000><c> by</c><00:50:26.080><c> the</c><00:50:26.200><c> time</c><00:50:26.520><c> I'm</c><00:50:26.640><c> an</c><00:50:26.720><c> old</c><00:50:26.960><c> man,</c><00:50:27.560><c> I'll</c><00:50:27.720><c> be</c>

00:50:27.790 --> 00:50:27.800 align:start position:0%
that by the time I'm an old man, I'll be
 

00:50:27.800 --> 00:50:29.870 align:start position:0%
that by the time I'm an old man, I'll be
at<00:50:27.880><c> the</c><00:50:27.960><c> grocery</c><00:50:28.400><c> store,</c><00:50:29.240><c> they'll</c><00:50:29.400><c> bag</c><00:50:29.680><c> up</c><00:50:29.760><c> my</c>

00:50:29.870 --> 00:50:29.880 align:start position:0%
at the grocery store, they'll bag up my
 

00:50:29.880 --> 00:50:31.350 align:start position:0%
at the grocery store, they'll bag up my
groceries,<00:50:30.520><c> I'll</c><00:50:30.680><c> say,</c><00:50:30.840><c> "Hey,</c><00:50:31.000><c> thanks</c><00:50:31.280><c> a</c>

00:50:31.350 --> 00:50:31.360 align:start position:0%
groceries, I'll say, "Hey, thanks a
 

00:50:31.360 --> 00:50:32.750 align:start position:0%
groceries, I'll say, "Hey, thanks a
lot."<00:50:31.640><c> and</c><00:50:31.760><c> they'll</c><00:50:31.880><c> go,</c><00:50:32.200><c> "Well,</c><00:50:32.280><c> don't</c><00:50:32.520><c> freak</c>

00:50:32.750 --> 00:50:32.760 align:start position:0%
lot." and they'll go, "Well, don't freak
 

00:50:32.760 --> 00:50:34.150 align:start position:0%
lot." and they'll go, "Well, don't freak
out<00:50:32.880><c> about</c><00:50:33.200><c> it."</c>

00:50:34.150 --> 00:50:34.160 align:start position:0%
out about it."
 

00:50:34.160 --> 00:50:36.230 align:start position:0%
out about it."
And<00:50:34.280><c> I'll</c><00:50:34.360><c> be</c><00:50:34.480><c> like,</c><00:50:34.680><c> "I</c><00:50:34.800><c> wasn't.</c><00:50:35.680><c> I'm</c><00:50:35.800><c> so</c><00:50:36.000><c> I'm</c>

00:50:36.230 --> 00:50:36.240 align:start position:0%
And I'll be like, "I wasn't. I'm so I'm
 

00:50:36.240 --> 00:50:38.550 align:start position:0%
And I'll be like, "I wasn't. I'm so I'm
why<00:50:36.680><c> why</c><00:50:36.880><c> can't</c><00:50:37.120><c> you</c><00:50:37.200><c> just</c><00:50:37.400><c> say</c><00:50:37.600><c> no</c><00:50:37.760><c> problem?"</c>

00:50:38.550 --> 00:50:38.560 align:start position:0%
why why can't you just say no problem?"
 

00:50:38.560 --> 00:50:39.950 align:start position:0%
why why can't you just say no problem?"
And<00:50:38.680><c> they'll</c><00:50:38.800><c> be</c><00:50:38.880><c> like,</c><00:50:39.080><c> "Well,</c><00:50:39.280><c> no,</c><00:50:39.520><c> dude,</c><00:50:39.920><c> I</c>

00:50:39.950 --> 00:50:39.960 align:start position:0%
And they'll be like, "Well, no, dude, I
 

00:50:39.960 --> 00:50:41.550 align:start position:0%
And they'll be like, "Well, no, dude, I
didn't<00:50:40.440><c> I</c><00:50:40.480><c> didn't</c><00:50:40.680><c> say</c><00:50:40.880><c> you</c><00:50:41.040><c> were</c><00:50:41.160><c> freaking</c>

00:50:41.550 --> 00:50:41.560 align:start position:0%
didn't I didn't say you were freaking
 

00:50:41.560 --> 00:50:43.190 align:start position:0%
didn't I didn't say you were freaking
out.<00:50:41.680><c> I</c><00:50:41.720><c> just</c><00:50:41.920><c> said,</c><00:50:42.240><c> 'Don't</c><00:50:42.520><c> freak</c><00:50:42.840><c> out.'</c><00:50:43.080><c> and</c>

00:50:43.190 --> 00:50:43.200 align:start position:0%
out. I just said, 'Don't freak out.' and
 

00:50:43.200 --> 00:50:46.550 align:start position:0%
out. I just said, 'Don't freak out.' and
you<00:50:43.320><c> didn't,</c><00:50:43.720><c> so</c><00:50:44.720><c> right?"</c><00:50:45.600><c> There</c><00:50:45.800><c> is</c><00:50:46.040><c> one.</c>

00:50:46.550 --> 00:50:46.560 align:start position:0%
you didn't, so right?" There is one.
 

00:50:46.560 --> 00:50:48.350 align:start position:0%
you didn't, so right?" There is one.
There<00:50:46.720><c> is</c><00:50:46.880><c> one,</c><00:50:47.120><c> okay,</c><00:50:47.360><c> that</c><00:50:47.520><c> young</c><00:50:47.840><c> Londoners</c>

00:50:48.350 --> 00:50:48.360 align:start position:0%
There is one, okay, that young Londoners
 

00:50:48.360 --> 00:50:48.990 align:start position:0%
There is one, okay, that young Londoners
say<00:50:48.560><c> to</c><00:50:48.680><c> each</c><00:50:48.800><c> other.</c>

00:50:48.990 --> 00:50:49.000 align:start position:0%
say to each other.
 

00:50:49.000 --> 00:50:51.070 align:start position:0%
say to each other.
&gt;&gt; What do<00:50:49.080><c> they</c><00:50:49.160><c> do?</c><00:50:49.680><c> They</c><00:50:49.760><c> go,</c><00:50:50.200><c> "Say</c><00:50:50.440><c> less."</c>

00:50:51.070 --> 00:50:51.080 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; What do they do? They go, "Say less."
 

00:50:51.080 --> 00:50:52.430 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; What do they do? They go, "Say less."
Say<00:50:51.400><c> less.</c><00:50:52.040><c> Yes.</c>

00:50:52.430 --> 00:50:52.440 align:start position:0%
Say less. Yes.
 

00:50:52.440 --> 00:50:54.945 align:start position:0%
Say less. Yes.
&gt;&gt; Say<00:50:52.520><c> less.</c><00:50:53.120><c> It's</c><00:50:53.320><c> like,</c><00:50:53.640><c> "But</c><00:50:53.800><c> I</c>

00:50:54.945 --> 00:50:54.955 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Say less. It's like, "But I
 

00:50:54.955 --> 00:50:55.270 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Say less. It's like, "But I
&gt;&gt; [laughter]

00:50:55.270 --> 00:50:55.280 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
 

00:50:55.280 --> 00:50:56.950 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
&gt;&gt; I<00:50:55.360><c> can't</c><00:50:55.600><c> take</c><00:50:55.760><c> my</c><00:50:55.880><c> words</c><00:50:56.160><c> back?"</c><00:50:56.640><c> The</c><00:50:56.720><c> first</c>

00:50:56.950 --> 00:50:56.960 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I can't take my words back?" The first
 

00:50:56.960 --> 00:50:59.630 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I can't take my words back?" The first
couple<00:50:57.200><c> of</c><00:50:57.640><c> times</c><00:50:58.160><c> I</c><00:50:58.480><c> heard</c><00:50:58.760><c> it,</c><00:50:58.880><c> I</c><00:50:58.920><c> was</c><00:50:59.120><c> like,</c>

00:50:59.630 --> 00:50:59.640 align:start position:0%
couple of times I heard it, I was like,
 

00:50:59.640 --> 00:51:01.070 align:start position:0%
couple of times I heard it, I was like,
"I<00:50:59.720><c> don't</c><00:50:59.960><c> think</c><00:51:00.200><c> I</c><00:51:00.280><c> was</c><00:51:00.440><c> saying</c><00:51:00.720><c> a</c><00:51:00.760><c> lot,</c>

00:51:01.070 --> 00:51:01.080 align:start position:0%
"I don't think I was saying a lot,
 

00:51:01.080 --> 00:51:02.950 align:start position:0%
"I don't think I was saying a lot,
actually."<00:51:01.680><c> I</c><00:51:01.840><c> know.</c><00:51:02.240><c> That's</c><00:51:02.440><c> a</c><00:51:02.480><c> great</c>

00:51:02.950 --> 00:51:02.960 align:start position:0%
actually." I know. That's a great
 

00:51:02.960 --> 00:51:05.150 align:start position:0%
actually." I know. That's a great
example<00:51:03.600><c> of</c><00:51:03.920><c> how</c><00:51:04.080><c> phatic</c><00:51:04.720><c> things</c><00:51:05.040><c> are</c>

00:51:05.150 --> 00:51:05.160 align:start position:0%
example of how phatic things are
 

00:51:05.160 --> 00:51:07.230 align:start position:0%
example of how phatic things are
changing.<00:51:05.880><c> Mhm.</c><00:51:06.520><c> I</c><00:51:06.560><c> wonder</c><00:51:06.800><c> what</c><00:51:06.920><c> they</c><00:51:07.040><c> were</c>

00:51:07.230 --> 00:51:07.240 align:start position:0%
changing. Mhm. I wonder what they were
 

00:51:07.240 --> 00:51:09.350 align:start position:0%
changing. Mhm. I wonder what they were
in<00:51:07.520><c> really</c><00:51:07.920><c> old</c><00:51:08.320><c> times,</c><00:51:08.760><c> though.</c><00:51:09.040><c> I</c><00:51:09.120><c> wonder</c>

00:51:09.350 --> 00:51:09.360 align:start position:0%
in really old times, though. I wonder
 

00:51:09.360 --> 00:51:11.350 align:start position:0%
in really old times, though. I wonder
what<00:51:09.480><c> the</c><00:51:09.600><c> phatic</c><00:51:09.960><c> communication</c><00:51:10.600><c> of</c><00:51:11.080><c> of</c><00:51:11.160><c> sort</c>

00:51:11.350 --> 00:51:11.360 align:start position:0%
what the phatic communication of of sort
 

00:51:11.360 --> 00:51:15.905 align:start position:0%
what the phatic communication of of sort
of<00:51:11.560><c> 1865</c><00:51:13.000><c> was.</c><00:51:13.520><c> Just</c><00:51:13.720><c> a</c><00:51:13.760><c> bunch</c><00:51:13.960><c> of</c><00:51:14.120><c> belching.</c>

00:51:15.905 --> 00:51:15.915 align:start position:0%
of 1865 was. Just a bunch of belching.
 

