WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.710 align:start position:0% Was<00:00:00.240> Helen<00:00:00.640> Keller<00:00:01.120> a<00:00:01.360> fraud?<00:00:02.159> I've<00:00:02.399> wondered 00:00:02.710 --> 00:00:02.720 align:start position:0% Was Helen Keller a fraud? I've wondered 00:00:02.720 --> 00:00:04.710 align:start position:0% Was Helen Keller a fraud? I've wondered about<00:00:02.879> that<00:00:03.120> for<00:00:03.280> over<00:00:03.520> a<00:00:03.760> decade,<00:00:04.319> but<00:00:04.560> I 00:00:04.710 --> 00:00:04.720 align:start position:0% about that for over a decade, but I 00:00:04.720 --> 00:00:06.789 align:start position:0% about that for over a decade, but I really<00:00:04.960> hesitated<00:00:05.520> to<00:00:05.680> make<00:00:05.839> this<00:00:06.080> video 00:00:06.789 --> 00:00:06.799 align:start position:0% really hesitated to make this video 00:00:06.799 --> 00:00:08.870 align:start position:0% really hesitated to make this video because<00:00:07.279> we<00:00:07.520> live<00:00:07.680> in<00:00:07.839> an<00:00:08.160> era<00:00:08.320> that<00:00:08.559> just 00:00:08.870 --> 00:00:08.880 align:start position:0% because we live in an era that just 00:00:08.880 --> 00:00:11.430 align:start position:0% because we live in an era that just loves<00:00:09.360> knocking<00:00:09.760> down<00:00:10.080> historical<00:00:10.639> figures. 00:00:11.430 --> 00:00:11.440 align:start position:0% loves knocking down historical figures. 00:00:11.440 --> 00:00:12.870 align:start position:0% loves knocking down historical figures. And<00:00:11.679> I<00:00:11.840> just<00:00:12.000> don't<00:00:12.160> think<00:00:12.320> that's<00:00:12.559> a<00:00:12.719> good 00:00:12.870 --> 00:00:12.880 align:start position:0% And I just don't think that's a good 00:00:12.880 --> 00:00:15.509 align:start position:0% And I just don't think that's a good idea<00:00:13.200> to<00:00:13.519> dismiss<00:00:14.000> amazing<00:00:14.559> people<00:00:14.960> because 00:00:15.509 --> 00:00:15.519 align:start position:0% idea to dismiss amazing people because 00:00:15.519 --> 00:00:18.150 align:start position:0% idea to dismiss amazing people because they<00:00:15.759> held<00:00:16.080> some<00:00:16.320> outdated<00:00:16.960> beliefs.<00:00:17.760> I<00:00:17.920> mean, 00:00:18.150 --> 00:00:18.160 align:start position:0% they held some outdated beliefs. I mean, 00:00:18.160 --> 00:00:20.710 align:start position:0% they held some outdated beliefs. I mean, you<00:00:18.320> can<00:00:18.480> pick<00:00:18.800> any<00:00:19.039> hero<00:00:19.760> and<00:00:20.080> somebody's<00:00:20.480> out 00:00:20.710 --> 00:00:20.720 align:start position:0% you can pick any hero and somebody's out 00:00:20.720 --> 00:00:23.109 align:start position:0% you can pick any hero and somebody's out there<00:00:20.880> with<00:00:21.039> a<00:00:21.199> takedown<00:00:21.760> video<00:00:22.000> on<00:00:22.240> YouTube. 00:00:23.109 --> 00:00:23.119 align:start position:0% there with a takedown video on YouTube. 00:00:23.119 --> 00:00:25.349 align:start position:0% there with a takedown video on YouTube. But<00:00:23.279> this<00:00:23.439> one's<00:00:23.840> different<00:00:24.560> because<00:00:25.039> the 00:00:25.349 --> 00:00:25.359 align:start position:0% But this one's different because the 00:00:25.359 --> 00:00:27.269 align:start position:0% But this one's different because the question<00:00:25.600> about<00:00:25.840> Helen<00:00:26.240> Keller<00:00:26.720> isn't<00:00:27.119> about 00:00:27.269 --> 00:00:27.279 align:start position:0% question about Helen Keller isn't about 00:00:27.279 --> 00:00:29.509 align:start position:0% question about Helen Keller isn't about whether<00:00:27.519> she<00:00:27.760> was<00:00:27.840> a<00:00:28.080> bad<00:00:28.320> person.<00:00:29.039> It's<00:00:29.279> about 00:00:29.509 --> 00:00:29.519 align:start position:0% whether she was a bad person. It's about 00:00:29.519 --> 00:00:31.429 align:start position:0% whether she was a bad person. It's about whether<00:00:29.840> her<00:00:30.080> accomplishments<00:00:30.880> were<00:00:31.119> even 00:00:31.429 --> 00:00:31.439 align:start position:0% whether her accomplishments were even 00:00:31.439 --> 00:00:33.830 align:start position:0% whether her accomplishments were even real.<00:00:32.160> Whether<00:00:32.480> the<00:00:32.640> books,<00:00:33.040> the<00:00:33.280> essays,<00:00:33.600> the 00:00:33.830 --> 00:00:33.840 align:start position:0% real. Whether the books, the essays, the 00:00:33.840 --> 00:00:36.150 align:start position:0% real. Whether the books, the essays, the political<00:00:34.239> philosophy<00:00:34.800> attributed<00:00:35.360> to<00:00:35.520> her 00:00:36.150 --> 00:00:36.160 align:start position:0% political philosophy attributed to her 00:00:36.160 --> 00:00:38.709 align:start position:0% political philosophy attributed to her actually<00:00:36.640> came<00:00:36.880> from<00:00:37.200> her<00:00:37.440> mind<00:00:38.079> or<00:00:38.399> someone 00:00:38.709 --> 00:00:38.719 align:start position:0% actually came from her mind or someone 00:00:38.719 --> 00:00:41.510 align:start position:0% actually came from her mind or someone else's.<00:00:39.600> The<00:00:39.840> elephant<00:00:40.160> in<00:00:40.320> the<00:00:40.480> room<00:00:41.040> is<00:00:41.280> that 00:00:41.510 --> 00:00:41.520 align:start position:0% else's. The elephant in the room is that 00:00:41.520 --> 00:00:44.389 align:start position:0% else's. The elephant in the room is that the<00:00:41.760> skeptics<00:00:42.480> might<00:00:42.800> have<00:00:42.879> a<00:00:43.120> point.<00:00:43.920> I'm<00:00:44.160> Ken 00:00:44.389 --> 00:00:44.399 align:start position:0% the skeptics might have a point. I'm Ken 00:00:44.399 --> 00:00:46.950 align:start position:0% the skeptics might have a point. I'm Ken Lort.<00:00:45.280> I<00:00:45.520> dig<00:00:45.680> into<00:00:46.000> topics<00:00:46.320> like<00:00:46.480> this<00:00:46.719> that 00:00:46.950 --> 00:00:46.960 align:start position:0% Lort. I dig into topics like this that 00:00:46.960 --> 00:00:48.950 align:start position:0% Lort. I dig into topics like this that make<00:00:47.200> some<00:00:47.360> people<00:00:47.600> uncomfortable<00:00:48.399> and<00:00:48.640> I<00:00:48.800> try 00:00:48.950 --> 00:00:48.960 align:start position:0% make some people uncomfortable and I try 00:00:48.960 --> 00:00:51.350 align:start position:0% make some people uncomfortable and I try to<00:00:49.120> give<00:00:49.280> you<00:00:49.440> the<00:00:49.680> fairest<00:00:50.160> overview<00:00:50.559> I<00:00:50.879> can. 00:00:51.350 --> 00:00:51.360 align:start position:0% to give you the fairest overview I can. 00:00:51.360 --> 00:00:53.910 align:start position:0% to give you the fairest overview I can. And<00:00:51.520> I<00:00:51.760> did<00:00:51.920> my<00:00:52.160> best<00:00:52.320> here.<00:00:53.039> In<00:00:53.280> this<00:00:53.440> video, 00:00:53.910 --> 00:00:53.920 align:start position:0% And I did my best here. In this video, 00:00:53.920 --> 00:00:55.670 align:start position:0% And I did my best here. In this video, we'll<00:00:54.239> first<00:00:54.480> look<00:00:54.559> at<00:00:54.719> the<00:00:54.879> legend<00:00:55.199> of<00:00:55.280> Helen 00:00:55.670 --> 00:00:55.680 align:start position:0% we'll first look at the legend of Helen 00:00:55.680 --> 00:00:57.670 align:start position:0% we'll first look at the legend of Helen Keller,<00:00:56.399> then<00:00:56.640> take<00:00:56.800> a<00:00:56.960> quick<00:00:57.199> look<00:00:57.360> at 00:00:57.670 --> 00:00:57.680 align:start position:0% Keller, then take a quick look at 00:00:57.680 --> 00:01:00.150 align:start position:0% Keller, then take a quick look at exactly<00:00:58.079> what<00:00:58.399> Keller's<00:00:58.960> condition<00:00:59.359> was, 00:01:00.150 --> 00:01:00.160 align:start position:0% exactly what Keller's condition was, 00:01:00.160 --> 00:01:02.470 align:start position:0% exactly what Keller's condition was, then<00:01:00.480> ask<00:01:01.199> why<00:01:01.359> don't<00:01:01.520> we<00:01:01.680> see<00:01:01.840> that<00:01:02.000> many<00:01:02.239> more 00:01:02.470 --> 00:01:02.480 align:start position:0% then ask why don't we see that many more 00:01:02.480 --> 00:01:05.030 align:start position:0% then ask why don't we see that many more Helen<00:01:02.800> Kellers<00:01:03.520> because<00:01:03.840> we<00:01:04.080> just<00:01:04.320> don't. 00:01:05.030 --> 00:01:05.040 align:start position:0% Helen Kellers because we just don't. 00:01:05.040 --> 00:01:06.390 align:start position:0% Helen Kellers because we just don't. That<00:01:05.280> might<00:01:05.439> have<00:01:05.600> something<00:01:05.840> to<00:01:06.080> do<00:01:06.159> with 00:01:06.390 --> 00:01:06.400 align:start position:0% That might have something to do with 00:01:06.400 --> 00:01:09.109 align:start position:0% That might have something to do with Anne<00:01:06.720> Sullivan,<00:01:07.439> the<00:01:07.680> miracle<00:01:08.159> worker.<00:01:08.880> And 00:01:09.109 --> 00:01:09.119 align:start position:0% Anne Sullivan, the miracle worker. And 00:01:09.119 --> 00:01:11.510 align:start position:0% Anne Sullivan, the miracle worker. And finally,<00:01:09.680> we'll<00:01:10.000> try<00:01:10.159> to<00:01:10.320> figure<00:01:10.560> out<00:01:11.040> whose 00:01:11.510 --> 00:01:11.520 align:start position:0% finally, we'll try to figure out whose 00:01:11.520 --> 00:01:14.070 align:start position:0% finally, we'll try to figure out whose words<00:01:11.920> were<00:01:12.080> really<00:01:12.400> published.