00:51:15.915 --> 00:51:16.150 align:start position:0%
of 1865 was. Just a bunch of belching.
&gt;&gt; [laughter]

00:51:16.150 --> 00:51:16.160 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
 

00:51:16.160 --> 00:51:18.270 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [laughter]
&gt;&gt; I<00:51:16.280><c> don't</c><00:51:16.520><c> know.</c><00:51:17.040><c> I</c><00:51:17.120><c> don't</c><00:51:17.240><c> know</c><00:51:17.400><c> how</c><00:51:17.920><c> Why</c><00:51:18.040><c> did</c><00:51:18.200><c> I</c>

00:51:18.270 --> 00:51:18.280 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I don't know. I don't know how Why did I
 

00:51:18.280 --> 00:51:21.070 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I don't know. I don't know how Why did I
just<00:51:18.480><c> say</c><00:51:18.640><c> something</c><00:51:19.040><c> derogatory</c><00:51:19.840><c> of</c><00:51:20.200><c> 1860s</c>

00:51:21.070 --> 00:51:21.080 align:start position:0%
just say something derogatory of 1860s
 

00:51:21.080 --> 00:51:22.710 align:start position:0%
just say something derogatory of 1860s
people?<00:51:21.680><c> They</c><00:51:21.800><c> didn't</c><00:51:22.040><c> deserve</c><00:51:22.440><c> it.</c>

00:51:22.710 --> 00:51:22.720 align:start position:0%
people? They didn't deserve it.
 

00:51:22.720 --> 00:51:24.630 align:start position:0%
people? They didn't deserve it.
&gt;&gt; We<00:51:22.920><c> know</c><00:51:23.280><c> that</c><00:51:23.480><c> they</c><00:51:23.600><c> were</c><00:51:23.760><c> belching</c><00:51:24.280><c> all</c><00:51:24.440><c> over</c>

00:51:24.630 --> 00:51:24.640 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; We know that they were belching all over
 

00:51:24.640 --> 00:51:25.150 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; We know that they were belching all over
the<00:51:24.760><c> place.</c>

00:51:25.150 --> 00:51:25.160 align:start position:0%
the place.
 

00:51:25.160 --> 00:51:28.030 align:start position:0%
the place.
&gt;&gt; They<00:51:25.200><c> were</c><00:51:25.400><c> just</c><00:51:25.640><c> like,</c><00:51:25.960><c> "Yo,</c><00:51:26.320><c> hey,</c><00:51:26.720><c> bro."</c>

00:51:28.030 --> 00:51:28.040 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; They were just like, "Yo, hey, bro."
 

00:51:28.040 --> 00:51:29.990 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; They were just like, "Yo, hey, bro."
Did<00:51:28.160><c> you</c><00:51:28.240><c> find</c><00:51:28.480><c> anything?</c><00:51:29.000><c> I</c><00:51:29.160><c> did.</c><00:51:29.440><c> I</c><00:51:29.520><c> did.</c>

00:51:29.990 --> 00:51:30.000 align:start position:0%
Did you find anything? I did. I did.
 

00:51:30.000 --> 00:51:32.390 align:start position:0%
Did you find anything? I did. I did.
I've<00:51:30.160><c> got</c><00:51:30.280><c> a</c><00:51:30.320><c> couple.</c><00:51:31.200><c> Okay,</c><00:51:31.400><c> tell</c><00:51:31.600><c> me.</c>

00:51:32.390 --> 00:51:32.400 align:start position:0%
I've got a couple. Okay, tell me.
 

00:51:32.400 --> 00:51:35.070 align:start position:0%
I've got a couple. Okay, tell me.
I<00:51:32.520><c> hope</c><00:51:32.840><c> I</c><00:51:32.880><c> see</c><00:51:33.120><c> you</c><00:51:33.240><c> well.</c><00:51:34.040><c> I</c><00:51:34.200><c> hope</c><00:51:34.480><c> I</c><00:51:34.600><c> see</c><00:51:34.920><c> you</c>

00:51:35.070 --> 00:51:35.080 align:start position:0%
I hope I see you well. I hope I see you
 

00:51:35.080 --> 00:51:37.670 align:start position:0%
I hope I see you well. I hope I see you
well.<00:51:35.640><c> Yeah.</c><00:51:36.320><c> What</c><00:51:36.520><c> say</c><00:51:36.760><c> you</c><00:51:36.920><c> on</c><00:51:37.080><c> such</c><00:51:37.360><c> day</c><00:51:37.560><c> as</c>

00:51:37.670 --> 00:51:37.680 align:start position:0%
well. Yeah. What say you on such day as
 

00:51:37.680 --> 00:51:41.230 align:start position:0%
well. Yeah. What say you on such day as
this?<00:51:38.680><c> Mhm.</c><00:51:39.760><c> On</c><00:51:39.880><c> a</c><00:51:39.920><c> day</c><00:51:40.120><c> such</c><00:51:40.320><c> as</c><00:51:40.400><c> this,</c><00:51:40.520><c> sorry.</c>

00:51:41.230 --> 00:51:41.240 align:start position:0%
this? Mhm. On a day such as this, sorry.
 

00:51:41.240 --> 00:51:43.415 align:start position:0%
this? Mhm. On a day such as this, sorry.
How<00:51:41.560><c> does</c><00:51:41.880><c> all</c><00:51:42.040><c> at</c><00:51:42.200><c> home?</c>

00:51:43.415 --> 00:51:43.425 align:start position:0%
How does all at home?
 

00:51:43.425 --> 00:51:43.990 align:start position:0%
How does all at home?
&gt;&gt; [snorts]

00:51:43.990 --> 00:51:44.000 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [snorts]
 

00:51:44.000 --> 00:51:45.750 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [snorts]
&gt;&gt; That<00:51:44.280><c> one</c><00:51:44.560><c> That</c><00:51:44.840><c> one</c><00:51:45.000><c> I</c><00:51:45.200><c> I</c><00:51:45.280><c> wouldn't</c><00:51:45.560><c> be</c><00:51:45.640><c> too</c>

00:51:45.750 --> 00:51:45.760 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; That one That one I I wouldn't be too
 

00:51:45.760 --> 00:51:47.190 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; That one That one I I wouldn't be too
tripped<00:51:46.080><c> up</c><00:51:46.200><c> by.</c><00:51:46.440><c> I'd</c><00:51:46.560><c> be</c><00:51:46.680><c> like,</c><00:51:46.920><c> "Ah,</c><00:51:47.000><c> it's</c>

00:51:47.190 --> 00:51:47.200 align:start position:0%
tripped up by. I'd be like, "Ah, it's
 

00:51:47.200 --> 00:51:48.510 align:start position:0%
tripped up by. I'd be like, "Ah, it's
fine."<00:51:47.800><c> I</c><00:51:47.880><c> hope</c><00:51:48.160><c> I</c><00:51:48.200><c> see</c><00:51:48.280><c> you</c><00:51:48.360><c> well.</c>

00:51:48.510 --> 00:51:48.520 align:start position:0%
fine." I hope I see you well.
 

00:51:48.520 --> 00:51:50.550 align:start position:0%
fine." I hope I see you well.
&gt;&gt; respond?<00:51:49.080><c> Did</c><00:51:49.160><c> they</c><00:51:49.280><c> say</c><00:51:49.440><c> fine?</c><00:51:50.280><c> Actually,</c>

00:51:50.550 --> 00:51:50.560 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; respond? Did they say fine? Actually,
 

00:51:50.560 --> 00:51:52.870 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; respond? Did they say fine? Actually,
how<00:51:50.760><c> do</c><00:51:50.920><c> you</c><00:51:51.040><c> do?</c><00:51:51.760><c> How</c><00:51:51.920><c> do</c><00:51:52.080><c> you</c><00:51:52.240><c> do?</c><00:51:52.480><c> That</c><00:51:52.800><c> I</c>

00:51:52.870 --> 00:51:52.880 align:start position:0%
how do you do? How do you do? That I
 

00:51:52.880 --> 00:51:54.270 align:start position:0%
how do you do? How do you do? That I
feel<00:51:53.040><c> like</c><00:51:53.240><c> I've</c>

00:51:54.270 --> 00:51:54.280 align:start position:0%
feel like I've
 

00:51:54.280 --> 00:51:56.110 align:start position:0%
feel like I've
you<00:51:54.400><c> know,</c><00:51:54.960><c> I</c><00:51:55.000><c> sort</c><00:51:55.160><c> of</c><00:51:55.240><c> feel</c><00:51:55.400><c> like</c><00:51:55.560><c> the</c><00:51:55.680><c> memory</c>

00:51:56.110 --> 00:51:56.120 align:start position:0%
you know, I sort of feel like the memory
 

00:51:56.120 --> 00:51:58.390 align:start position:0%
you know, I sort of feel like the memory
of<00:51:56.200><c> that</c><00:51:56.400><c> one</c><00:51:56.520><c> has</c><00:51:56.680><c> lingered.</c><00:51:57.400><c> Yes.</c><00:51:57.920><c> Yes.</c><00:51:58.280><c> I</c>

00:51:58.390 --> 00:51:58.400 align:start position:0%
of that one has lingered. Yes. Yes. I
 

00:51:58.400 --> 00:51:59.790 align:start position:0%
of that one has lingered. Yes. Yes. I
would<00:51:58.560><c> not</c><00:51:58.720><c> be</c><00:51:58.800><c> confused.</c><00:51:59.320><c> If</c><00:51:59.400><c> someone</c><00:51:59.640><c> said,</c>

00:51:59.790 --> 00:51:59.800 align:start position:0%
would not be confused. If someone said,
 

00:51:59.800 --> 00:52:01.110 align:start position:0%
would not be confused. If someone said,
"How<00:51:59.880><c> do</c><00:51:59.960><c> you</c><00:52:00.040><c> do?"</c><00:52:00.280><c> I</c><00:52:00.360><c> wouldn't</c><00:52:00.640><c> go,</c><00:52:00.880><c> "How</c><00:52:01.000><c> do</c>

00:52:01.110 --> 00:52:01.120 align:start position:0%
"How do you do?" I wouldn't go, "How do
 

00:52:01.120 --> 00:52:03.990 align:start position:0%
"How do you do?" I wouldn't go, "How do
I<00:52:01.160><c> do</c><00:52:01.360><c> what?"</c><00:52:02.000><c> The</c><00:52:02.120><c> 1600s</c>

00:52:03.990 --> 00:52:04.000 align:start position:0%
I do what?" The 1600s
 

00:52:04.000 --> 00:52:06.390 align:start position:0%
I do what?" The 1600s
is<00:52:04.120><c> the</c><00:52:04.240><c> exact</c><00:52:04.680><c> century</c><00:52:05.560><c> when</c><00:52:05.760><c> the</c><00:52:06.240><c> the</c>

00:52:06.390 --> 00:52:06.400 align:start position:0%
is the exact century when the the
 

00:52:06.400 --> 00:52:10.030 align:start position:0%
is the exact century when the the
passing<00:52:07.000><c> blessing,</c><00:52:07.720><c> "God</c><00:52:08.000><c> be</c><00:52:08.160><c> with</c><00:52:08.400><c> ye."</c>

00:52:10.030 --> 00:52:10.040 align:start position:0%
passing blessing, "God be with ye."
 

00:52:10.040 --> 00:52:12.550 align:start position:0%
passing blessing, "God be with ye."
was<00:52:10.200><c> said</c><00:52:10.480><c> so</c><00:52:10.760><c> rapidly</c><00:52:11.480><c> and</c><00:52:11.800><c> often</c><00:52:12.280><c> as</c><00:52:12.520><c> a</c>

00:52:12.550 --> 00:52:12.560 align:start position:0%
was said so rapidly and often as a
 

00:52:12.560 --> 00:52:14.710 align:start position:0%
was said so rapidly and often as a
phatic<00:52:12.960><c> communion</c><00:52:13.800><c> that</c><00:52:13.920><c> it</c><00:52:14.040><c> permanently</c>

00:52:14.710 --> 00:52:14.720 align:start position:0%
phatic communion that it permanently
 

00:52:14.720 --> 00:52:17.750 align:start position:0%
phatic communion that it permanently
mashed<00:52:15.120><c> together</c><00:52:15.880><c> into</c><00:52:16.680><c> "God</c><00:52:16.960><c> be</c><00:52:17.080><c> with</c><00:52:17.200><c> ye."</c>

00:52:17.750 --> 00:52:17.760 align:start position:0%
mashed together into "God be with ye."
 

00:52:17.760 --> 00:52:20.751 align:start position:0%
mashed together into "God be with ye."
and<00:52:17.880><c> eventually,</c><00:52:18.680><c> "Goodbye."</c><00:52:19.480><c> Goodbye.</c>

00:52:20.751 --> 00:52:20.761 align:start position:0%
and eventually, "Goodbye." Goodbye.
 

00:52:20.761 --> 00:52:21.710 align:start position:0%
and eventually, "Goodbye." Goodbye.
&gt;&gt; [gasps]

00:52:21.710 --> 00:52:21.720 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [gasps]
 

00:52:21.720 --> 00:52:24.350 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [gasps]
&gt;&gt; I<00:52:21.880><c> like</c><00:52:22.240><c> that.</c><00:52:22.760><c> You</c><00:52:22.800><c> said</c><00:52:22.960><c> the</c><00:52:23.040><c> 1600s?</c>

00:52:24.350 --> 00:52:24.360 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I like that. You said the 1600s?
 

00:52:24.360 --> 00:52:25.390 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I like that. You said the 1600s?
Apparently.

00:52:25.390 --> 00:52:25.400 align:start position:0%
Apparently.
 

00:52:25.400 --> 00:52:27.990 align:start position:0%
Apparently.
Wow,<00:52:25.680><c> hello.</c><00:52:26.520><c> Goodbye.</c><00:52:27.400><c> Speaking</c><00:52:27.800><c> of</c>

00:52:27.990 --> 00:52:28.000 align:start position:0%
Wow, hello. Goodbye. Speaking of
 

00:52:28.000 --> 00:52:30.670 align:start position:0%
Wow, hello. Goodbye. Speaking of
reasons,<00:52:29.000><c> um</c><00:52:29.920><c> I</c><00:52:30.000><c> think</c><00:52:30.200><c> it's</c><00:52:30.400><c> pretty</c>

00:52:30.670 --> 00:52:30.680 align:start position:0%
reasons, um I think it's pretty
 

00:52:30.680 --> 00:52:32.510 align:start position:0%
reasons, um I think it's pretty
interesting<00:52:31.240><c> as</c><00:52:31.440><c> I</c><00:52:31.480><c> was</c><00:52:31.720><c> flushing</c><00:52:32.200><c> out</c><00:52:32.320><c> what</c><00:52:32.440><c> I</c>

00:52:32.510 --> 00:52:32.520 align:start position:0%
interesting as I was flushing out what I
 

00:52:32.520 --> 00:52:33.830 align:start position:0%
interesting as I was flushing out what I
wanted<00:52:32.720><c> to</c><00:52:32.800><c> talk</c><00:52:33.040><c> about</c><00:52:33.240><c> today,</c><00:52:33.520><c> I</c><00:52:33.560><c> was</c><00:52:33.680><c> like,</c>

00:52:33.830 --> 00:52:33.840 align:start position:0%
wanted to talk about today, I was like,
 

00:52:33.840 --> 00:52:35.230 align:start position:0%
wanted to talk about today, I was like,
"Wow,<00:52:33.960><c> there's</c><00:52:34.120><c> kind</c><00:52:34.280><c> of</c><00:52:34.360><c> three</c><00:52:34.760><c> types</c><00:52:35.120><c> of</c>

00:52:35.230 --> 00:52:35.240 align:start position:0%
"Wow, there's kind of three types of
 

00:52:35.240 --> 00:52:36.670 align:start position:0%
"Wow, there's kind of three types of
things<00:52:35.520><c> we've</c><00:52:35.680><c> talked</c><00:52:35.960><c> about."</c><00:52:36.200><c> We've</c><00:52:36.360><c> talked</c>

00:52:36.670 --> 00:52:36.680 align:start position:0%
things we've talked about." We've talked
 

00:52:36.680 --> 00:52:38.830 align:start position:0%
things we've talked about." We've talked
about<00:52:37.000><c> difficult</c><00:52:37.520><c> questions.</c><00:52:38.480><c> I</c><00:52:38.560><c> think</c><00:52:38.720><c> the</c>

00:52:38.830 --> 00:52:38.840 align:start position:0%
about difficult questions. I think the
 

00:52:38.840 --> 00:52:41.510 align:start position:0%
about difficult questions. I think the
Wason<00:52:39.240><c> selection</c><00:52:39.760><c> task</c><00:52:40.280><c> is</c><00:52:40.680><c> is</c><00:52:40.880><c> surprisingly</c>

00:52:41.510 --> 00:52:41.520 align:start position:0%
Wason selection task is is surprisingly
 

00:52:41.520 --> 00:52:43.790 align:start position:0%
Wason selection task is is surprisingly
difficult.<00:52:42.600><c> But</c><00:52:42.680><c> there</c><00:52:42.800><c> are</c><00:52:42.880><c> also</c><00:52:43.280><c> questions</c>

00:52:43.790 --> 00:52:43.800 align:start position:0%
difficult. But there are also questions
 

00:52:43.800 --> 00:52:47.230 align:start position:0%
difficult. But there are also questions
that<00:52:44.000><c> we</c><00:52:44.200><c> don't</c><00:52:44.760><c> answer.</c><00:52:45.880><c> Phatic</c><00:52:46.400><c> questions.</c>

00:52:47.230 --> 00:52:47.240 align:start position:0%
that we don't answer. Phatic questions.
 

00:52:47.240 --> 00:52:48.870 align:start position:0%
that we don't answer. Phatic questions.
"Hey,<00:52:47.440><c> what's</c><00:52:47.640><c> up?"</c><00:52:48.000><c> I</c><00:52:48.040><c> don't</c><00:52:48.320><c> actually</c><00:52:48.680><c> look</c>

00:52:48.870 --> 00:52:48.880 align:start position:0%
"Hey, what's up?" I don't actually look
 

00:52:48.880 --> 00:52:50.470 align:start position:0%
"Hey, what's up?" I don't actually look
up<00:52:49.080><c> and</c><00:52:49.200><c> tell</c><00:52:49.440><c> you.</c><00:52:49.680><c> I</c><00:52:49.720><c> don't</c><00:52:49.920><c> really</c><00:52:50.280><c> Well,</c>

00:52:50.470 --> 00:52:50.480 align:start position:0%
up and tell you. I don't really Well,
 

00:52:50.480 --> 00:52:51.830 align:start position:0%
up and tell you. I don't really Well,
you<00:52:50.560><c> can't</c><00:52:50.920><c> cuz</c><00:52:51.120><c> you've</c><00:52:51.240><c> got</c><00:52:51.400><c> top</c><00:52:51.600><c> shelf</c>

00:52:51.830 --> 00:52:51.840 align:start position:0%
you can't cuz you've got top shelf
 

00:52:51.840 --> 00:52:54.910 align:start position:0%
you can't cuz you've got top shelf
vertigo.<00:52:52.520><c> I</c><00:52:52.600><c> can't.</c><00:52:53.120><c> Exactly.</c><00:52:54.320><c> Uh</c><00:52:54.560><c> just</c><00:52:54.760><c> like</c>

00:52:54.910 --> 00:52:54.920 align:start position:0%
vertigo. I can't. Exactly. Uh just like
 

00:52:54.920 --> 00:52:56.590 align:start position:0%
vertigo. I can't. Exactly. Uh just like
everyone,<00:52:55.560><c> when</c><00:52:55.720><c> I'm</c><00:52:55.880><c> asked,</c><00:52:56.120><c> "What's</c><00:52:56.320><c> up?"</c><00:52:56.520><c> I</c>

00:52:56.590 --> 00:52:56.600 align:start position:0%
everyone, when I'm asked, "What's up?" I
 

00:52:56.600 --> 00:52:59.070 align:start position:0%
everyone, when I'm asked, "What's up?" I
go,<00:52:56.840><c> "Oh,</c><00:52:57.360><c> not</c><00:52:57.520><c> much."</c><00:52:57.960><c> or</c><00:52:58.400><c> "I'm</c><00:52:58.520><c> doing</c><00:52:58.720><c> well."</c>

00:52:59.070 --> 00:52:59.080 align:start position:0%
go, "Oh, not much." or "I'm doing well."
 

00:52:59.080 --> 00:53:01.230 align:start position:0%
go, "Oh, not much." or "I'm doing well."
But<00:52:59.200><c> there</c><00:52:59.360><c> are</c><00:52:59.520><c> also</c><00:53:00.280><c> answers</c><00:53:00.880><c> we</c><00:53:01.000><c> don't</c>

00:53:01.230 --> 00:53:01.240 align:start position:0%
But there are also answers we don't
 

00:53:01.240 --> 00:53:02.990 align:start position:0%
But there are also answers we don't
question.<00:53:01.800><c> And</c><00:53:01.920><c> I</c><00:53:01.960><c> think</c><00:53:02.200><c> we've</c><00:53:02.400><c> kind</c><00:53:02.760><c> of</c><00:53:02.840><c> like</c>

00:53:02.990 --> 00:53:03.000 align:start position:0%
question. And I think we've kind of like
 

00:53:03.000 --> 00:53:05.230 align:start position:0%
question. And I think we've kind of like
been<00:53:03.160><c> talking</c><00:53:03.520><c> about</c><00:53:03.760><c> this</c><00:53:03.920><c> already.</c><00:53:04.440><c> It's</c><00:53:04.640><c> a</c>

00:53:05.230 --> 00:53:05.240 align:start position:0%
been talking about this already. It's a
 

00:53:05.240 --> 00:53:06.830 align:start position:0%
been talking about this already. It's a
a<00:53:05.280><c> lot</c><00:53:05.520><c> of</c><00:53:05.560><c> the</c><00:53:05.680><c> conclusions</c><00:53:06.360><c> and</c><00:53:06.480><c> things</c><00:53:06.720><c> we</c>

00:53:06.830 --> 00:53:06.840 align:start position:0%
a lot of the conclusions and things we
 

00:53:06.840 --> 00:53:08.830 align:start position:0%
a lot of the conclusions and things we
believe,<00:53:07.280><c> we</c><00:53:07.400><c> just</c><00:53:07.680><c> kind</c><00:53:07.880><c> of</c><00:53:08.040><c> don't</c><00:53:08.440><c> want</c><00:53:08.720><c> to</c>

00:53:08.830 --> 00:53:08.840 align:start position:0%
believe, we just kind of don't want to
 

00:53:08.840 --> 00:53:11.950 align:start position:0%
believe, we just kind of don't want to
question<00:53:09.400><c> them.</c><00:53:09.640><c> We</c><00:53:09.920><c> don't</c><00:53:10.560><c> feel</c><00:53:10.880><c> motivated</c>

00:53:11.950 --> 00:53:11.960 align:start position:0%
question them. We don't feel motivated
 

00:53:11.960 --> 00:53:14.630 align:start position:0%
question them. We don't feel motivated
to<00:53:12.080><c> find</c><00:53:12.480><c> counterexamples</c><00:53:13.720><c> and</c><00:53:13.960><c> falsify</c>

00:53:14.630 --> 00:53:14.640 align:start position:0%
to find counterexamples and falsify
 

00:53:14.640 --> 00:53:15.030 align:start position:0%
to find counterexamples and falsify
them.