<00:01:13.439> Okay,<00:01:13.840> so 00:01:14.070 --> 00:01:14.080 align:start position:0% words were really published. Okay, so 00:01:14.080 --> 00:01:15.830 align:start position:0% words were really published. Okay, so the<00:01:14.240> legend<00:01:14.479> of<00:01:14.640> Helen<00:01:15.040> Keller<00:01:15.439> starts<00:01:15.680> in 00:01:15.830 --> 00:01:15.840 align:start position:0% the legend of Helen Keller starts in 00:01:15.840 --> 00:01:19.109 align:start position:0% the legend of Helen Keller starts in Alabama<00:01:16.479> where<00:01:16.640> she<00:01:16.880> was<00:01:17.040> born<00:01:17.200> in<00:01:17.520> 1880.<00:01:18.720> At 00:01:19.109 --> 00:01:19.119 align:start position:0% Alabama where she was born in 1880. At 00:01:19.119 --> 00:01:21.830 align:start position:0% Alabama where she was born in 1880. At 19<00:01:19.520> months<00:01:19.759> old,<00:01:20.320> an<00:01:20.640> illness<00:01:20.960> took<00:01:21.280> her<00:01:21.439> sight 00:01:21.830 --> 00:01:21.840 align:start position:0% 19 months old, an illness took her sight 00:01:21.840 --> 00:01:24.230 align:start position:0% 19 months old, an illness took her sight and<00:01:22.159> her<00:01:22.400> hearing.<00:01:23.119> For<00:01:23.360> the<00:01:23.520> next<00:01:23.680> 5<00:01:24.000> years, 00:01:24.230 --> 00:01:24.240 align:start position:0% and her hearing. For the next 5 years, 00:01:24.240 --> 00:01:26.710 align:start position:0% and her hearing. For the next 5 years, she<00:01:24.479> lived<00:01:24.720> in<00:01:24.960> near<00:01:25.280> total<00:01:25.680> isolation, 00:01:26.710 --> 00:01:26.720 align:start position:0% she lived in near total isolation, 00:01:26.720 --> 00:01:28.950 align:start position:0% she lived in near total isolation, unable<00:01:27.119> to<00:01:27.280> communicate<00:01:27.759> beyond<00:01:28.080> a<00:01:28.320> few<00:01:28.560> crude 00:01:28.950 --> 00:01:28.960 align:start position:0% unable to communicate beyond a few crude 00:01:28.960 --> 00:01:31.190 align:start position:0% unable to communicate beyond a few crude gestures<00:01:29.439> to<00:01:29.680> her<00:01:29.920> family.<00:01:30.640> Then<00:01:30.880> Anne 00:01:31.190 --> 00:01:31.200 align:start position:0% gestures to her family. Then Anne 00:01:31.200 --> 00:01:33.030 align:start position:0% gestures to her family. Then Anne Sullivan<00:01:31.759> showed<00:01:32.000> up<00:01:32.159> and<00:01:32.400> the<00:01:32.640> story<00:01:32.799> that 00:01:33.030 --> 00:01:33.040 align:start position:0% Sullivan showed up and the story that 00:01:33.040 --> 00:01:34.789 align:start position:0% Sullivan showed up and the story that followed<00:01:33.520> became<00:01:33.840> one<00:01:34.000> of<00:01:34.079> the<00:01:34.320> most<00:01:34.479> famous 00:01:34.789 --> 00:01:34.799 align:start position:0% followed became one of the most famous 00:01:34.799 --> 00:01:37.190 align:start position:0% followed became one of the most famous in<00:01:35.119> American<00:01:35.600> history.<00:01:36.240> Within<00:01:36.640> weeks, 00:01:37.190 --> 00:01:37.200 align:start position:0% in American history. Within weeks, 00:01:37.200 --> 00:01:39.030 align:start position:0% in American history. Within weeks, Keller<00:01:37.600> was<00:01:37.759> learning<00:01:38.079> words<00:01:38.400> through<00:01:38.720> finger 00:01:39.030 --> 00:01:39.040 align:start position:0% Keller was learning words through finger 00:01:39.040 --> 00:01:41.670 align:start position:0% Keller was learning words through finger spelling<00:01:39.439> into<00:01:39.680> her<00:01:39.840> palm.<00:01:40.560> By<00:01:40.799> age<00:01:41.119> 10,<00:01:41.439> she 00:01:41.670 --> 00:01:41.680 align:start position:0% spelling into her palm. By age 10, she 00:01:41.680 --> 00:01:43.510 align:start position:0% spelling into her palm. By age 10, she could<00:01:41.840> read<00:01:42.079> Braille<00:01:42.400> in<00:01:42.720> English,<00:01:43.200> French, 00:01:43.510 --> 00:01:43.520 align:start position:0% could read Braille in English, French, 00:01:43.520 --> 00:01:46.230 align:start position:0% could read Braille in English, French, and<00:01:43.759> German.<00:01:44.560> By<00:01:44.880> her<00:01:45.119> teens,<00:01:45.920> she<00:01:46.079> was 00:01:46.230 --> 00:01:46.240 align:start position:0% and German. By her teens, she was 00:01:46.240 --> 00:01:47.990 align:start position:0% and German. By her teens, she was writing<00:01:46.720> essays<00:01:46.960> that<00:01:47.200> drew<00:01:47.520> serious 00:01:47.990 --> 00:01:48.000 align:start position:0% writing essays that drew serious 00:01:48.000 --> 00:01:50.630 align:start position:0% writing essays that drew serious literary<00:01:48.479> attention<00:01:49.280> and<00:01:49.920> along<00:01:50.240> with<00:01:50.399> Anne 00:01:50.630 --> 00:01:50.640 align:start position:0% literary attention and along with Anne 00:01:50.640 --> 00:01:53.109 align:start position:0% literary attention and along with Anne Sullivan,<00:01:51.439> she<00:01:51.680> was<00:01:51.920> world<00:01:52.240> famous<00:01:52.640> for<00:01:52.880> her 00:01:53.109 --> 00:01:53.119 align:start position:0% Sullivan, she was world famous for her 00:01:53.119 --> 00:01:55.350 align:start position:0% Sullivan, she was world famous for her whole<00:01:53.360> life.<00:01:54.079> Kella<00:01:54.479> became<00:01:54.799> friends<00:01:55.040> with 00:01:55.350 --> 00:01:55.360 align:start position:0% whole life. Kella became friends with 00:01:55.360 --> 00:01:58.149 align:start position:0% whole life. Kella became friends with Alexander<00:01:56.000> Graham<00:01:56.320> Bell,<00:01:56.960> Edison,<00:01:57.680> Ford, 00:01:58.149 --> 00:01:58.159 align:start position:0% Alexander Graham Bell, Edison, Ford, 00:01:58.159 --> 00:02:01.429 align:start position:0% Alexander Graham Bell, Edison, Ford, Einstein,<00:01:58.880> Chaplain,<00:01:59.439> Twain.<00:02:00.240> She<00:02:00.479> met<00:02:00.880> 13 00:02:01.429 --> 00:02:01.439 align:start position:0% Einstein, Chaplain, Twain. She met 13 00:02:01.439 --> 00:02:03.350 align:start position:0% Einstein, Chaplain, Twain. She met 13 presidents.<00:02:02.320> She<00:02:02.560> graduated<00:02:03.040> from 00:02:03.350 --> 00:02:03.360 align:start position:0% presidents. She graduated from 00:02:03.360 --> 00:02:05.590 align:start position:0% presidents. She graduated from Radcliffe,<00:02:04.240> Harvard's<00:02:04.719> women's<00:02:05.119> college 00:02:05.590 --> 00:02:05.600 align:start position:0% Radcliffe, Harvard's women's college 00:02:05.600 --> 00:02:07.749 align:start position:0% Radcliffe, Harvard's women's college with<00:02:05.840> Sullivan<00:02:06.240> at<00:02:06.399> her<00:02:06.640> side,<00:02:07.119> interpreting 00:02:07.749 --> 00:02:07.759 align:start position:0% with Sullivan at her side, interpreting 00:02:07.759 --> 00:02:09.910 align:start position:0% with Sullivan at her side, interpreting lectures<00:02:08.160> into<00:02:08.479> her<00:02:08.640> hand.<00:02:09.280> She<00:02:09.520> was<00:02:09.679> the 00:02:09.910 --> 00:02:09.920 align:start position:0% lectures into her hand. She was the 00:02:09.920 --> 00:02:12.070 align:start position:0% lectures into her hand. She was the first<00:02:10.160> known<00:02:10.479> deafblind<00:02:11.200> person<00:02:11.520> to<00:02:11.680> earn<00:02:11.920> a 00:02:12.070 --> 00:02:12.080 align:start position:0% first known deafblind person to earn a 00:02:12.080 --> 00:02:14.630 align:start position:0% first known deafblind person to earn a bachelor's<00:02:12.640> degree<00:02:12.959> anywhere.<00:02:13.920> Keller<00:02:14.319> wrote 00:02:14.630 --> 00:02:14.640 align:start position:0% bachelor's degree anywhere. Keller wrote 00:02:14.640 --> 00:02:16.949 align:start position:0% bachelor's degree anywhere. Keller wrote 14<00:02:15.040> books<00:02:15.440> and<00:02:15.760> hundreds<00:02:16.160> of<00:02:16.400> essays<00:02:16.720> and 00:02:16.949 --> 00:02:16.959 align:start position:0% 14 books and hundreds of essays and 00:02:16.959 --> 00:02:18.790 align:start position:0% 14 books and hundreds of essays and letters.<00:02:17.599> She<00:02:17.840> used<00:02:18.080> her<00:02:18.239> fame<00:02:18.480> as<00:02:18.640> a 00:02:18.790 --> 00:02:18.800 align:start position:0% letters. She used her fame as a 00:02:18.800 --> 00:02:21.030 align:start position:0% letters. She used her fame as a political<00:02:19.200> activist,<00:02:19.920> a<00:02:20.160> suffragist,<00:02:20.800> a 00:02:21.030 --> 00:02:21.040 align:start position:0% political activist, a suffragist, a 00:02:21.040 --> 00:02:24.070 align:start position:0% political activist, a suffragist, a socialist,<00:02:21.760> a<00:02:21.920> co-founder<00:02:22.400> of<00:02:22.560> the<00:02:22.720> ACLU,<00:02:23.840> a 00:02:24.070 --> 00:02:24.080 align:start position:0% socialist, a co-founder of the ACLU, a 00:02:24.080 --> 00:02:26.550 align:start position:0% socialist, a co-founder of the ACLU, a vocal<00:02:24.480> opponent<00:02:24.800> of<00:02:25.040> World<00:02:25.200> War<00:02:25.440> I,<00:02:26.160> and<00:02:26.400> one 00:02:26.550 --> 00:02:26.560 align:start position:0% vocal opponent of World War I, and one 00:02:26.560 --> 00:02:28.229 align:start position:0% vocal opponent of World War I, and one of<00:02:26.640> the<00:02:26.800> earliest<00:02:27.280> advocates<00:02:27.760> for<00:02:28.080> people 00:02:28.229 --> 00:02:28.239 align:start position:0% of the earliest advocates for people 00:02:28.239 --> 00:02:30.550 align:start position:0% of the earliest advocates for people with<00:02:28.480> disabilities.