00:53:15.030 --> 00:53:15.040 align:start position:0%
them.
 

00:53:15.040 --> 00:53:16.710 align:start position:0%
them.
&gt;&gt; Are<00:53:15.080><c> you</c><00:53:15.440><c> Are</c><00:53:15.520><c> you</c><00:53:15.640><c> talking</c><00:53:15.920><c> about</c><00:53:16.200><c> like</c>

00:53:16.710 --> 00:53:16.720 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Are you Are you talking about like
 

00:53:16.720 --> 00:53:19.190 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Are you Are you talking about like
social<00:53:17.320><c> norms,</c><00:53:17.880><c> like</c><00:53:18.040><c> social</c><00:53:18.440><c> rules</c><00:53:18.760><c> here?</c>

00:53:19.190 --> 00:53:19.200 align:start position:0%
social norms, like social rules here?
 

00:53:19.200 --> 00:53:21.270 align:start position:0%
social norms, like social rules here?
That's<00:53:19.440><c> right.</c><00:53:20.080><c> I'm</c><00:53:20.200><c> talking</c><00:53:20.520><c> about</c><00:53:20.760><c> social</c>

00:53:21.270 --> 00:53:21.280 align:start position:0%
That's right. I'm talking about social
 

00:53:21.280 --> 00:53:23.590 align:start position:0%
That's right. I'm talking about social
rules<00:53:21.760><c> and</c><00:53:21.920><c> taboos.</c><00:53:22.520><c> And</c><00:53:22.840><c> I</c><00:53:22.960><c> know</c><00:53:23.200><c> that</c><00:53:23.440><c> you</c>

00:53:23.590 --> 00:53:23.600 align:start position:0%
rules and taboos. And I know that you
 

00:53:23.600 --> 00:53:25.710 align:start position:0%
rules and taboos. And I know that you
are<00:53:23.720><c> familiar</c><00:53:24.200><c> with</c><00:53:24.360><c> these</c><00:53:25.080><c> because</c><00:53:25.480><c> we've</c>

00:53:25.710 --> 00:53:25.720 align:start position:0%
are familiar with these because we've
 

00:53:25.720 --> 00:53:28.030 align:start position:0%
are familiar with these because we've
both<00:53:26.040><c> read</c><00:53:26.240><c> this</c><00:53:26.480><c> book,</c><00:53:26.760><c> Jonathan</c><00:53:27.200><c> Haidt's</c>

00:53:28.030 --> 00:53:28.040 align:start position:0%
both read this book, Jonathan Haidt's
 

00:53:28.040 --> 00:53:30.190 align:start position:0%
both read this book, Jonathan Haidt's
The<00:53:28.160><c> Righteous</c><00:53:28.600><c> Mind.</c><00:53:29.200><c> It's</c><00:53:29.480><c> so</c><00:53:29.680><c> good.</c><00:53:30.000><c> Which</c>

00:53:30.190 --> 00:53:30.200 align:start position:0%
The Righteous Mind. It's so good. Which
 

00:53:30.200 --> 00:53:32.990 align:start position:0%
The Righteous Mind. It's so good. Which
way<00:53:30.320><c> did</c><00:53:30.480><c> it</c><00:53:30.520><c> there?</c><00:53:31.120><c> It's</c><00:53:31.400><c> so</c><00:53:31.640><c> good.</c>

00:53:32.990 --> 00:53:33.000 align:start position:0%
way did it there? It's so good.
 

00:53:33.000 --> 00:53:34.070 align:start position:0%
way did it there? It's so good.
It's<00:53:33.320><c> spicy.</c>

00:53:34.070 --> 00:53:34.080 align:start position:0%
It's spicy.
 

00:53:34.080 --> 00:53:35.030 align:start position:0%
It's spicy.
&gt;&gt; It's<00:53:34.360><c> spicy.</c>

00:53:35.030 --> 00:53:35.040 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; It's spicy.
 

00:53:35.040 --> 00:53:37.830 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; It's spicy.
&gt;&gt; It's<00:53:35.240><c> spicy.</c><00:53:36.160><c> It's</c><00:53:36.440><c> spicy.</c><00:53:37.120><c> And</c><00:53:37.440><c> we're</c><00:53:37.600><c> not</c>

00:53:37.830 --> 00:53:37.840 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; It's spicy. It's spicy. And we're not
 

00:53:37.840 --> 00:53:39.750 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; It's spicy. It's spicy. And we're not
going<00:53:38.040><c> to</c><00:53:38.120><c> discuss</c><00:53:38.560><c> it</c><00:53:38.720><c> today,</c><00:53:39.120><c> but</c><00:53:39.320><c> we</c><00:53:39.520><c> are</c>

00:53:39.750 --> 00:53:39.760 align:start position:0%
going to discuss it today, but we are
 

00:53:39.760 --> 00:53:42.030 align:start position:0%
going to discuss it today, but we are
going<00:53:39.960><c> to</c><00:53:40.080><c> put</c><00:53:40.240><c> a</c><00:53:40.320><c> little</c><00:53:40.560><c> worm</c><00:53:41.640><c> in</c><00:53:41.880><c> your</c>

00:53:42.030 --> 00:53:42.040 align:start position:0%
going to put a little worm in your
 

00:53:42.040 --> 00:53:43.670 align:start position:0%
going to put a little worm in your
brain.<00:53:42.720><c> You've</c><00:53:42.920><c> got</c><00:53:43.040><c> to</c><00:53:43.080><c> be</c><00:53:43.160><c> careful</c><00:53:43.560><c> now,</c>

00:53:43.670 --> 00:53:43.680 align:start position:0%
brain. You've got to be careful now,
 

00:53:43.680 --> 00:53:45.470 align:start position:0%
brain. You've got to be careful now,
then,<00:53:43.880><c> Michael,</c><00:53:44.120><c> because</c><00:53:44.400><c> if</c><00:53:44.520><c> this</c><00:53:45.080><c> section</c>

00:53:45.470 --> 00:53:45.480 align:start position:0%
then, Michael, because if this section
 

00:53:45.480 --> 00:53:47.390 align:start position:0%
then, Michael, because if this section
that<00:53:45.640><c> you're</c><00:53:46.360><c> If</c><00:53:46.480><c> you're</c><00:53:46.640><c> going</c><00:53:46.920><c> to</c><00:53:47.000><c> the</c><00:53:47.120><c> very</c>

00:53:47.390 --> 00:53:47.400 align:start position:0%
that you're If you're going to the very
 

00:53:47.400 --> 00:53:48.990 align:start position:0%
that you're If you're going to the very
first<00:53:47.680><c> example,</c><00:53:48.080><c> if</c><00:53:48.240><c> you</c><00:53:48.400><c> If</c><00:53:48.560><c> this</c><00:53:48.760><c> gets</c>

00:53:48.990 --> 00:53:49.000 align:start position:0%
first example, if you If this gets
 

00:53:49.000 --> 00:53:51.470 align:start position:0%
first example, if you If this gets
clipped<00:53:49.400><c> up</c>

00:53:51.470 --> 00:53:51.480 align:start position:0%
clipped up
 

00:53:51.480 --> 00:53:52.990 align:start position:0%
clipped up
and<00:53:51.640><c> does</c><00:53:51.880><c> the</c><00:53:51.960><c> rounds</c><00:53:52.240><c> on</c><00:53:52.320><c> the</c><00:53:52.440><c> internet,</c><00:53:52.880><c> you</c>

00:53:52.990 --> 00:53:53.000 align:start position:0%
and does the rounds on the internet, you
 

00:53:53.000 --> 00:53:55.349 align:start position:0%
and does the rounds on the internet, you
could<00:53:53.640><c> uh</c>

00:53:55.349 --> 00:53:55.359 align:start position:0%
could uh
 

00:53:55.359 --> 00:53:56.990 align:start position:0%
could uh
your<00:53:55.520><c> reputation</c><00:53:56.200><c> could</c><00:53:56.400><c> be</c><00:53:56.520><c> really</c><00:53:56.840><c> in</c>

00:53:56.990 --> 00:53:57.000 align:start position:0%
your reputation could be really in
 

00:53:57.000 --> 00:53:58.910 align:start position:0%
your reputation could be really in
trouble.<00:53:57.640><c> I</c><00:53:57.760><c> know.</c><00:53:58.000><c> Look,</c><00:53:58.200><c> I'm</c><00:53:58.359><c> picking</c><00:53:58.800><c> I'm</c>

00:53:58.910 --> 00:53:58.920 align:start position:0%
trouble. I know. Look, I'm picking I'm
 

00:53:58.920 --> 00:54:01.270 align:start position:0%
trouble. I know. Look, I'm picking I'm
picking<00:53:59.280><c> the</c><00:53:59.400><c> safest</c><00:53:59.880><c> one.</c><00:54:00.240><c> I'm</c><00:54:00.359><c> picking</c><00:54:00.800><c> the</c>

00:54:01.270 --> 00:54:01.280 align:start position:0%
picking the safest one. I'm picking the
 

00:54:01.280 --> 00:54:04.870 align:start position:0%
picking the safest one. I'm picking the
the<00:54:01.480><c> least</c><00:54:02.080><c> spicy</c><00:54:02.680><c> one.</c><00:54:03.480><c> And</c><00:54:04.120><c> I</c><00:54:04.320><c> again,</c><00:54:04.760><c> I</c>

00:54:04.870 --> 00:54:04.880 align:start position:0%
the least spicy one. And I again, I
 

00:54:04.880 --> 00:54:06.630 align:start position:0%
the least spicy one. And I again, I
think<00:54:05.240><c> that</c><00:54:05.359><c> Hannah,</c><00:54:05.640><c> we</c><00:54:05.760><c> should</c><00:54:05.960><c> just</c><00:54:06.359><c> bring</c>

00:54:06.630 --> 00:54:06.640 align:start position:0%
think that Hannah, we should just bring
 

00:54:06.640 --> 00:54:08.470 align:start position:0%
think that Hannah, we should just bring
this<00:54:06.880><c> up</c><00:54:07.120><c> and</c><00:54:07.240><c> then</c><00:54:07.400><c> in</c><00:54:07.560><c> a</c><00:54:07.600><c> later</c><00:54:07.960><c> episode,</c>

00:54:08.470 --> 00:54:08.480 align:start position:0%
this up and then in a later episode,
 

00:54:08.480 --> 00:54:10.830 align:start position:0%
this up and then in a later episode,
we'll<00:54:08.640><c> talk</c><00:54:08.960><c> about</c><00:54:09.320><c> moral</c><00:54:10.120><c> reasoning.</c>

00:54:10.830 --> 00:54:10.840 align:start position:0%
we'll talk about moral reasoning.
 

00:54:10.840 --> 00:54:11.430 align:start position:0%
we'll talk about moral reasoning.
&gt;&gt; Good<00:54:11.000><c> idea.</c>

00:54:11.430 --> 00:54:11.440 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Good idea.
 

00:54:11.440 --> 00:54:13.390 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Good idea.
&gt;&gt; Which<00:54:11.600><c> is</c><00:54:11.680><c> not</c><00:54:11.920><c> much</c><00:54:12.120><c> different</c><00:54:12.920><c> than</c>

00:54:13.390 --> 00:54:13.400 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Which is not much different than
 

00:54:13.400 --> 00:54:16.790 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; Which is not much different than
reasoning<00:54:14.000><c> about</c><00:54:14.960><c> obligations</c><00:54:15.800><c> or</c><00:54:16.120><c> abstract</c>

00:54:16.790 --> 00:54:16.800 align:start position:0%
reasoning about obligations or abstract
 

00:54:16.800 --> 00:54:18.630 align:start position:0%
reasoning about obligations or abstract
mathematical<00:54:17.520><c> things.</c><00:54:17.920><c> It</c><00:54:18.160><c> all</c><00:54:18.400><c> kind</c><00:54:18.560><c> of</c>

00:54:18.630 --> 00:54:18.640 align:start position:0%
mathematical things. It all kind of
 

00:54:18.640 --> 00:54:20.110 align:start position:0%
mathematical things. It all kind of
points<00:54:18.920><c> in</c><00:54:19.000><c> the</c><00:54:19.040><c> same</c><00:54:19.280><c> direction,</c><00:54:19.760><c> but</c><00:54:19.920><c> this</c>

00:54:20.110 --> 00:54:20.120 align:start position:0%
points in the same direction, but this
 

00:54:20.120 --> 00:54:21.510 align:start position:0%
points in the same direction, but this
is<00:54:20.280><c> one</c><00:54:20.520><c> where</c>

00:54:21.510 --> 00:54:21.520 align:start position:0%
is one where
 

00:54:21.520 --> 00:54:24.870 align:start position:0%
is one where
you<00:54:21.760><c> really</c><00:54:22.240><c> you</c><00:54:22.480><c> really</c><00:54:23.400><c> wind</c><00:54:23.720><c> up</c><00:54:23.880><c> realizing</c>

00:54:24.870 --> 00:54:24.880 align:start position:0%
you really you really wind up realizing
 

00:54:24.880 --> 00:54:26.830 align:start position:0%
you really you really wind up realizing
that<00:54:25.160><c> you</c><00:54:25.320><c> had</c><00:54:25.480><c> a</c><00:54:25.520><c> conclusion</c><00:54:26.160><c> before</c><00:54:26.520><c> you</c><00:54:26.640><c> had</c>

00:54:26.830 --> 00:54:26.840 align:start position:0%
that you had a conclusion before you had
 

00:54:26.840 --> 00:54:28.590 align:start position:0%
that you had a conclusion before you had
any<00:54:27.040><c> reasons.</c><00:54:27.680><c> We</c><00:54:27.920><c> should</c><00:54:28.120><c> We</c><00:54:28.240><c> should</c><00:54:28.440><c> say</c>

00:54:28.590 --> 00:54:28.600 align:start position:0%
any reasons. We should We should say
 

00:54:28.600 --> 00:54:31.390 align:start position:0%
any reasons. We should We should say
actually<00:54:28.840><c> just</c><00:54:29.080><c> in</c><00:54:29.200><c> general</c><00:54:29.560><c> this</c><00:54:29.760><c> book</c><00:54:30.359><c> um</c>

00:54:31.390 --> 00:54:31.400 align:start position:0%
actually just in general this book um
 

00:54:31.400 --> 00:54:33.990 align:start position:0%
actually just in general this book um
this<00:54:31.640><c> book</c><00:54:32.240><c> really</c><00:54:32.880><c> interrogates</c><00:54:33.760><c> in</c><00:54:33.880><c> an</c>

00:54:33.990 --> 00:54:34.000 align:start position:0%
this book really interrogates in an
 

00:54:34.000 --> 00:54:38.590 align:start position:0%
this book really interrogates in an
extremely<00:54:35.480><c> careful</c><00:54:36.320><c> and</c><00:54:36.600><c> logical</c><00:54:37.240><c> way</c><00:54:38.200><c> a</c><00:54:38.280><c> lot</c>

00:54:38.590 --> 00:54:38.600 align:start position:0%
extremely careful and logical way a lot
 

00:54:38.600 --> 00:54:41.630 align:start position:0%
extremely careful and logical way a lot
of<00:54:38.720><c> the</c><00:54:39.120><c> the</c><00:54:39.520><c> the</c><00:54:39.640><c> moral</c><00:54:40.040><c> rules</c><00:54:40.520><c> that</c><00:54:40.760><c> we</c><00:54:41.280><c> fully</c>

00:54:41.630 --> 00:54:41.640 align:start position:0%
of the the the moral rules that we fully
 

00:54:41.640 --> 00:54:43.990 align:start position:0%
of the the the moral rules that we fully
accept<00:54:42.040><c> as</c><00:54:42.160><c> a</c><00:54:42.240><c> society.</c><00:54:43.280><c> Think</c><00:54:43.560><c> things</c><00:54:43.840><c> that</c>

00:54:43.990 --> 00:54:44.000 align:start position:0%
accept as a society. Think things that
 

00:54:44.000 --> 00:54:46.150 align:start position:0%
accept as a society. Think things that
we<00:54:44.160><c> find</c><00:54:44.480><c> abhorrent,</c><00:54:45.040><c> things</c><00:54:45.240><c> that</c><00:54:45.359><c> we</c><00:54:45.520><c> find</c>

00:54:46.150 --> 00:54:46.160 align:start position:0%
we find abhorrent, things that we find
 

00:54:46.160 --> 00:54:48.070 align:start position:0%
we find abhorrent, things that we find
disgusting,<00:54:46.920><c> it</c><00:54:47.200><c> really</c><00:54:47.600><c> tries</c><00:54:47.960><c> to</c>

00:54:48.070 --> 00:54:48.080 align:start position:0%
disgusting, it really tries to
 

00:54:48.080 --> 00:54:50.950 align:start position:0%
disgusting, it really tries to
understand<00:54:48.720><c> what</c><00:54:49.040><c> is</c><00:54:49.200><c> it</c><00:54:49.440><c> about</c><00:54:49.880><c> that</c><00:54:50.520><c> that</c><00:54:50.760><c> we</c>

00:54:50.950 --> 00:54:50.960 align:start position:0%
understand what is it about that that we
 

00:54:50.960 --> 00:54:53.030 align:start position:0%
understand what is it about that that we
have<00:54:51.080><c> decided</c><00:54:51.600><c> is</c><00:54:51.720><c> unacceptable.</c><00:54:52.840><c> That's</c>

00:54:53.030 --> 00:54:53.040 align:start position:0%
have decided is unacceptable. That's
 

00:54:53.040 --> 00:54:55.070 align:start position:0%
have decided is unacceptable. That's
exactly<00:54:53.560><c> right.</c><00:54:53.920><c> And</c><00:54:54.040><c> it</c><00:54:54.200><c> really</c><00:54:54.440><c> looks</c><00:54:54.720><c> into</c>

00:54:55.070 --> 00:54:55.080 align:start position:0%
exactly right. And it really looks into
 

00:54:55.080 --> 00:54:58.590 align:start position:0%
exactly right. And it really looks into
why<00:54:55.480><c> we</c><00:54:55.720><c> don't</c><00:54:56.080><c> agree</c><00:54:57.120><c> on</c><00:54:57.600><c> what</c><00:54:57.760><c> is</c><00:54:57.880><c> acceptable</c>

00:54:58.590 --> 00:54:58.600 align:start position:0%
why we don't agree on what is acceptable
 

00:54:58.600 --> 00:55:01.390 align:start position:0%
why we don't agree on what is acceptable
and<00:54:58.760><c> disgusting</c><00:54:59.560><c> and</c><00:54:59.760><c> good</c><00:55:00.080><c> or</c><00:55:00.240><c> bad.</c><00:55:01.160><c> How</c>

00:55:01.390 --> 00:55:01.400 align:start position:0%
and disgusting and good or bad. How
 

00:55:01.400 --> 00:55:03.310 align:start position:0%
and disgusting and good or bad. How
complex

00:55:03.310 --> 00:55:03.320 align:start position:0%
complex
 

00:55:03.320 --> 00:55:05.550 align:start position:0%
complex
our<00:55:03.600><c> reasons</c><00:55:04.160><c> are.</c><00:55:04.960><c> It's</c><00:55:05.120><c> the</c><00:55:05.240><c> called</c><00:55:05.440><c> The</c>

00:55:05.550 --> 00:55:05.560 align:start position:0%
our reasons are. It's the called The
 

00:55:05.560 --> 00:55:07.510 align:start position:0%
our reasons are. It's the called The
Righteous<00:55:05.920><c> Mind</c><00:55:06.200><c> by</c><00:55:06.359><c> Jonathan</c><00:55:06.720><c> Haidt.</c><00:55:07.120><c> That's</c>

00:55:07.510 --> 00:55:07.520 align:start position:0%
Righteous Mind by Jonathan Haidt. That's
 

00:55:07.520 --> 00:55:10.470 align:start position:0%
Righteous Mind by Jonathan Haidt. That's
right.<00:55:07.800><c> And</c><00:55:07.960><c> I</c><00:55:08.040><c> think</c><00:55:08.600><c> it's</c><00:55:09.040><c> it's</c><00:55:09.680><c> it's</c><00:55:09.840><c> a</c><00:55:09.920><c> very</c>

00:55:10.470 --> 00:55:10.480 align:start position:0%
right. And I think it's it's it's a very
 

00:55:10.480 --> 00:55:13.190 align:start position:0%
right. And I think it's it's it's a very
insightful<00:55:11.120><c> book</c><00:55:11.400><c> that's</c><00:55:11.600><c> perfect</c><00:55:12.240><c> for</c><00:55:13.040><c> the</c>

00:55:13.190 --> 00:55:13.200 align:start position:0%
insightful book that's perfect for the
 

00:55:13.200 --> 00:55:15.349 align:start position:0%
insightful book that's perfect for the
way<00:55:13.480><c> the</c><00:55:13.640><c> world</c><00:55:14.000><c> is</c><00:55:14.359><c> today.</c><00:55:14.880><c> But</c><00:55:15.040><c> here's</c><00:55:15.280><c> an</c>

00:55:15.349 --> 00:55:15.359 align:start position:0%
way the world is today. But here's an
 

00:55:15.359 --> 00:55:18.110 align:start position:0%
way the world is today. But here's an
example<00:55:16.440><c> of</c><00:55:16.960><c> a</c>

00:55:18.110 --> 00:55:18.120 align:start position:0%
example of a
 

00:55:18.120 --> 00:55:20.790 align:start position:0%
example of a
a<00:55:18.200><c> question</c><00:55:19.000><c> and</c><00:55:19.160><c> I</c><00:55:19.240><c> want</c><00:55:19.560><c> you</c><00:55:19.840><c> to</c><00:55:20.560><c> I'm</c><00:55:20.680><c> just</c>

00:55:20.790 --> 00:55:20.800 align:start position:0%
a question and I want you to I'm just
 

00:55:20.800 --> 00:55:22.470 align:start position:0%
a question and I want you to I'm just
going<00:55:20.920><c> to</c><00:55:21.040><c> read</c><00:55:21.480><c> from</c><00:55:21.640><c> chapter</c><00:55:22.040><c> one.</c><00:55:22.320><c> I'm</c><00:55:22.359><c> just</c>

00:55:22.470 --> 00:55:22.480 align:start position:0%
going to read from chapter one. I'm just
 

00:55:22.480 --> 00:55:23.230 align:start position:0%
going to read from chapter one. I'm just
going<00:55:22.600><c> to</c><00:55:22.680><c> read</c><00:55:22.760><c> from</c><00:55:22.880><c> chapter</c>

00:55:23.230 --> 00:55:23.240 align:start position:0%
going to read from chapter
 

00:55:23.240 --> 00:55:26.550 align:start position:0%
going to read from chapter
&gt;&gt; Great<00:55:23.440><c> idea.</c><00:55:24.000><c> Great</c><00:55:24.160><c> idea.</c>

00:55:26.550 --> 00:55:26.560 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:55:26.560 --> 00:55:28.470 align:start position:0%
 
I'm<00:55:26.760><c> going</c><00:55:27.000><c> to</c><00:55:27.080><c> tell</c><00:55:27.320><c> you</c><00:55:27.480><c> a</c><00:55:27.520><c> brief</c><00:55:27.840><c> story.</c>

00:55:28.470 --> 00:55:28.480 align:start position:0%
I'm going to tell you a brief story.
 