<00:02:29.520> By<00:02:29.840> any<00:02:30.080> measure, 00:02:30.550 --> 00:02:30.560 align:start position:0% with disabilities. By any measure, 00:02:30.560 --> 00:02:32.790 align:start position:0% with disabilities. By any measure, disabled<00:02:31.040> or<00:02:31.280> not,<00:02:31.760> her<00:02:32.000> resume<00:02:32.480> is 00:02:32.790 --> 00:02:32.800 align:start position:0% disabled or not, her resume is 00:02:32.800 --> 00:02:34.790 align:start position:0% disabled or not, her resume is extraordinary.<00:02:33.599> That<00:02:33.840> all<00:02:34.000> stemmed<00:02:34.400> from<00:02:34.560> her 00:02:34.790 --> 00:02:34.800 align:start position:0% extraordinary. That all stemmed from her 00:02:34.800 --> 00:02:37.270 align:start position:0% extraordinary. That all stemmed from her life<00:02:35.120> story<00:02:35.840> and<00:02:36.239> her<00:02:36.480> extraordinary 00:02:37.270 --> 00:02:37.280 align:start position:0% life story and her extraordinary 00:02:37.280 --> 00:02:39.990 align:start position:0% life story and her extraordinary writing.<00:02:38.080> By<00:02:38.400> age<00:02:38.720> 10,<00:02:39.040> her<00:02:39.280> letters<00:02:39.599> became 00:02:39.990 --> 00:02:40.000 align:start position:0% writing. By age 10, her letters became 00:02:40.000 --> 00:02:42.150 align:start position:0% writing. By age 10, her letters became remarkably<00:02:40.640> sophisticated.<00:02:41.519> She<00:02:41.760> began 00:02:42.150 --> 00:02:42.160 align:start position:0% remarkably sophisticated. She began 00:02:42.160 --> 00:02:44.470 align:start position:0% remarkably sophisticated. She began using<00:02:42.640> flowery,<00:02:43.440> somewhat<00:02:43.840> Victorian 00:02:44.470 --> 00:02:44.480 align:start position:0% using flowery, somewhat Victorian 00:02:44.480 --> 00:02:46.790 align:start position:0% using flowery, somewhat Victorian language<00:02:45.040> that<00:02:45.360> was<00:02:45.519> very<00:02:45.920> adult-like, 00:02:46.790 --> 00:02:46.800 align:start position:0% language that was very adult-like, 00:02:46.800 --> 00:02:48.470 align:start position:0% language that was very adult-like, including<00:02:47.280> visual<00:02:47.680> descriptions<00:02:48.239> and 00:02:48.470 --> 00:02:48.480 align:start position:0% including visual descriptions and 00:02:48.480 --> 00:02:50.790 align:start position:0% including visual descriptions and metaphors<00:02:49.280> that<00:02:49.599> made<00:02:49.760> her<00:02:50.000> seem<00:02:50.400> almost 00:02:50.790 --> 00:02:50.800 align:start position:0% metaphors that made her seem almost 00:02:50.800 --> 00:02:53.110 align:start position:0% metaphors that made her seem almost supernatural<00:02:51.519> to<00:02:51.680> the<00:02:51.840> public.<00:02:52.480> In<00:02:52.640> a<00:02:52.800> poem 00:02:53.110 --> 00:02:53.120 align:start position:0% supernatural to the public. In a poem 00:02:53.120 --> 00:02:55.350 align:start position:0% supernatural to the public. In a poem she<00:02:53.280> wrote<00:02:53.440> at<00:02:53.760> 13,<00:02:54.480> she<00:02:54.720> described<00:02:55.120> the 00:02:55.350 --> 00:02:55.360 align:start position:0% she wrote at 13, she described the 00:02:55.360 --> 00:02:57.270 align:start position:0% she wrote at 13, she described the golds,<00:02:56.000> scarlets,<00:02:56.480> and<00:02:56.720> purples<00:02:57.040> of<00:02:57.120> an 00:02:57.270 --> 00:02:57.280 align:start position:0% golds, scarlets, and purples of an 00:02:57.280 --> 00:02:59.110 align:start position:0% golds, scarlets, and purples of an autumn<00:02:57.599> landscape.<00:02:58.480> Or<00:02:58.640> she<00:02:58.800> would<00:02:58.959> write 00:02:59.110 --> 00:02:59.120 align:start position:0% autumn landscape. Or she would write 00:02:59.120 --> 00:03:00.869 align:start position:0% autumn landscape. Or she would write about<00:02:59.360> how<00:02:59.519> she<00:02:59.760> would<00:03:00.160> delight<00:03:00.560> in<00:03:00.720> the 00:03:00.869 --> 00:03:00.879 align:start position:0% about how she would delight in the 00:03:00.879 --> 00:03:03.030 align:start position:0% about how she would delight in the gorgeous<00:03:01.360> colors<00:03:01.680> of<00:03:01.840> a<00:03:02.000> sunset.<00:03:02.720> She 00:03:03.030 --> 00:03:03.040 align:start position:0% gorgeous colors of a sunset. She 00:03:03.040 --> 00:03:05.190 align:start position:0% gorgeous colors of a sunset. She described<00:03:03.440> lilac,<00:03:04.239> her<00:03:04.400> teacher's<00:03:04.879> favorite 00:03:05.190 --> 00:03:05.200 align:start position:0% described lilac, her teacher's favorite 00:03:05.200 --> 00:03:07.270 align:start position:0% described lilac, her teacher's favorite color,<00:03:05.680> as<00:03:05.920> making<00:03:06.159> her<00:03:06.400> think<00:03:06.560> of<00:03:06.800> faces<00:03:07.120> she 00:03:07.270 --> 00:03:07.280 align:start position:0% color, as making her think of faces she 00:03:07.280 --> 00:03:09.670 align:start position:0% color, as making her think of faces she had<00:03:07.519> loved<00:03:07.760> and<00:03:08.000> kissed.<00:03:08.879> Gray<00:03:09.200> was<00:03:09.360> like<00:03:09.519> a 00:03:09.670 --> 00:03:09.680 align:start position:0% had loved and kissed. Gray was like a 00:03:09.680 --> 00:03:11.910 align:start position:0% had loved and kissed. Gray was like a soft<00:03:10.000> shawl<00:03:10.319> around<00:03:10.560> the<00:03:10.800> shoulders.<00:03:11.599> Yellow 00:03:11.910 --> 00:03:11.920 align:start position:0% soft shawl around the shoulders. Yellow 00:03:11.920 --> 00:03:14.550 align:start position:0% soft shawl around the shoulders. Yellow meant<00:03:12.239> life<00:03:12.480> and<00:03:12.720> was<00:03:12.959> rich<00:03:13.120> in<00:03:13.360> promise.<00:03:14.319> All 00:03:14.550 --> 00:03:14.560 align:start position:0% meant life and was rich in promise. All 00:03:14.560 --> 00:03:16.630 align:start position:0% meant life and was rich in promise. All that<00:03:14.720> from<00:03:14.959> a<00:03:15.120> young<00:03:15.360> woman<00:03:15.760> who'd<00:03:16.080> been<00:03:16.239> blind 00:03:16.630 --> 00:03:16.640 align:start position:0% that from a young woman who'd been blind 00:03:16.640 --> 00:03:18.949 align:start position:0% that from a young woman who'd been blind since<00:03:16.879> she<00:03:17.120> was<00:03:17.280> 19<00:03:17.680> months<00:03:18.000> old.<00:03:18.720> When 00:03:18.949 --> 00:03:18.959 align:start position:0% since she was 19 months old. When 00:03:18.959 --> 00:03:21.270 align:start position:0% since she was 19 months old. When critics<00:03:19.440> challenged<00:03:19.840> that<00:03:20.159> visual<00:03:20.560> language, 00:03:21.270 --> 00:03:21.280 align:start position:0% critics challenged that visual language, 00:03:21.280 --> 00:03:22.949 align:start position:0% critics challenged that visual language, Keller<00:03:21.599> responded<00:03:22.000> that<00:03:22.239> a<00:03:22.400> blind<00:03:22.720> person 00:03:22.949 --> 00:03:22.959 align:start position:0% Keller responded that a blind person 00:03:22.959 --> 00:03:24.869 align:start position:0% Keller responded that a blind person should<00:03:23.200> be<00:03:23.360> allowed<00:03:23.599> to<00:03:23.760> use<00:03:24.000> words<00:03:24.560> whose 00:03:24.869 --> 00:03:24.879 align:start position:0% should be allowed to use words whose 00:03:24.879 --> 00:03:27.190 align:start position:0% should be allowed to use words whose meaning<00:03:25.200> one<00:03:25.440> can<00:03:25.599> only<00:03:25.840> guess<00:03:26.080> from<00:03:26.319> analogy. 00:03:27.190 --> 00:03:27.200 align:start position:0% meaning one can only guess from analogy. 00:03:27.200 --> 00:03:29.270 align:start position:0% meaning one can only guess from analogy. When<00:03:27.440> a<00:03:27.599> reviewer<00:03:27.920> in<00:03:28.080> the<00:03:28.239> nation<00:03:28.800> called<00:03:29.120> all 00:03:29.270 --> 00:03:29.280 align:start position:0% When a reviewer in the nation called all 00:03:29.280 --> 00:03:31.830 align:start position:0% When a reviewer in the nation called all her<00:03:29.519> knowledge<00:03:30.080> hearsay<00:03:30.640> knowledge,<00:03:31.440> Keller 00:03:31.830 --> 00:03:31.840 align:start position:0% her knowledge hearsay knowledge, Keller 00:03:31.840 --> 00:03:33.750 align:start position:0% her knowledge hearsay knowledge, Keller fired<00:03:32.159> back<00:03:32.400> that<00:03:32.640> the<00:03:32.799> bulk<00:03:33.040> of<00:03:33.200> the<00:03:33.360> world's 00:03:33.750 --> 00:03:33.760 align:start position:0% fired back that the bulk of the world's 00:03:33.760 --> 00:03:35.430 align:start position:0% fired back that the bulk of the world's knowledge<00:03:34.239> is<00:03:34.480> in<00:03:34.640> an<00:03:34.879> imaginary 00:03:35.430 --> 00:03:35.440 align:start position:0% knowledge is in an imaginary 00:03:35.440 --> 00:03:38.149 align:start position:0% knowledge is in an imaginary construction.<00:03:36.560> That's<00:03:36.720> a<00:03:36.879> sharp<00:03:37.280> answer,<00:03:37.920> but 00:03:38.149 --> 00:03:38.159 align:start position:0% construction. That's a sharp answer, but 00:03:38.159 --> 00:03:39.830 align:start position:0% construction. That's a sharp answer, but there<00:03:38.319> was<00:03:38.560> definitely<00:03:38.959> an<00:03:39.200> imitative 00:03:39.830 --> 00:03:39.840 align:start position:0% there was definitely an imitative 00:03:39.840 --> 00:03:41.750 align:start position:0% there was definitely an imitative quality<00:03:40.239> that<00:03:40.560> created<00:03:40.879> a<00:03:41.040> scandal<00:03:41.360> that<00:03:41.599> I'll 00:03:41.750 --> 00:03:41.760 align:start position:0% quality that created a scandal that I'll 00:03:41.760 --> 00:03:43.670 align:start position:0% quality that created a scandal that I'll get<00:03:41.920> to<00:03:42.000> in<00:03:42.239> a<00:03:42.400> minute.<00:03:42.879> And<00:03:43.040> it's<00:03:43.360> important 00:03:43.670 --> 00:03:43.680 align:start position:0% get to in a minute. And it's important 00:03:43.680 --> 00:03:45.990 align:start position:0% get to in a minute. And it's important because<00:03:44.239> very<00:03:44.640> little<00:03:44.799> about<00:03:45.120> Helen<00:03:45.519> Keller's 00:03:45.990 --> 00:03:46.000 align:start position:0% because very little about Helen Keller's 00:03:46.000 --> 00:03:48.149 align:start position:0% because very little about Helen Keller's story<00:03:46.480> can<00:03:46.799> actually<00:03:47.200> be<00:03:47.440> independently 00:03:48.149 --> 00:03:48.159 align:start position:0% story can actually be independently 00:03:48.159 --> 00:03:50.309 align:start position:0% story can actually be independently verified.<00:03:49.040> And<00:03:49.280> the<00:03:49.440> more<00:03:49.599> closely<00:03:50.000> you<00:03:50.239> look 00:03:50.309 --> 00:03:50.319 align:start position:0% verified. And the more closely you look 00:03:50.319 --> 00:03:52.789 align:start position:0% verified. And the more closely you look at<00:03:50.480> how<00:03:50.720> her<00:03:51.040> words<00:03:51.280> were<00:03:51.599> actually<00:03:51.920> produced, 00:03:52.789 --> 00:03:52.799 align:start position:0% at how her words were actually produced, 00:03:52.799 --> 00:03:55.190 align:start position:0% at how her words were actually produced, the<00:03:53.040> harder<00:03:53.280> it<00:03:53.519> becomes<00:03:53.840> to<00:03:54.159> know<00:03:54.640> where<00:03:54.959> she 00:03:55.190 --> 00:03:55.200 align:start position:0% the harder it becomes to know where she 00:03:55.200 --> 00:03:57.270 align:start position:0% the harder it becomes to know where she ends<00:03:55.760> and<00:03:56.000> where<00:03:56.159> the<00:03:56.400> people<00:03:56.640> around<00:03:57.040> her 00:03:57.270 --> 00:03:57.280 align:start position:0% ends and where the people around her 00:03:57.280 --> 00:03:59.910 align:start position:0% ends and where the people around her began.<00:03:58.239> So<00:03:58.480> before<00:03:58.799> that,<00:03:59.280> let's<00:03:59.599> take<00:03:59.680> a<00:03:59.840> look 00:03:59.910 --> 00:03:59.920 align:start position:0% began. So before that, let's take a look 00:03:59.920 --> 00:04:01.910 align:start position:0% began. So before that, let's take a look at<00:04:00.080> something<00:04:00.319> more<00:04:00.640> basic.<00:04:01.280> What<00:04:01.519> was<00:04:01.680> she 00:04:01.910 --> 00:04:01.920 align:start position:0% at something more basic. What was she 00:04:01.920 --> 00:04:03.910 align:start position:0% at something more basic. What was she actually<00:04:02.319> working<00:04:02.640> with?<00:04:03.200> And<00:04:03.360> as<00:04:03.519> it<00:04:03.760> turns 00:04:03.910 --> 00:04:03.920 align:start position:0% actually working with? And as it turns 00:04:03.920 --> 00:04:05.830 align:start position:0% actually working with? And as it turns out,<00:04:04.480> we<00:04:04.720> don't<00:04:04.879> know<00:04:05.040> as<00:04:05.280> much<00:04:05.439> about 00:04:05.830 --> 00:04:05.840 align:start position:0% out, we don't know as much about 00:04:05.840 --> 00:04:07.910 align:start position:0% out, we don't know as much about Keller's<00:04:06.319> condition<00:04:06.720> as<00:04:06.879> you<00:04:07.120> might<00:04:07.280> think. 00:04:07.910 --> 00:04:07.920 align:start position:0% Keller's condition as you might think. 00:04:07.920 --> 00:04:09.670 align:start position:0% Keller's condition as you might think. The<00:04:08.159> official<00:04:08.560> position<00:04:08.879> from<00:04:09.040> the<00:04:09.200> Perkins 00:04:09.670 --> 00:04:09.680 align:start position:0% The official position from the Perkins 00:04:09.680 --> 00:04:11.350 align:start position:0% The official position from the Perkins School<00:04:09.840> for<00:04:10.000> the<00:04:10.080> Blind<00:04:10.560> is<00:04:10.720> that<00:04:10.959> Keller 00:04:11.350 --> 00:04:11.360 align:start position:0% School for the Blind is that Keller 00:04:11.360 --> 00:04:13.509 align:start position:0% School for the Blind is that Keller became<00:04:11.599> totally<00:04:12.000> deaf<00:04:12.239> and<00:04:12.480> blind<00:04:12.799> at<00:04:13.120> 19 00:04:13.509 --> 00:04:13.519 align:start position:0% became totally deaf and blind at 19 00:04:13.519 --> 00:04:15.670 align:start position:0% became totally deaf and blind at 19 months<00:04:13.760> old.<00:04:14.319> But<00:04:14.560> no<00:04:14.799> surviving<00:04:15.280> clinical 00:04:15.670 --> 00:04:15.680 align:start position:0% months old. But no surviving clinical 00:04:15.680 --> 00:04:18.870 align:start position:0% months old. But no surviving clinical documentation<00:04:16.400> from<00:04:16.720> 1882<00:04:18.079> confirms<00:04:18.560> that 00:04:18.870 --> 00:04:18.880 align:start position:0% documentation from 1882 confirms that 00:04:18.880 --> 00:04:20.550 align:start position:0% documentation from 1882 confirms that with<00:04:19.120> any<00:04:19.359> kind<00:04:19.519> of<00:04:19.759> modern<00:04:20.160> medical 00:04:20.550 --> 00:04:20.560 align:start position:0% with any kind of modern medical 00:04:20.560 --> 00:04:22.629 align:start position:0% with any kind of modern medical precision.<00:04:21.440> Doctors<00:04:21.840> at<00:04:22.000> the<00:04:22.160> time<00:04:22.400> called 00:04:22.629 --> 00:04:22.639 align:start position:0% precision. Doctors at the time called 00:04:22.639 --> 00:04:25.030 align:start position:0% precision. Doctors at the time called her<00:04:22.960> illness<00:04:23.280> brain<00:04:23.680> fever<00:04:24.320> which<00:04:24.560> in<00:04:24.720> recent 00:04:25.030 --> 00:04:25.040 align:start position:0% her illness brain fever which in recent 00:04:25.040 --> 00:04:26.950 align:start position:0% her illness brain fever which in recent years<00:04:25.280> is<00:04:25.520> believed<00:04:25.759> to<00:04:25.919> have<00:04:26.080> been<00:04:26.400> bacterial 00:04:26.950 --> 00:04:26.960 align:start position:0% years is believed to have been bacterial 00:04:26.960 --> 00:04:29.510 align:start position:0% years is believed to have been bacterial menitis<00:04:28.000> that<00:04:28.320> causes<00:04:28.720> inflammation<00:04:29.199> of<00:04:29.360> the 00:04:29.510 --> 00:04:29.520 align:start position:0% menitis that causes inflammation of the 00:04:29.520 --> 00:04:31.510 align:start position:0% menitis that causes inflammation of the membranes<00:04:30.000> around<00:04:30.320> the<00:04:30.560> brain<00:04:31.040> which<00:04:31.280> can 00:04:31.510 --> 00:04:31.520 align:start position:0% membranes around the brain which can 00:04:31.520 --> 00:04:33.110 align:start position:0% membranes around the brain which can permanently<00:04:32.000> damage<00:04:32.320> the<00:04:32.560> optic<00:04:32.960> and 00:04:33.110 --> 00:04:33.120 align:start position:0% permanently damage the optic and 00:04:33.120 --> 00:04:35.430 align:start position:0% permanently damage the optic and auditory<00:04:33.680> nerves.<00:04:34.560> But<00:04:34.720> no<00:04:34.880> one<00:04:35.040> can<00:04:35.199> really 00:04:35.430 --> 00:04:35.440 align:start position:0% auditory nerves. But no one can really 00:04:35.440 --> 00:04:37.350 align:start position:0% auditory nerves. But no one can really confirm<00:04:35.840> whether<00:04:36.160> she<00:04:36.320> had<00:04:36.400> a<00:04:36.639> tiny<00:04:36.880> amount<00:04:37.120> of 00:04:37.350 --> 00:04:37.360 align:start position:0% confirm whether she had a tiny amount of 00:04:37.360 --> 00:04:39.430 align:start position:0% confirm whether she had a tiny amount of vision<00:04:37.600> or<00:04:37.840> hearing.<00:04:38.400> I<00:04:38.560> mean<00:04:38.720> the<00:04:38.880> diagnostic 00:04:39.430 --> 00:04:39.440 align:start position:0% vision or hearing. I mean the diagnostic 00:04:39.440 --> 00:04:42.550 align:start position:0% vision or hearing. I mean the diagnostic tools<00:04:39.840> available<00:04:40.240> in<00:04:40.639> 1882<00:04:41.520> Alabama<00:04:42.320> they 00:04:42.550 --> 00:04:42.560 align:start position:0% tools available in 1882 Alabama they 00:04:42.560 --> 00:04:44.150 align:start position:0% tools available in 1882 Alabama they couldn't<00:04:42.800> detect<00:04:43.199> minimal<00:04:43.600> vision<00:04:43.919> or 00:04:44.150 --> 00:04:44.160 align:start position:0% couldn't detect minimal vision or 00:04:44.160 --> 00:04:46.629 align:start position:0% couldn't detect minimal vision or hearing.