00:55:28.480 --> 00:55:30.670 align:start position:0%
I'm going to tell you a brief story.
Pause<00:55:29.040><c> after</c><00:55:29.359><c> you</c><00:55:29.520><c> read</c><00:55:29.720><c> it</c><00:55:29.960><c> and</c><00:55:30.120><c> decide</c>

00:55:30.670 --> 00:55:30.680 align:start position:0%
Pause after you read it and decide
 

00:55:30.680 --> 00:55:32.990 align:start position:0%
Pause after you read it and decide
whether<00:55:30.920><c> the</c><00:55:31.040><c> people</c><00:55:31.520><c> in</c><00:55:31.760><c> the</c><00:55:31.840><c> story</c><00:55:32.600><c> did</c>

00:55:32.990 --> 00:55:33.000 align:start position:0%
whether the people in the story did
 

00:55:33.000 --> 00:55:35.510 align:start position:0%
whether the people in the story did
anything<00:55:33.720><c> morally</c><00:55:34.280><c> wrong.</c>

00:55:35.510 --> 00:55:35.520 align:start position:0%
anything morally wrong.
 

00:55:35.520 --> 00:55:38.430 align:start position:0%
anything morally wrong.
A<00:55:35.680><c> family's</c><00:55:36.359><c> dog</c><00:55:36.920><c> was</c><00:55:37.160><c> killed</c><00:55:37.520><c> by</c><00:55:37.720><c> a</c><00:55:37.800><c> car</c><00:55:38.280><c> in</c>

00:55:38.430 --> 00:55:38.440 align:start position:0%
A family's dog was killed by a car in
 

00:55:38.440 --> 00:55:40.590 align:start position:0%
A family's dog was killed by a car in
front<00:55:38.680><c> of</c><00:55:38.760><c> their</c><00:55:38.960><c> house.</c><00:55:39.640><c> They</c><00:55:39.800><c> had</c><00:55:39.960><c> heard</c>

00:55:40.590 --> 00:55:40.600 align:start position:0%
front of their house. They had heard
 

00:55:40.600 --> 00:55:43.510 align:start position:0%
front of their house. They had heard
that<00:55:40.840><c> dog</c><00:55:41.160><c> meat</c><00:55:41.680><c> was</c><00:55:41.920><c> delicious.</c>

00:55:43.510 --> 00:55:43.520 align:start position:0%
that dog meat was delicious.
 

00:55:43.520 --> 00:55:46.349 align:start position:0%
that dog meat was delicious.
So,<00:55:44.440><c> they</c><00:55:44.640><c> cut</c><00:55:44.920><c> up</c><00:55:45.040><c> the</c><00:55:45.160><c> dog's</c><00:55:45.520><c> body</c><00:55:46.160><c> and</c>

00:55:46.349 --> 00:55:46.359 align:start position:0%
So, they cut up the dog's body and
 

00:55:46.359 --> 00:55:48.510 align:start position:0%
So, they cut up the dog's body and
cooked<00:55:46.680><c> it</c><00:55:46.840><c> and</c><00:55:47.080><c> ate</c><00:55:47.200><c> it</c><00:55:47.359><c> for</c><00:55:47.480><c> dinner.</c>

00:55:48.510 --> 00:55:48.520 align:start position:0%
cooked it and ate it for dinner.
 

00:55:48.520 --> 00:55:53.430 align:start position:0%
cooked it and ate it for dinner.
Nobody<00:55:48.920><c> saw</c><00:55:49.160><c> them</c><00:55:49.359><c> do</c><00:55:49.560><c> this.</c>

00:55:53.430 --> 00:55:53.440 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:55:53.440 --> 00:55:55.750 align:start position:0%
 
Okay.<00:55:53.960><c> So,</c><00:55:54.320><c> no</c><00:55:54.480><c> one</c><00:55:54.640><c> saw</c><00:55:54.880><c> them</c><00:55:55.040><c> do</c><00:55:55.240><c> it.</c><00:55:55.600><c> The</c>

00:55:55.750 --> 00:55:55.760 align:start position:0%
Okay. So, no one saw them do it. The
 

00:55:55.760 --> 00:55:58.590 align:start position:0%
Okay. So, no one saw them do it. The
father,<00:55:56.359><c> let's</c><00:55:56.640><c> say,</c><00:55:57.200><c> was</c><00:55:57.560><c> a</c><00:55:57.640><c> professional</c>

00:55:58.590 --> 00:55:58.600 align:start position:0%
father, let's say, was a professional
 

00:55:58.600 --> 00:56:01.830 align:start position:0%
father, let's say, was a professional
butcher<00:55:59.440><c> and</c><00:55:59.960><c> none</c><00:56:00.200><c> of</c><00:56:00.240><c> them</c><00:56:00.359><c> got</c><00:56:00.640><c> sick.</c><00:56:01.240><c> Yep.</c>

00:56:01.830 --> 00:56:01.840 align:start position:0%
butcher and none of them got sick. Yep.
 

00:56:01.840 --> 00:56:04.590 align:start position:0%
butcher and none of them got sick. Yep.
The<00:56:01.920><c> dog</c><00:56:02.640><c> passed</c><00:56:02.960><c> away</c><00:56:03.160><c> due</c><00:56:03.320><c> to</c><00:56:03.440><c> an</c><00:56:03.560><c> accident.</c>

00:56:04.590 --> 00:56:04.600 align:start position:0%
The dog passed away due to an accident.
 

00:56:04.600 --> 00:56:06.750 align:start position:0%
The dog passed away due to an accident.
Was<00:56:04.800><c> already</c><00:56:05.120><c> dead?</c><00:56:05.920><c> Already</c><00:56:06.240><c> dead.</c><00:56:06.560><c> And</c><00:56:06.680><c> you</c>

00:56:06.750 --> 00:56:06.760 align:start position:0%
Was already dead? Already dead. And you
 

00:56:06.760 --> 00:56:08.510 align:start position:0%
Was already dead? Already dead. And you
know<00:56:06.880><c> what?</c><00:56:07.160><c> Afterwards,</c><00:56:07.840><c> the</c><00:56:07.920><c> family</c><00:56:08.320><c> was</c>

00:56:08.510 --> 00:56:08.520 align:start position:0%
know what? Afterwards, the family was
 

00:56:08.520 --> 00:56:10.150 align:start position:0%
know what? Afterwards, the family was
really<00:56:08.680><c> glad</c><00:56:09.040><c> they</c><00:56:09.200><c> did</c><00:56:09.400><c> it.</c><00:56:09.560><c> They</c><00:56:09.720><c> felt</c><00:56:10.040><c> that</c>

00:56:10.150 --> 00:56:10.160 align:start position:0%
really glad they did it. They felt that
 

00:56:10.160 --> 00:56:11.990 align:start position:0%
really glad they did it. They felt that
it<00:56:10.280><c> was</c><00:56:10.440><c> respectful</c><00:56:11.280><c> and</c><00:56:11.400><c> it</c><00:56:11.480><c> made</c><00:56:11.640><c> them</c><00:56:11.760><c> feel</c>

00:56:11.990 --> 00:56:12.000 align:start position:0%
it was respectful and it made them feel
 

00:56:12.000 --> 00:56:14.870 align:start position:0%
it was respectful and it made them feel
closer<00:56:12.400><c> to</c><00:56:12.560><c> the</c><00:56:12.640><c> dog.</c><00:56:13.280><c> So,</c><00:56:14.280><c> did</c><00:56:14.440><c> anyone</c><00:56:14.720><c> do</c>

00:56:14.870 --> 00:56:14.880 align:start position:0%
closer to the dog. So, did anyone do
 

00:56:14.880 --> 00:56:16.510 align:start position:0%
closer to the dog. So, did anyone do
anything<00:56:15.160><c> morally</c><00:56:15.520><c> wrong?</c><00:56:16.080><c> That's</c><00:56:16.359><c> our</c>

00:56:16.510 --> 00:56:16.520 align:start position:0%
anything morally wrong? That's our
 

00:56:16.520 --> 00:56:18.070 align:start position:0%
anything morally wrong? That's our
question<00:56:17.080><c> to</c><00:56:17.280><c> you.</c><00:56:17.520><c> Let</c><00:56:17.680><c> us</c><00:56:17.800><c> know</c><00:56:17.960><c> in</c><00:56:18.040><c> the</c>

00:56:18.070 --> 00:56:18.080 align:start position:0%
question to you. Let us know in the
 

00:56:18.080 --> 00:56:19.550 align:start position:0%
question to you. Let us know in the
comments<00:56:18.520><c> below.</c>

00:56:19.550 --> 00:56:19.560 align:start position:0%
comments below.
 

00:56:19.560 --> 00:56:20.710 align:start position:0%
comments below.
And

00:56:20.710 --> 00:56:20.720 align:start position:0%
And
 

00:56:20.720 --> 00:56:22.670 align:start position:0%
And
I<00:56:20.800><c> don't</c><00:56:20.960><c> know</c><00:56:21.080><c> when</c><00:56:21.320><c> we'll</c><00:56:21.480><c> talk</c><00:56:21.760><c> about</c><00:56:22.040><c> this.</c>

00:56:22.670 --> 00:56:22.680 align:start position:0%
I don't know when we'll talk about this.
 