<00:04:44.960> Today<00:04:45.440> we<00:04:45.680> conduct<00:04:45.919> a<00:04:46.160> battery<00:04:46.400> of 00:04:46.629 --> 00:04:46.639 align:start position:0% hearing. Today we conduct a battery of 00:04:46.639 --> 00:04:48.790 align:start position:0% hearing. Today we conduct a battery of tests<00:04:47.360> and<00:04:47.520> that<00:04:47.759> matters<00:04:48.080> because<00:04:48.320> even<00:04:48.560> a 00:04:48.790 --> 00:04:48.800 align:start position:0% tests and that matters because even a 00:04:48.800 --> 00:04:50.870 align:start position:0% tests and that matters because even a small<00:04:49.040> amount<00:04:49.280> of<00:04:49.440> residual<00:04:50.000> function<00:04:50.479> is<00:04:50.639> a 00:04:50.870 --> 00:04:50.880 align:start position:0% small amount of residual function is a 00:04:50.880 --> 00:04:53.510 align:start position:0% small amount of residual function is a big<00:04:51.120> deal<00:04:51.680> because<00:04:52.000> even<00:04:52.320> a<00:04:52.560> minimal<00:04:53.040> audio 00:04:53.510 --> 00:04:53.520 align:start position:0% big deal because even a minimal audio 00:04:53.520 --> 00:04:55.270 align:start position:0% big deal because even a minimal audio input<00:04:54.080> gives<00:04:54.320> the<00:04:54.479> brain<00:04:54.800> something<00:04:55.120> to 00:04:55.270 --> 00:04:55.280 align:start position:0% input gives the brain something to 00:04:55.280 --> 00:04:57.909 align:start position:0% input gives the brain something to organize<00:04:55.759> around.<00:04:56.560> With<00:04:56.880> nothing<00:04:57.440> the<00:04:57.680> brain 00:04:57.909 --> 00:04:57.919 align:start position:0% organize around. With nothing the brain 00:04:57.919 --> 00:04:59.749 align:start position:0% organize around. With nothing the brain needs<00:04:58.160> to<00:04:58.320> build<00:04:58.560> from<00:04:58.800> scratch<00:04:59.360> using 00:04:59.749 --> 00:04:59.759 align:start position:0% needs to build from scratch using 00:04:59.759 --> 00:05:02.469 align:start position:0% needs to build from scratch using entirely<00:05:00.320> different<00:05:00.639> neural<00:05:01.120> pathways.<00:05:02.160> So 00:05:02.469 --> 00:05:02.479 align:start position:0% entirely different neural pathways. So 00:05:02.479 --> 00:05:04.150 align:start position:0% entirely different neural pathways. So nothing<00:05:02.720> in<00:05:02.960> the<00:05:03.120> record<00:05:03.360> really<00:05:03.600> contradicts 00:05:04.150 --> 00:05:04.160 align:start position:0% nothing in the record really contradicts 00:05:04.160 --> 00:05:06.550 align:start position:0% nothing in the record really contradicts that<00:05:04.400> Keller<00:05:04.800> was<00:05:04.960> totally<00:05:05.360> deafb<00:05:05.680> blind,<00:05:06.320> but 00:05:06.550 --> 00:05:06.560 align:start position:0% that Keller was totally deafb blind, but 00:05:06.560 --> 00:05:08.230 align:start position:0% that Keller was totally deafb blind, but we<00:05:06.720> only<00:05:06.960> have<00:05:07.039> the<00:05:07.280> judgment<00:05:07.600> of<00:05:07.840> doctors 00:05:08.230 --> 00:05:08.240 align:start position:0% we only have the judgment of doctors 00:05:08.240 --> 00:05:10.469 align:start position:0% we only have the judgment of doctors from<00:05:08.479> a<00:05:08.639> different<00:05:08.960> era.<00:05:09.680> So<00:05:09.919> this<00:05:10.080> is<00:05:10.160> a<00:05:10.320> good 00:05:10.469 --> 00:05:10.479 align:start position:0% from a different era. So this is a good 00:05:10.479 --> 00:05:12.550 align:start position:0% from a different era. So this is a good time<00:05:10.639> to<00:05:10.800> mention<00:05:11.360> as<00:05:11.600> usual<00:05:11.919> that<00:05:12.160> if<00:05:12.320> I<00:05:12.400> get 00:05:12.550 --> 00:05:12.560 align:start position:0% time to mention as usual that if I get 00:05:12.560 --> 00:05:14.550 align:start position:0% time to mention as usual that if I get any<00:05:12.720> of<00:05:12.800> these<00:05:13.039> facts<00:05:13.360> wrong,<00:05:13.919> let<00:05:14.160> me<00:05:14.240> know<00:05:14.320> in 00:05:14.550 --> 00:05:14.560 align:start position:0% any of these facts wrong, let me know in 00:05:14.560 --> 00:05:15.990 align:start position:0% any of these facts wrong, let me know in the<00:05:14.720> comments<00:05:14.880> and<00:05:15.120> I'll<00:05:15.360> address<00:05:15.600> it<00:05:15.680> in<00:05:15.840> a 00:05:15.990 --> 00:05:16.000 align:start position:0% the comments and I'll address it in a 00:05:16.000 --> 00:05:17.990 align:start position:0% the comments and I'll address it in a pin<00:05:16.240> comment<00:05:16.560> below.<00:05:17.199> My<00:05:17.440> sources<00:05:17.759> and 00:05:17.990 --> 00:05:18.000 align:start position:0% pin comment below. My sources and 00:05:18.000 --> 00:05:19.270 align:start position:0% pin comment below. My sources and research,<00:05:18.479> they're<00:05:18.720> also<00:05:18.960> in<00:05:19.120> the 00:05:19.270 --> 00:05:19.280 align:start position:0% research, they're also in the 00:05:19.280 --> 00:05:21.270 align:start position:0% research, they're also in the description<00:05:19.600> box.<00:05:20.400> So<00:05:20.639> one<00:05:20.880> thing<00:05:20.960> I've 00:05:21.270 --> 00:05:21.280 align:start position:0% description box. So one thing I've 00:05:21.280 --> 00:05:23.110 align:start position:0% description box. So one thing I've always<00:05:21.440> wondered<00:05:22.000> was<00:05:22.560> why<00:05:22.720> aren't<00:05:22.960> there 00:05:23.110 --> 00:05:23.120 align:start position:0% always wondered was why aren't there 00:05:23.120 --> 00:05:25.350 align:start position:0% always wondered was why aren't there more<00:05:23.280> Helen<00:05:23.680> Kellers<00:05:24.080> around?<00:05:24.720> We<00:05:24.960> have<00:05:25.120> more 00:05:25.350 --> 00:05:25.360 align:start position:0% more Helen Kellers around? We have more 00:05:25.360 --> 00:05:27.270 align:start position:0% more Helen Kellers around? We have more resources<00:05:25.840> and<00:05:26.160> scientific<00:05:26.639> knowledge<00:05:27.039> than 00:05:27.270 --> 00:05:27.280 align:start position:0% resources and scientific knowledge than 00:05:27.280 --> 00:05:29.670 align:start position:0% resources and scientific knowledge than ever<00:05:27.520> before,<00:05:28.320> but<00:05:28.560> we<00:05:28.800> don't<00:05:29.039> have<00:05:29.280> hundreds 00:05:29.670 --> 00:05:29.680 align:start position:0% ever before, but we don't have hundreds 00:05:29.680 --> 00:05:32.070 align:start position:0% ever before, but we don't have hundreds of<00:05:29.919> people<00:05:30.479> deafb<00:05:30.800> blind<00:05:31.120> from<00:05:31.360> birth<00:05:31.759> with 00:05:32.070 --> 00:05:32.080 align:start position:0% of people deafb blind from birth with 00:05:32.080 --> 00:05:34.550 align:start position:0% of people deafb blind from birth with her<00:05:32.320> capabilities.<00:05:33.520> So,<00:05:33.680> I<00:05:33.840> did<00:05:34.000> my<00:05:34.240> best<00:05:34.400> to 00:05:34.550 --> 00:05:34.560 align:start position:0% her capabilities. So, I did my best to 00:05:34.560 --> 00:05:36.390 align:start position:0% her capabilities. So, I did my best to research<00:05:34.960> that.<00:05:35.600> And<00:05:35.759> the<00:05:36.000> number<00:05:36.160> of 00:05:36.390 --> 00:05:36.400 align:start position:0% research that. And the number of 00:05:36.400 --> 00:05:38.550 align:start position:0% research that. And the number of comparable<00:05:36.880> people<00:05:37.120> is<00:05:37.440> small<00:05:38.080> in<00:05:38.320> the 00:05:38.550 --> 00:05:38.560 align:start position:0% comparable people is small in the 00:05:38.560 --> 00:05:40.710 align:start position:0% comparable people is small in the handfuls,<00:05:39.199> not<00:05:39.360> the<00:05:39.520> hundreds.<00:05:40.240> And<00:05:40.400> I<00:05:40.560> should 00:05:40.710 --> 00:05:40.720 align:start position:0% handfuls, not the hundreds. And I should 00:05:40.720 --> 00:05:42.310 align:start position:0% handfuls, not the hundreds. And I should note<00:05:40.880> that<00:05:41.120> some<00:05:41.360> of<00:05:41.440> them<00:05:41.600> lost<00:05:41.840> their<00:05:42.080> vision 00:05:42.310 --> 00:05:42.320 align:start position:0% note that some of them lost their vision 00:05:42.320 --> 00:05:44.230 align:start position:0% note that some of them lost their vision and<00:05:42.479> hearing<00:05:42.720> a<00:05:42.880> bit<00:05:43.039> later<00:05:43.280> in<00:05:43.520> life.<00:05:44.080> So, 00:05:44.230 --> 00:05:44.240 align:start position:0% and hearing a bit later in life. So, 00:05:44.240 --> 00:05:45.909 align:start position:0% and hearing a bit later in life. So, we're<00:05:44.479> not<00:05:44.639> necessarily<00:05:45.280> comparing 00:05:45.909 --> 00:05:45.919 align:start position:0% we're not necessarily comparing 00:05:45.919 --> 00:05:48.469 align:start position:0% we're not necessarily comparing identical<00:05:46.400> situations.<00:05:47.360> Haben<00:05:47.759> Germa<00:05:48.240> is 00:05:48.469 --> 00:05:48.479 align:start position:0% identical situations. Haben Germa is 00:05:48.479 --> 00:05:50.390 align:start position:0% identical situations. Haben Germa is often<00:05:48.800> cited<00:05:49.199> as<00:05:49.360> a<00:05:49.520> modern-day<00:05:50.000> Helen 00:05:50.390 --> 00:05:50.400 align:start position:0% often cited as a modern-day Helen 00:05:50.400 --> 00:05:52.629 align:start position:0% often cited as a modern-day Helen Keller.<00:05:51.120> She<00:05:51.440> graduated<00:05:51.840> from<00:05:52.000> Harvard<00:05:52.400> Law 00:05:52.629 --> 00:05:52.639 align:start position:0% Keller. She graduated from Harvard Law 00:05:52.639 --> 00:05:54.550 align:start position:0% Keller. She graduated from Harvard Law School,<00:05:53.039> wrote<00:05:53.280> a<00:05:53.440> best-selling<00:05:53.919> memoir<00:05:54.320> and 00:05:54.550 --> 00:05:54.560 align:start position:0% School, wrote a best-selling memoir and 00:05:54.560 --> 00:05:56.390 align:start position:0% School, wrote a best-selling memoir and became<00:05:54.800> a<00:05:55.039> prominent<00:05:55.440> disability<00:05:56.080> rights 00:05:56.390 --> 00:05:56.400 align:start position:0% became a prominent disability rights 00:05:56.400 --> 00:05:58.710 align:start position:0% became a prominent disability rights advocate.<00:05:57.120> Her<00:05:57.360> condition<00:05:57.680> was<00:05:58.000> progressive 00:05:58.710 --> 00:05:58.720 align:start position:0% advocate. Her condition was progressive 00:05:58.720 --> 00:06:00.950 align:start position:0% advocate. Her condition was progressive beginning<00:05:59.120> in<00:05:59.280> early<00:05:59.600> childhood.<00:06:00.639> Robert 00:06:00.950 --> 00:06:00.960 align:start position:0% beginning in early childhood. Robert 00:06:00.960 --> 00:06:03.110 align:start position:0% beginning in early childhood. Robert Smith<00:06:01.360> does<00:06:01.759> he<00:06:01.919> lost<00:06:02.160> his<00:06:02.320> sight<00:06:02.639> and<00:06:02.800> most<00:06:02.960> of 00:06:03.110 --> 00:06:03.120 align:start position:0% Smith does he lost his sight and most of 00:06:03.120 --> 00:06:05.590 align:start position:0% Smith does he lost his sight and most of his<00:06:03.280> hearing<00:06:03.520> to<00:06:03.600> menitis<00:06:04.319> at<00:06:04.560> age<00:06:04.880> five.<00:06:05.360> He 00:06:05.590 --> 00:06:05.600 align:start position:0% his hearing to menitis at age five. He 00:06:05.600 --> 00:06:07.430 align:start position:0% his hearing to menitis at age five. He became<00:06:05.840> the<00:06:06.080> first<00:06:06.319> deafline<00:06:06.880> person<00:06:07.120> to<00:06:07.280> earn 00:06:07.430 --> 00:06:07.440 align:start position:0% became the first deafline person to earn 00:06:07.440 --> 00:06:09.909 align:start position:0% became the first deafline person to earn a<00:06:07.680> master's<00:06:08.080> degree<00:06:08.400> and<00:06:08.639> published<00:06:09.039> poetry. 00:06:09.909 --> 00:06:09.919 align:start position:0% a master's degree and published poetry. 00:06:09.919 --> 00:06:12.150 align:start position:0% a master's degree and published poetry. Laura<00:06:10.319> Bridgeman<00:06:10.880> actually<00:06:11.199> preceded<00:06:11.759> Keller 00:06:12.150 --> 00:06:12.160 align:start position:0% Laura Bridgeman actually preceded Keller 00:06:12.160 --> 00:06:14.710 align:start position:0% Laura Bridgeman actually preceded Keller by<00:06:12.400> 50<00:06:12.720> years.<00:06:13.520> She<00:06:13.759> lost<00:06:14.000> her<00:06:14.240> sight, 00:06:14.710 --> 00:06:14.720 align:start position:0% by 50 years. She lost her sight, 00:06:14.720 --> 00:06:16.790 align:start position:0% by 50 years. She lost her sight, hearing,<00:06:15.199> taste,<00:06:15.600> and<00:06:15.840> smell<00:06:16.160> to<00:06:16.400> scarlet 00:06:16.790 --> 00:06:16.800 align:start position:0% hearing, taste, and smell to scarlet 00:06:16.800 --> 00:06:19.590 align:start position:0% hearing, taste, and smell to scarlet fever<00:06:17.120> at<00:06:17.280> age<00:06:17.600> two.<00:06:18.240> She<00:06:18.560> mastered<00:06:18.960> language, 00:06:19.590 --> 00:06:19.600 align:start position:0% fever at age two. She mastered language, 00:06:19.600 --> 00:06:21.350 align:start position:0% fever at age two. She mastered language, literature,<00:06:20.000> and<00:06:20.240> basic<00:06:20.639> mathematics<00:06:21.120> at 00:06:21.350 --> 00:06:21.360 align:start position:0% literature, and basic mathematics at 00:06:21.360 --> 00:06:23.749 align:start position:0% literature, and basic mathematics at Perkins.<00:06:22.319> She<00:06:22.560> proved<00:06:22.800> the<00:06:23.120> concept<00:06:23.440> was 00:06:23.749 --> 00:06:23.759 align:start position:0% Perkins. She proved the concept was 00:06:23.759 --> 00:06:25.990 align:start position:0% Perkins. She proved the concept was possible<00:06:24.160> before<00:06:24.479> Helen<00:06:24.800> Keller<00:06:25.199> was<00:06:25.360> born, 00:06:25.990 --> 00:06:26.000 align:start position:0% possible before Helen Keller was born, 00:06:26.000 --> 00:06:27.830 align:start position:0% possible before Helen Keller was born, but<00:06:26.240> her<00:06:26.400> output<00:06:26.800> never<00:06:27.120> came<00:06:27.360> close<00:06:27.600> to 00:06:27.830 --> 00:06:27.840 align:start position:0% but her output never came close to 00:06:27.840 --> 00:06:30.390 align:start position:0% but her output never came close to Keller's<00:06:28.319> in<00:06:28.639> volume<00:06:29.039> or<00:06:29.280> ambition,<00:06:30.000> and<00:06:30.160> she 00:06:30.390 --> 00:06:30.400 align:start position:0% Keller's in volume or ambition, and she 00:06:30.400 --> 00:06:33.189 align:start position:0% Keller's in volume or ambition, and she lived<00:06:30.560> a<00:06:30.800> quieter<00:06:31.199> life.<00:06:32.160> Marie<00:06:32.479> Hurton<00:06:32.960> is 00:06:33.189 --> 00:06:33.199 align:start position:0% lived a quieter life. Marie Hurton is 00:06:33.199 --> 00:06:35.510 align:start position:0% lived a quieter life. Marie Hurton is probably<00:06:33.440> the<00:06:33.680> most<00:06:33.919> comparable<00:06:34.400> case.<00:06:35.120> Born 00:06:35.510 --> 00:06:35.520 align:start position:0% probably the most comparable case. Born 00:06:35.520 --> 00:06:38.469 align:start position:0% probably the most comparable case. Born completely<00:06:36.000> deafblind<00:06:36.560> in<00:06:36.800> France<00:06:37.039> in<00:06:37.360> 1885, 00:06:38.469 --> 00:06:38.479 align:start position:0% completely deafblind in France in 1885, 00:06:38.479 --> 00:06:41.350 align:start position:0% completely deafblind in France in 1885, she<00:06:38.720> had<00:06:38.880> no<00:06:39.120> language<00:06:39.440> at<00:06:39.600> all<00:06:39.840> until<00:06:40.240> age<00:06:40.639> 10. 00:06:41.350 --> 00:06:41.360 align:start position:0% she had no language at all until age 10. 00:06:41.360 --> 00:06:43.189 align:start position:0% she had no language at all until age 10. She<00:06:41.520> eventually<00:06:41.919> learned<00:06:42.160> to<00:06:42.400> sign,<00:06:42.960> read, 00:06:43.189 --> 00:06:43.199 align:start position:0% She eventually learned to sign, read, 00:06:43.199 --> 00:06:44.710 align:start position:0% She eventually learned to sign, read, and<00:06:43.440> write,<00:06:43.759> and<00:06:44.000> she<00:06:44.160> taught<00:06:44.400> other 00:06:44.710 --> 00:06:44.720 align:start position:0% and write, and she taught other 00:06:44.720 --> 00:06:47.270 align:start position:0% and write, and she taught other deafblind<00:06:45.360> girls<00:06:45.680> in<00:06:45.919> Braille.<00:06:46.639> absolutely 00:06:47.270 --> 00:06:47.280 align:start position:0% deafblind girls in Braille. absolutely 00:06:47.280 --> 00:06:48.950 align:start position:0% deafblind girls in Braille. absolutely remarkable,<00:06:48.000> but<00:06:48.240> she<00:06:48.479> really<00:06:48.720> never 00:06:48.950 --> 00:06:48.960 align:start position:0% remarkable, but she really never 00:06:48.960 --> 00:06:51.029 align:start position:0% remarkable, but she really never produced<00:06:49.360> literary<00:06:49.840> or<00:06:50.080> political<00:06:50.479> work<00:06:50.720> of 00:06:51.029 --> 00:06:51.039 align:start position:0% produced literary or political work of 00:06:51.039 --> 00:06:53.749 align:start position:0% produced literary or political work of any<00:06:51.360> sophistication.<00:06:52.800> There's<00:06:53.039> a<00:06:53.199> consistent 00:06:53.749 --> 00:06:53.759 align:start position:0% any sophistication. There's a consistent 00:06:53.759 --> 00:06:55.670 align:start position:0% any sophistication. There's a consistent pattern<00:06:54.160> that<00:06:54.400> the<00:06:54.639> earlier<00:06:55.039> and<00:06:55.280> that<00:06:55.440> the 00:06:55.670 --> 00:06:55.680 align:start position:0% pattern that the earlier and that the 00:06:55.680 --> 00:06:57.990 align:start position:0% pattern that the earlier and that the more<00:06:55.840> total<00:06:56.160> the<00:06:56.400> loss,<00:06:57.039> the<00:06:57.199> more<00:06:57.440> modest<00:06:57.759> the 00:06:57.990 --> 00:06:58.000 align:start position:0% more total the loss, the more modest the 00:06:58.000 --> 00:06:59.749 align:start position:0% more total the loss, the more modest the output.