00:56:22.680 --> 00:56:24.630 align:start position:0%
I don't know when we'll talk about this.
There's<00:56:22.880><c> a</c><00:56:22.920><c> lot</c><00:56:23.320><c> that</c><00:56:23.600><c> I</c><00:56:23.840><c> want</c><00:56:24.040><c> to</c><00:56:24.120><c> learn</c><00:56:24.520><c> and</c>

00:56:24.630 --> 00:56:24.640 align:start position:0%
There's a lot that I want to learn and
 

00:56:24.640 --> 00:56:26.390 align:start position:0%
There's a lot that I want to learn and
that<00:56:24.880><c> we</c><00:56:25.000><c> both</c><00:56:25.280><c> should</c><00:56:25.520><c> talk</c><00:56:25.760><c> about</c><00:56:26.000><c> before</c><00:56:26.240><c> we</c>

00:56:26.390 --> 00:56:26.400 align:start position:0%
that we both should talk about before we
 

00:56:26.400 --> 00:56:28.790 align:start position:0%
that we both should talk about before we
do<00:56:26.600><c> it.</c><00:56:26.760><c> We'll</c><00:56:26.920><c> look</c><00:56:27.120><c> into</c><00:56:27.400><c> moral</c><00:56:27.960><c> reasoning</c>

00:56:28.790 --> 00:56:28.800 align:start position:0%
do it. We'll look into moral reasoning
 

00:56:28.800 --> 00:56:29.230 align:start position:0%
do it. We'll look into moral reasoning
someday.

00:56:29.230 --> 00:56:29.240 align:start position:0%
someday.
 

00:56:29.240 --> 00:56:31.430 align:start position:0%
someday.
&gt;&gt; I<00:56:29.359><c> think</c><00:56:29.600><c> that's</c><00:56:29.840><c> a</c><00:56:29.960><c> really</c><00:56:30.320><c> good</c><00:56:30.560><c> idea.</c><00:56:31.280><c> We</c>

00:56:31.430 --> 00:56:31.440 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I think that's a really good idea. We
 

00:56:31.440 --> 00:56:32.830 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; I think that's a really good idea. We
can<00:56:31.640><c> read</c><00:56:31.840><c> you</c><00:56:31.960><c> more</c><00:56:32.120><c> examples</c><00:56:32.560><c> from</c><00:56:32.680><c> that</c>

00:56:32.830 --> 00:56:32.840 align:start position:0%
can read you more examples from that
 

00:56:32.840 --> 00:56:34.950 align:start position:0%
can read you more examples from that
book<00:56:33.160><c> as</c><00:56:33.280><c> long</c><00:56:33.440><c> as</c><00:56:33.560><c> you</c><00:56:33.680><c> promise,</c><00:56:34.120><c> audience,</c>

00:56:34.950 --> 00:56:34.960 align:start position:0%
book as long as you promise, audience,
 

00:56:34.960 --> 00:56:37.910 align:start position:0%
book as long as you promise, audience,
not<00:56:35.280><c> to</c><00:56:35.359><c> clip</c><00:56:35.640><c> it</c><00:56:35.800><c> up</c><00:56:35.960><c> and</c><00:56:36.120><c> share</c><00:56:36.440><c> it</c><00:56:36.520><c> around</c><00:56:37.800><c> as</c>

00:56:37.910 --> 00:56:37.920 align:start position:0%
not to clip it up and share it around as
 

00:56:37.920 --> 00:56:39.870 align:start position:0%
not to clip it up and share it around as
though<00:56:38.120><c> it's</c><00:56:38.280><c> things</c><00:56:38.520><c> we</c><00:56:38.640><c> actually</c><00:56:39.000><c> think</c><00:56:39.280><c> cuz</c>

00:56:39.870 --> 00:56:39.880 align:start position:0%
though it's things we actually think cuz
 

00:56:39.880 --> 00:56:42.030 align:start position:0%
though it's things we actually think cuz
I<00:56:39.960><c> mean,</c><00:56:40.240><c> yeah,</c><00:56:40.560><c> it</c><00:56:40.720><c> tests</c><00:56:41.120><c> the</c><00:56:41.240><c> bounds.</c><00:56:41.880><c> But</c>

00:56:42.030 --> 00:56:42.040 align:start position:0%
I mean, yeah, it tests the bounds. But
 

00:56:42.040 --> 00:56:44.230 align:start position:0%
I mean, yeah, it tests the bounds. But
that<00:56:42.240><c> is</c><00:56:42.359><c> a</c><00:56:42.480><c> really</c><00:56:42.920><c> great</c><00:56:43.160><c> example.</c><00:56:43.800><c> A</c><00:56:43.880><c> really</c>

00:56:44.230 --> 00:56:44.240 align:start position:0%
that is a really great example. A really
 

00:56:44.240 --> 00:56:47.190 align:start position:0%
that is a really great example. A really
great<00:56:44.520><c> example</c><00:56:45.040><c> of</c><00:56:45.600><c> it</c><00:56:45.800><c> definitely</c><00:56:46.560><c> feels</c>

00:56:47.190 --> 00:56:47.200 align:start position:0%
great example of it definitely feels
 

00:56:47.200 --> 00:56:50.349 align:start position:0%
great example of it definitely feels
wrong,<00:56:47.960><c> but</c><00:56:48.120><c> it's</c><00:56:48.359><c> quite</c><00:56:48.840><c> hard</c><00:56:49.160><c> to</c><00:56:49.280><c> say</c><00:56:49.600><c> why.</c>

00:56:50.349 --> 00:56:50.359 align:start position:0%
wrong, but it's quite hard to say why.
 

00:56:50.359 --> 00:56:53.630 align:start position:0%
wrong, but it's quite hard to say why.
Exactly.<00:56:51.480><c> These</c><00:56:51.760><c> are</c><00:56:52.120><c> Jonathan</c><00:56:52.560><c> Haidt's</c>

00:56:53.630 --> 00:56:53.640 align:start position:0%
Exactly. These are Jonathan Haidt's
 

00:56:53.640 --> 00:56:54.590 align:start position:0%
Exactly. These are Jonathan Haidt's
What<00:56:53.800><c> did</c><00:56:53.880><c> What</c><00:56:53.960><c> did</c><00:56:54.040><c> he</c><00:56:54.160><c> call</c><00:56:54.359><c> them?</c><00:56:54.480><c> He</c>

00:56:54.590 --> 00:56:54.600 align:start position:0%
What did What did he call them? He
 

00:56:54.600 --> 00:56:57.750 align:start position:0%
What did What did he call them? He
called<00:56:54.880><c> them</c><00:56:55.600><c> harmless</c><00:56:56.280><c> taboo</c><00:56:56.680><c> violations</c>

00:56:57.750 --> 00:56:57.760 align:start position:0%
called them harmless taboo violations
 

00:56:57.760 --> 00:56:59.710 align:start position:0%
called them harmless taboo violations
where<00:56:57.960><c> he</c><00:56:58.120><c> knows</c><00:56:59.040><c> that</c><00:56:59.240><c> there's</c><00:56:59.480><c> there's</c><00:56:59.680><c> a</c>

00:56:59.710 --> 00:56:59.720 align:start position:0%
where he knows that there's there's a
 

00:56:59.720 --> 00:57:01.430 align:start position:0%
where he knows that there's there's a
taboo<00:57:00.480><c> and</c><00:57:00.600><c> he</c><00:57:00.720><c> believes</c><00:57:01.040><c> that</c><00:57:01.160><c> it's</c><00:57:01.280><c> like</c>

00:57:01.430 --> 00:57:01.440 align:start position:0%
taboo and he believes that it's like
 

00:57:01.440 --> 00:57:04.310 align:start position:0%
taboo and he believes that it's like
this<00:57:01.600><c> almost</c><00:57:01.920><c> intuitive</c><00:57:02.520><c> thing</c><00:57:03.400><c> where</c><00:57:04.000><c> we</c>

00:57:04.310 --> 00:57:04.320 align:start position:0%
this almost intuitive thing where we
 

00:57:04.320 --> 00:57:06.830 align:start position:0%
this almost intuitive thing where we
believe<00:57:04.800><c> it</c><00:57:05.400><c> and</c><00:57:05.680><c> we</c><00:57:05.800><c> provide</c><00:57:06.200><c> reasons</c><00:57:06.600><c> after</c>

00:57:06.830 --> 00:57:06.840 align:start position:0%
believe it and we provide reasons after
 

00:57:06.840 --> 00:57:08.750 align:start position:0%
believe it and we provide reasons after
the<00:57:06.960><c> fact.</c><00:57:07.359><c> So,</c><00:57:07.480><c> he</c><00:57:07.640><c> constructed</c><00:57:08.280><c> these</c>

00:57:08.750 --> 00:57:08.760 align:start position:0%
the fact. So, he constructed these
 

00:57:08.760 --> 00:57:12.310 align:start position:0%
the fact. So, he constructed these
questions<00:57:09.720><c> where</c><00:57:10.520><c> all</c><00:57:10.840><c> the</c><00:57:11.040><c> typical</c><00:57:11.600><c> harms</c>

00:57:12.310 --> 00:57:12.320 align:start position:0%
questions where all the typical harms
 

00:57:12.320 --> 00:57:14.670 align:start position:0%
questions where all the typical harms
and<00:57:12.520><c> reasons</c><00:57:13.080><c> people</c><00:57:13.400><c> give</c><00:57:13.640><c> for</c><00:57:13.760><c> the</c><00:57:13.880><c> taboo</c>

00:57:14.670 --> 00:57:14.680 align:start position:0%
and reasons people give for the taboo
 

00:57:14.680 --> 00:57:15.870 align:start position:0%
and reasons people give for the taboo
have<00:57:14.880><c> been</c><00:57:15.040><c> canceled.</c><00:57:15.600><c> They've</c><00:57:15.720><c> been</c>

00:57:15.870 --> 00:57:15.880 align:start position:0%
have been canceled. They've been
 

00:57:15.880 --> 00:57:17.430 align:start position:0%
have been canceled. They've been
clipped.<00:57:16.280><c> That's</c><00:57:16.520><c> not</c><00:57:16.760><c> not</c><00:57:16.960><c> in</c><00:57:17.000><c> this</c><00:57:17.200><c> case.</c>

00:57:17.430 --> 00:57:17.440 align:start position:0%
clipped. That's not not in this case.
 

00:57:17.440 --> 00:57:19.110 align:start position:0%
clipped. That's not not in this case.
Not<00:57:17.600><c> in</c><00:57:17.680><c> this</c><00:57:17.840><c> case.</c><00:57:18.480><c> What</c><00:57:18.640><c> They</c><00:57:18.720><c> didn't</c><00:57:18.920><c> kill</c>

00:57:19.110 --> 00:57:19.120 align:start position:0%
Not in this case. What They didn't kill
 

00:57:19.120 --> 00:57:20.830 align:start position:0%
Not in this case. What They didn't kill
their<00:57:19.240><c> dog.</c><00:57:19.800><c> They</c><00:57:19.880><c> just</c><00:57:20.160><c> ate</c><00:57:20.320><c> it</c><00:57:20.480><c> after</c><00:57:20.720><c> it</c>

00:57:20.830 --> 00:57:20.840 align:start position:0%
their dog. They just ate it after it
 

00:57:20.840 --> 00:57:22.270 align:start position:0%
their dog. They just ate it after it
accidentally<00:57:21.320><c> died.</c><00:57:21.600><c> Nope,</c><00:57:21.840><c> no</c><00:57:21.960><c> one</c><00:57:22.080><c> got</c>

00:57:22.270 --> 00:57:22.280 align:start position:0%
accidentally died. Nope, no one got
 

00:57:22.280 --> 00:57:23.750 align:start position:0%
accidentally died. Nope, no one got
sick.<00:57:22.520><c> No</c><00:57:22.640><c> one</c><00:57:22.800><c> saw</c><00:57:23.000><c> them</c><00:57:23.160><c> do</c><00:57:23.320><c> it.</c><00:57:23.440><c> Blah</c><00:57:23.640><c> blah</c>

00:57:23.750 --> 00:57:23.760 align:start position:0%
sick. No one saw them do it. Blah blah
 

00:57:23.760 --> 00:57:25.270 align:start position:0%
sick. No one saw them do it. Blah blah
blah<00:57:23.920><c> blah</c><00:57:24.040><c> blah</c><00:57:24.200><c> blah</c><00:57:24.320><c> blah</c><00:57:24.760><c> and</c><00:57:24.880><c> you're</c><00:57:25.040><c> left</c>

00:57:25.270 --> 00:57:25.280 align:start position:0%
blah blah blah blah blah and you're left
 

00:57:25.280 --> 00:57:27.550 align:start position:0%
blah blah blah blah blah and you're left
going,<00:57:25.520><c> "But</c><00:57:25.640><c> I</c><00:57:25.720><c> still</c><00:57:26.240><c> think</c><00:57:26.480><c> it's</c><00:57:26.800><c> wrong."</c>

00:57:27.550 --> 00:57:27.560 align:start position:0%
going, "But I still think it's wrong."
 