<00:06:58.720> And<00:06:58.880> I<00:06:59.039> think<00:06:59.120> we've<00:06:59.360> never<00:06:59.520> seen 00:06:59.749 --> 00:06:59.759 align:start position:0% output. And I think we've never seen 00:06:59.759 --> 00:07:01.909 align:start position:0% output. And I think we've never seen anyone<00:07:00.160> produce<00:07:00.639> anything<00:07:01.120> like<00:07:01.360> Keller's 00:07:01.909 --> 00:07:01.919 align:start position:0% anyone produce anything like Keller's 00:07:01.919 --> 00:07:03.749 align:start position:0% anyone produce anything like Keller's volume<00:07:02.160> and<00:07:02.400> sophistication<00:07:03.280> from<00:07:03.520> a 00:07:03.749 --> 00:07:03.759 align:start position:0% volume and sophistication from a 00:07:03.759 --> 00:07:05.990 align:start position:0% volume and sophistication from a comparable<00:07:04.400> starting<00:07:04.720> point.<00:07:05.599> Today's 00:07:05.990 --> 00:07:06.000 align:start position:0% comparable starting point. Today's 00:07:06.000 --> 00:07:08.150 align:start position:0% comparable starting point. Today's sponsor<00:07:06.319> is<00:07:06.639> Private<00:07:07.039> Internet<00:07:07.440> Access,<00:07:07.919> and 00:07:08.150 --> 00:07:08.160 align:start position:0% sponsor is Private Internet Access, and 00:07:08.160 --> 00:07:09.350 align:start position:0% sponsor is Private Internet Access, and they're<00:07:08.319> all<00:07:08.479> about<00:07:08.639> encrypting<00:07:09.120> and 00:07:09.350 --> 00:07:09.360 align:start position:0% they're all about encrypting and 00:07:09.360 --> 00:07:11.029 align:start position:0% they're all about encrypting and protecting<00:07:09.680> your<00:07:09.919> data.<00:07:10.479> Whenever<00:07:10.880> you're 00:07:11.029 --> 00:07:11.039 align:start position:0% protecting your data. Whenever you're 00:07:11.039 --> 00:07:12.790 align:start position:0% protecting your data. Whenever you're browsing<00:07:11.440> online<00:07:11.759> in<00:07:12.000> an<00:07:12.160> unprotected 00:07:12.790 --> 00:07:12.800 align:start position:0% browsing online in an unprotected 00:07:12.800 --> 00:07:15.110 align:start position:0% browsing online in an unprotected device,<00:07:13.520> you're<00:07:13.840> transmitting<00:07:14.400> info<00:07:14.800> which 00:07:15.110 --> 00:07:15.120 align:start position:0% device, you're transmitting info which 00:07:15.120 --> 00:07:16.950 align:start position:0% device, you're transmitting info which can<00:07:15.280> be<00:07:15.360> seen<00:07:15.680> by<00:07:15.919> various<00:07:16.240> entities<00:07:16.720> you 00:07:16.950 --> 00:07:16.960 align:start position:0% can be seen by various entities you 00:07:16.960 --> 00:07:19.110 align:start position:0% can be seen by various entities you don't<00:07:17.120> know<00:07:17.280> about.<00:07:17.840> PIA<00:07:18.400> hides<00:07:18.639> your<00:07:18.800> IP 00:07:19.110 --> 00:07:19.120 align:start position:0% don't know about. PIA hides your IP 00:07:19.120 --> 00:07:20.790 align:start position:0% don't know about. PIA hides your IP address<00:07:19.440> and<00:07:19.759> safeguards<00:07:20.240> your<00:07:20.479> internet 00:07:20.790 --> 00:07:20.800 align:start position:0% address and safeguards your internet 00:07:20.800 --> 00:07:22.870 align:start position:0% address and safeguards your internet connection.<00:07:21.680> Think<00:07:21.840> of<00:07:21.919> it<00:07:22.080> like<00:07:22.240> a<00:07:22.400> shielded 00:07:22.870 --> 00:07:22.880 align:start position:0% connection. Think of it like a shielded 00:07:22.880 --> 00:07:24.230 align:start position:0% connection. Think of it like a shielded tunnel<00:07:23.199> for<00:07:23.360> your<00:07:23.520> information<00:07:24.000> from 00:07:24.230 --> 00:07:24.240 align:start position:0% tunnel for your information from 00:07:24.240 --> 00:07:26.710 align:start position:0% tunnel for your information from hackers,<00:07:24.880> government<00:07:25.280> sensors,<00:07:25.840> ISPs,<00:07:26.560> and 00:07:26.710 --> 00:07:26.720 align:start position:0% hackers, government sensors, ISPs, and 00:07:26.720 --> 00:07:28.309 align:start position:0% hackers, government sensors, ISPs, and others<00:07:27.039> looking<00:07:27.199> to<00:07:27.440> grab<00:07:27.599> it.<00:07:27.840> And<00:07:28.000> if<00:07:28.160> you're 00:07:28.309 --> 00:07:28.319 align:start position:0% others looking to grab it. And if you're 00:07:28.319 --> 00:07:31.029 align:start position:0% others looking to grab it. And if you're ever<00:07:28.560> using<00:07:28.800> public<00:07:29.199> Wi-Fi,<00:07:29.919> you<00:07:30.160> need<00:07:30.240> a<00:07:30.479> VPN 00:07:31.029 --> 00:07:31.039 align:start position:0% ever using public Wi-Fi, you need a VPN 00:07:31.039 --> 00:07:33.749 align:start position:0% ever using public Wi-Fi, you need a VPN every<00:07:31.280> single<00:07:31.599> time<00:07:31.759> you<00:07:32.000> do.<00:07:32.880> PIA<00:07:33.360> software 00:07:33.749 --> 00:07:33.759 align:start position:0% every single time you do. PIA software 00:07:33.759 --> 00:07:35.830 align:start position:0% every single time you do. PIA software is<00:07:34.000> open<00:07:34.240> source,<00:07:34.880> meaning<00:07:35.120> the<00:07:35.360> code<00:07:35.520> can<00:07:35.759> be 00:07:35.830 --> 00:07:35.840 align:start position:0% is open source, meaning the code can be 00:07:35.840 --> 00:07:37.189 align:start position:0% is open source, meaning the code can be audited<00:07:36.240> for<00:07:36.479> back<00:07:36.720> doors<00:07:36.960> and 00:07:37.189 --> 00:07:37.199 align:start position:0% audited for back doors and 00:07:37.199 --> 00:07:39.350 align:start position:0% audited for back doors and vulnerabilities.<00:07:38.240> They<00:07:38.479> let<00:07:38.639> you<00:07:38.800> use<00:07:38.960> IP 00:07:39.350 --> 00:07:39.360 align:start position:0% vulnerabilities. They let you use IP 00:07:39.360 --> 00:07:41.350 align:start position:0% vulnerabilities. They let you use IP addresses<00:07:39.759> in<00:07:40.000> more<00:07:40.160> than<00:07:40.400> 91<00:07:40.880> countries<00:07:41.199> and 00:07:41.350 --> 00:07:41.360 align:start position:0% addresses in more than 91 countries and 00:07:41.360 --> 00:07:43.990 align:start position:0% addresses in more than 91 countries and in<00:07:41.599> all<00:07:41.759> 50<00:07:42.080> US<00:07:42.400> states.<00:07:43.280> So<00:07:43.440> in<00:07:43.599> just<00:07:43.759> one 00:07:43.990 --> 00:07:44.000 align:start position:0% in all 50 US states. So in just one 00:07:44.000 --> 00:07:45.830 align:start position:0% in all 50 US states. So in just one click,<00:07:44.319> you<00:07:44.479> can<00:07:44.560> be<00:07:44.720> wherever<00:07:45.039> you<00:07:45.280> like<00:07:45.520> and 00:07:45.830 --> 00:07:45.840 align:start position:0% click, you can be wherever you like and 00:07:45.840 --> 00:07:48.230 align:start position:0% click, you can be wherever you like and be<00:07:46.000> exposed<00:07:46.319> to<00:07:46.560> news<00:07:46.880> and<00:07:47.120> content<00:07:47.759> that<00:07:48.080> may 00:07:48.230 --> 00:07:48.240 align:start position:0% be exposed to news and content that may 00:07:48.240 --> 00:07:50.390 align:start position:0% be exposed to news and content that may only<00:07:48.479> be<00:07:48.720> available<00:07:49.120> in<00:07:49.360> certain<00:07:49.759> places, 00:07:50.390 --> 00:07:50.400 align:start position:0% only be available in certain places, 00:07:50.400 --> 00:07:52.950 align:start position:0% only be available in certain places, even<00:07:50.639> on<00:07:50.800> your<00:07:51.039> Netflix<00:07:51.360> or<00:07:51.599> HBO<00:07:52.080> account.<00:07:52.720> The 00:07:52.950 --> 00:07:52.960 align:start position:0% even on your Netflix or HBO account. The 00:07:52.960 --> 00:07:54.550 align:start position:0% even on your Netflix or HBO account. The speeds<00:07:53.280> are<00:07:53.440> fast<00:07:53.599> and<00:07:53.840> private<00:07:54.160> internet 00:07:54.550 --> 00:07:54.560 align:start position:0% speeds are fast and private internet 00:07:54.560 --> 00:07:55.990 align:start position:0% speeds are fast and private internet access<00:07:54.879> literally<00:07:55.280> doesn't<00:07:55.520> store<00:07:55.759> your 00:07:55.990 --> 00:07:56.000 align:start position:0% access literally doesn't store your 00:07:56.000 --> 00:07:58.070 align:start position:0% access literally doesn't store your activity<00:07:56.400> logs.<00:07:57.039> So<00:07:57.199> even<00:07:57.440> when<00:07:57.599> courts<00:07:58.000> have 00:07:58.070 --> 00:07:58.080 align:start position:0% activity logs. So even when courts have 00:07:58.080 --> 00:07:59.510 align:start position:0% activity logs. So even when courts have tried<00:07:58.319> to<00:07:58.400> come<00:07:58.560> after<00:07:58.800> them<00:07:58.960> to<00:07:59.199> get<00:07:59.280> into 00:07:59.510 --> 00:07:59.520 align:start position:0% tried to come after them to get into 00:07:59.520 --> 00:08:02.869 align:start position:0% tried to come after them to get into that<00:07:59.759> info,<00:08:00.560> it<00:08:00.800> just<00:08:01.039> doesn't<00:08:01.360> exist.<00:08:02.319> PIA 00:08:02.869 --> 00:08:02.879 align:start position:0% that info, it just doesn't exist. PIA 00:08:02.879 --> 00:08:04.469 align:start position:0% that info, it just doesn't exist. PIA gets<00:08:03.120> great<00:08:03.360> reviews<00:08:03.759> and<00:08:04.000> they're<00:08:04.240> offering 00:08:04.469 --> 00:08:04.479 align:start position:0% gets great reviews and they're offering 00:08:04.479 --> 00:08:07.110 align:start position:0% gets great reviews and they're offering a<00:08:04.639> deal<00:08:04.800> that<00:08:04.960> brings<00:08:05.199> it<00:08:05.360> down<00:08:05.440> to<00:08:05.680> just<00:08:06.000> $2.3 00:08:07.110 --> 00:08:07.120 align:start position:0% a deal that brings it down to just $2.3 00:08:07.120 --> 00:08:09.830 align:start position:0% a deal that brings it down to just $2.3 a<00:08:07.360> month,<00:08:07.840> plus<00:08:08.160> four<00:08:08.479> extra<00:08:08.800> months<00:08:09.120> for<00:08:09.360> free 00:08:09.830 --> 00:08:09.840 align:start position:0% a month, plus four extra months for free 00:08:09.840 --> 00:08:12.150 align:start position:0% a month, plus four extra months for free with<00:08:10.080> a<00:08:10.240> 30-day<00:08:10.800> money<00:08:10.960> back<00:08:11.280> guarantee.