00:57:27.560 --> 00:57:29.030 align:start position:0%
going, "But I still think it's wrong."
But<00:57:27.760><c> he's</c><00:57:27.960><c> taken</c><00:57:28.200><c> all</c><00:57:28.280><c> the</c><00:57:28.400><c> reasons</c><00:57:28.840><c> away</c>

00:57:29.030 --> 00:57:29.040 align:start position:0%
But he's taken all the reasons away
 

00:57:29.040 --> 00:57:31.190 align:start position:0%
But he's taken all the reasons away
because<00:57:29.320><c> you</c><00:57:29.480><c> never</c><00:57:30.120><c> needed</c><00:57:30.520><c> the</c><00:57:30.640><c> reasons</c><00:57:31.080><c> in</c>

00:57:31.190 --> 00:57:31.200 align:start position:0%
because you never needed the reasons in
 

00:57:31.200 --> 00:57:32.870 align:start position:0%
because you never needed the reasons in
the<00:57:31.280><c> first</c><00:57:31.600><c> place</c><00:57:32.200><c> to</c><00:57:32.280><c> believe</c><00:57:32.640><c> what</c><00:57:32.760><c> you</c>

00:57:32.870 --> 00:57:32.880 align:start position:0%
the first place to believe what you
 

00:57:32.880 --> 00:57:35.430 align:start position:0%
the first place to believe what you
believe.<00:57:33.520><c> You</c><00:57:33.720><c> were</c><00:57:33.880><c> using</c><00:57:34.280><c> the</c><00:57:34.440><c> reasons</c><00:57:35.200><c> in</c>

00:57:35.430 --> 00:57:35.440 align:start position:0%
believe. You were using the reasons in
 

00:57:35.440 --> 00:57:37.430 align:start position:0%
believe. You were using the reasons in
order<00:57:35.720><c> to</c><00:57:35.880><c> justify</c><00:57:36.640><c> your</c><00:57:36.840><c> instinctive</c>

00:57:37.430 --> 00:57:37.440 align:start position:0%
order to justify your instinctive
 

00:57:37.440 --> 00:57:38.150 align:start position:0%
order to justify your instinctive
reaction.

00:57:38.150 --> 00:57:38.160 align:start position:0%
reaction.
 

00:57:38.160 --> 00:57:39.910 align:start position:0%
reaction.
&gt;&gt; That's<00:57:38.280><c> right.</c><00:57:38.760><c> But</c><00:57:38.880><c> we're</c><00:57:39.000><c> saying</c><00:57:39.280><c> too</c><00:57:39.400><c> much.</c>

00:57:39.910 --> 00:57:39.920 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; That's right. But we're saying too much.
 

00:57:39.920 --> 00:57:41.310 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; That's right. But we're saying too much.
We're<00:57:40.000><c> going</c><00:57:40.120><c> to</c><00:57:40.200><c> leave</c><00:57:40.359><c> it</c><00:57:40.480><c> there.</c><00:57:41.040><c> If</c><00:57:41.200><c> you</c>

00:57:41.310 --> 00:57:41.320 align:start position:0%
We're going to leave it there. If you
 

00:57:41.320 --> 00:57:43.349 align:start position:0%
We're going to leave it there. If you
guys<00:57:41.560><c> have</c><00:57:41.680><c> any</c><00:57:41.840><c> questions</c><00:57:42.400><c> for</c><00:57:42.560><c> us,</c><00:57:42.800><c> any</c>

00:57:43.349 --> 00:57:43.359 align:start position:0%
guys have any questions for us, any
 

00:57:43.359 --> 00:57:46.870 align:start position:0%
guys have any questions for us, any
despicable,<00:57:44.400><c> disgusting,</c><00:57:45.600><c> perverted</c><00:57:46.520><c> moral</c>

00:57:46.870 --> 00:57:46.880 align:start position:0%
despicable, disgusting, perverted moral
 

00:57:46.880 --> 00:57:49.590 align:start position:0%
despicable, disgusting, perverted moral
quandaries,<00:57:47.920><c> email</c><00:57:48.320><c> them</c><00:57:48.520><c> right</c><00:57:48.760><c> over</c><00:57:48.920><c> to</c><00:57:49.040><c> us</c>

00:57:49.590 --> 00:57:49.600 align:start position:0%
quandaries, email them right over to us
 

00:57:49.600 --> 00:57:52.710 align:start position:0%
quandaries, email them right over to us
at<00:57:50.040><c> therestiscience@golhanger.com.</c>

00:57:52.710 --> 00:57:52.720 align:start position:0%
at therestiscience@golhanger.com.
 

00:57:52.720 --> 00:57:54.950 align:start position:0%
at therestiscience@golhanger.com.
Absolutely.<00:57:53.520><c> And</c><00:57:53.840><c> in</c><00:57:53.960><c> the</c><00:57:54.040><c> meantime,</c><00:57:54.600><c> you</c><00:57:54.760><c> can</c>

00:57:54.950 --> 00:57:54.960 align:start position:0%
Absolutely. And in the meantime, you can
 

00:57:54.960 --> 00:57:57.310 align:start position:0%
Absolutely. And in the meantime, you can
check<00:57:55.200><c> out</c><00:57:55.359><c> our</c><00:57:55.480><c> newsletter,</c><00:57:56.560><c> which</c><00:57:56.920><c> I</c><00:57:57.040><c> really</c>

00:57:57.310 --> 00:57:57.320 align:start position:0%
check out our newsletter, which I really
 

00:57:57.320 --> 00:57:58.870 align:start position:0%
check out our newsletter, which I really
should<00:57:57.440><c> have</c><00:57:57.600><c> learned</c><00:57:57.960><c> by</c><00:57:58.120><c> now,</c><00:57:58.440><c> but</c><00:57:58.600><c> I</c><00:57:58.640><c> think</c>

00:57:58.870 --> 00:57:58.880 align:start position:0%
should have learned by now, but I think
 

00:57:58.880 --> 00:58:02.110 align:start position:0%
should have learned by now, but I think
it's<00:57:59.040><c> therestis.com/science.</c>

00:58:02.110 --> 00:58:02.120 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:58:02.120 --> 00:58:05.070 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:58:02.840><c> we</c><00:58:03.080><c> will</c><00:58:03.280><c> see</c><00:58:03.520><c> you</c><00:58:03.960><c> on</c><00:58:04.320><c> our</c><00:58:04.480><c> episode</c><00:58:04.800><c> Field</c>

00:58:05.070 --> 00:58:05.080 align:start position:0%
And we will see you on our episode Field
 

00:58:05.080 --> 00:58:06.390 align:start position:0%
And we will see you on our episode Field
Notes<00:58:05.359><c> that's</c><00:58:05.520><c> coming</c><00:58:05.760><c> up</c><00:58:05.960><c> later</c><00:58:06.240><c> in</c><00:58:06.320><c> the</c>

00:58:06.390 --> 00:58:06.400 align:start position:0%
Notes that's coming up later in the
 

00:58:06.400 --> 00:58:08.990 align:start position:0%
Notes that's coming up later in the
week.<00:58:07.080><c> And</c><00:58:07.720><c> yeah,</c><00:58:08.120><c> send</c><00:58:08.400><c> us</c><00:58:08.520><c> in</c><00:58:08.640><c> anything</c><00:58:08.920><c> you</c>

00:58:08.990 --> 00:58:09.000 align:start position:0%
week. And yeah, send us in anything you
 

00:58:09.000 --> 00:58:10.590 align:start position:0%
week. And yeah, send us in anything you
like.<00:58:09.320><c> Put</c><00:58:09.440><c> in</c><00:58:09.520><c> the</c><00:58:09.600><c> comments</c><00:58:09.960><c> also</c><00:58:10.359><c> whether</c>

00:58:10.590 --> 00:58:10.600 align:start position:0%
like. Put in the comments also whether
 

00:58:10.600 --> 00:58:12.310 align:start position:0%
like. Put in the comments also whether
you<00:58:10.760><c> actually</c><00:58:11.080><c> got</c><00:58:11.280><c> the</c><00:58:11.400><c> puzzle</c><00:58:11.760><c> right</c><00:58:12.160><c> at</c><00:58:12.240><c> the</c>

00:58:12.310 --> 00:58:12.320 align:start position:0%
you actually got the puzzle right at the
 

00:58:12.320 --> 00:58:14.470 align:start position:0%
you actually got the puzzle right at the
very<00:58:12.520><c> beginning.</c><00:58:13.160><c> And</c><00:58:13.760><c> all</c><00:58:13.880><c> of</c><00:58:13.960><c> those</c><00:58:14.200><c> of</c><00:58:14.320><c> you</c>

00:58:14.470 --> 00:58:14.480 align:start position:0%
very beginning. And all of those of you
 

00:58:14.480 --> 00:58:16.830 align:start position:0%
very beginning. And all of those of you
say<00:58:14.800><c> that</c><00:58:15.000><c> you</c><00:58:15.120><c> didn't,</c><00:58:16.040><c> I</c><00:58:16.160><c> was</c><00:58:16.320><c> joking.</c><00:58:16.720><c> You</c>

00:58:16.830 --> 00:58:16.840 align:start position:0%
say that you didn't, I was joking. You
 

00:58:16.840 --> 00:58:19.040 align:start position:0%
say that you didn't, I was joking. You
can<00:58:16.960><c> carry</c><00:58:17.200><c> on</c><00:58:17.320><c> listening.</c>

00:58:19.040 --> 00:58:19.050 align:start position:0%
can carry on listening.
 

00:58:19.050 --> 00:58:19.470 align:start position:0%
can carry on listening.
&gt;&gt; [snorts and laughter]

00:58:19.470 --> 00:58:19.480 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [snorts and laughter]
 

00:58:19.480 --> 00:58:20.710 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [snorts and laughter]
&gt;&gt; All<00:58:19.600><c> right.</c><00:58:19.880><c> Take</c><00:58:20.040><c> care,</c><00:58:20.160><c> everybody.</c>

00:58:20.710 --> 00:58:20.720 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; All right. Take care, everybody.
 

00:58:20.720 --> 00:58:23.120 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; All right. Take care, everybody.
Bye-bye.