<00:08:12.000> And 00:08:12.150 --> 00:08:12.160 align:start position:0% with a 30-day money back guarantee. And 00:08:12.160 --> 00:08:14.070 align:start position:0% with a 30-day money back guarantee. And you<00:08:12.319> can<00:08:12.400> use<00:08:12.560> it<00:08:12.720> on<00:08:12.960> unlimited<00:08:13.520> devices<00:08:13.919> with 00:08:14.070 --> 00:08:14.080 align:start position:0% you can use it on unlimited devices with 00:08:14.080 --> 00:08:16.309 align:start position:0% you can use it on unlimited devices with a<00:08:14.319> single<00:08:14.639> account,<00:08:15.199> phones,<00:08:15.759> computers, 00:08:16.309 --> 00:08:16.319 align:start position:0% a single account, phones, computers, 00:08:16.319 --> 00:08:18.629 align:start position:0% a single account, phones, computers, even<00:08:16.560> TVs.<00:08:17.440> That's<00:08:17.680> a<00:08:17.840> great<00:08:18.000> deal<00:08:18.160> for<00:08:18.400> any 00:08:18.629 --> 00:08:18.639 align:start position:0% even TVs. That's a great deal for any 00:08:18.639 --> 00:08:21.510 align:start position:0% even TVs. That's a great deal for any reputable<00:08:19.199> VPN,<00:08:19.840> especially<00:08:20.319> one<00:08:20.479> like<00:08:20.800> PIA 00:08:21.510 --> 00:08:21.520 align:start position:0% reputable VPN, especially one like PIA 00:08:21.520 --> 00:08:23.350 align:start position:0% reputable VPN, especially one like PIA that's<00:08:21.759> trusted<00:08:22.160> by<00:08:22.319> over<00:08:22.639> 30<00:08:22.960> million 00:08:23.350 --> 00:08:23.360 align:start position:0% that's trusted by over 30 million 00:08:23.360 --> 00:08:25.189 align:start position:0% that's trusted by over 30 million people,<00:08:23.759> including<00:08:24.080> me.<00:08:24.479> Check<00:08:24.639> them<00:08:24.800> out<00:08:24.879> at 00:08:25.189 --> 00:08:25.199 align:start position:0% people, including me. Check them out at 00:08:25.199 --> 00:08:28.550 align:start position:0% people, including me. Check them out at piaavvpn.com/elephantsinandrooms, 00:08:28.550 --> 00:08:28.560 align:start position:0% 00:08:28.560 --> 00:08:31.589 align:start position:0% the<00:08:28.800> links<00:08:29.039> below,<00:08:29.680> or<00:08:30.000> scan<00:08:30.319> this<00:08:30.560> QR<00:08:30.960> code. 00:08:31.589 --> 00:08:31.599 align:start position:0% the links below, or scan this QR code. 00:08:31.599 --> 00:08:33.589 align:start position:0% the links below, or scan this QR code. So,<00:08:32.000> there<00:08:32.159> have<00:08:32.240> been<00:08:32.479> tens<00:08:32.800> of<00:08:32.959> thousands<00:08:33.440> of 00:08:33.589 --> 00:08:33.599 align:start position:0% So, there have been tens of thousands of 00:08:33.599 --> 00:08:35.990 align:start position:0% So, there have been tens of thousands of people<00:08:33.919> deafb<00:08:34.320> blind<00:08:34.640> from<00:08:34.800> a<00:08:35.039> young<00:08:35.200> age.<00:08:35.760> Why 00:08:35.990 --> 00:08:36.000 align:start position:0% people deafb blind from a young age. Why 00:08:36.000 --> 00:08:37.990 align:start position:0% people deafb blind from a young age. Why aren't<00:08:36.159> we<00:08:36.320> only<00:08:36.560> talking<00:08:36.800> about<00:08:36.959> a<00:08:37.200> handful? 00:08:37.990 --> 00:08:38.000 align:start position:0% aren't we only talking about a handful? 00:08:38.000 --> 00:08:39.589 align:start position:0% aren't we only talking about a handful? Part<00:08:38.240> of<00:08:38.320> that<00:08:38.560> answer<00:08:38.959> could<00:08:39.120> be<00:08:39.279> that<00:08:39.440> the 00:08:39.589 --> 00:08:39.599 align:start position:0% Part of that answer could be that the 00:08:39.599 --> 00:08:41.269 align:start position:0% Part of that answer could be that the pool<00:08:39.839> is<00:08:40.080> smaller<00:08:40.399> than<00:08:40.560> it<00:08:40.719> appears<00:08:41.039> at 00:08:41.269 --> 00:08:41.279 align:start position:0% pool is smaller than it appears at 00:08:41.279 --> 00:08:43.269 align:start position:0% pool is smaller than it appears at first.<00:08:42.080> Because<00:08:42.320> many<00:08:42.560> of<00:08:42.640> these<00:08:42.880> children 00:08:43.269 --> 00:08:43.279 align:start position:0% first. Because many of these children 00:08:43.279 --> 00:08:45.269 align:start position:0% first. Because many of these children have<00:08:43.519> disabilities<00:08:44.240> beyond<00:08:44.640> the<00:08:44.880> sensory 00:08:45.269 --> 00:08:45.279 align:start position:0% have disabilities beyond the sensory 00:08:45.279 --> 00:08:48.070 align:start position:0% have disabilities beyond the sensory loss,<00:08:46.000> cognitive<00:08:46.560> or<00:08:46.800> physical.<00:08:47.600> The<00:08:47.920> number 00:08:48.070 --> 00:08:48.080 align:start position:0% loss, cognitive or physical. The number 00:08:48.080 --> 00:08:49.990 align:start position:0% loss, cognitive or physical. The number who<00:08:48.320> are<00:08:48.399> deafb<00:08:48.800> blind<00:08:49.120> with<00:08:49.360> an<00:08:49.519> otherwise 00:08:49.990 --> 00:08:50.000 align:start position:0% who are deafb blind with an otherwise 00:08:50.000 --> 00:08:52.630 align:start position:0% who are deafb blind with an otherwise intact<00:08:50.560> brain,<00:08:51.279> that's<00:08:51.519> a<00:08:51.760> fraction<00:08:52.240> of<00:08:52.399> an 00:08:52.630 --> 00:08:52.640 align:start position:0% intact brain, that's a fraction of an 00:08:52.640 --> 00:08:54.790 align:start position:0% intact brain, that's a fraction of an already<00:08:52.959> rare<00:08:53.360> condition.<00:08:54.080> And<00:08:54.240> for<00:08:54.480> most<00:08:54.640> of 00:08:54.790 --> 00:08:54.800 align:start position:0% already rare condition. And for most of 00:08:54.800 --> 00:08:56.870 align:start position:0% already rare condition. And for most of human<00:08:55.040> history,<00:08:55.760> children<00:08:56.160> born<00:08:56.399> with<00:08:56.560> these 00:08:56.870 --> 00:08:56.880 align:start position:0% human history, children born with these 00:08:56.880 --> 00:08:58.550 align:start position:0% human history, children born with these conditions,<00:08:57.519> they<00:08:57.760> just<00:08:57.920> didn't<00:08:58.160> survive 00:08:58.550 --> 00:08:58.560 align:start position:0% conditions, they just didn't survive 00:08:58.560 --> 00:09:00.630 align:start position:0% conditions, they just didn't survive long<00:08:58.800> or<00:08:59.040> they<00:08:59.200> weren't<00:08:59.440> educated<00:08:59.839> or<00:09:00.240> weren't 00:09:00.630 --> 00:09:00.640 align:start position:0% long or they weren't educated or weren't 00:09:00.640 --> 00:09:03.269 align:start position:0% long or they weren't educated or weren't documented.<00:09:01.600> Still,<00:09:02.320> it's<00:09:02.560> a<00:09:02.720> hard<00:09:02.880> thing<00:09:03.040> to 00:09:03.269 --> 00:09:03.279 align:start position:0% documented. Still, it's a hard thing to 00:09:03.279 --> 00:09:05.910 align:start position:0% documented. Still, it's a hard thing to get<00:09:03.440> past.<00:09:04.160> I<00:09:04.320> mean,<00:09:04.720> today<00:09:05.120> in<00:09:05.360> first<00:09:05.680> world 00:09:05.910 --> 00:09:05.920 align:start position:0% get past. I mean, today in first world 00:09:05.920 --> 00:09:07.910 align:start position:0% get past. I mean, today in first world countries,<00:09:06.560> we<00:09:06.800> have<00:09:06.959> early<00:09:07.279> screening, 00:09:07.910 --> 00:09:07.920 align:start position:0% countries, we have early screening, 00:09:07.920 --> 00:09:09.910 align:start position:0% countries, we have early screening, special<00:09:08.240> education<00:09:08.880> mandates,<00:09:09.440> assist<00:09:09.680> of 00:09:09.910 --> 00:09:09.920 align:start position:0% special education mandates, assist of 00:09:09.920 --> 00:09:12.150 align:start position:0% special education mandates, assist of technology,<00:09:10.640> and<00:09:10.880> dedicated<00:09:11.440> deafb<00:09:11.839> blind 00:09:12.150 --> 00:09:12.160 align:start position:0% technology, and dedicated deafb blind 00:09:12.160 --> 00:09:14.630 align:start position:0% technology, and dedicated deafb blind programs.<00:09:12.959> Today,<00:09:13.440> we<00:09:13.680> have<00:09:13.920> resources<00:09:14.320> that 00:09:14.630 --> 00:09:14.640 align:start position:0% programs. Today, we have resources that 00:09:14.640 --> 00:09:16.710 align:start position:0% programs. Today, we have resources that Keller's<00:09:15.279> era<00:09:15.519> couldn't<00:09:15.760> have<00:09:15.920> imagined. 00:09:16.710 --> 00:09:16.720 align:start position:0% Keller's era couldn't have imagined. 00:09:16.720 --> 00:09:18.870 align:start position:0% Keller's era couldn't have imagined. Yet,<00:09:16.959> we<00:09:17.200> still<00:09:17.440> don't<00:09:17.680> have<00:09:17.760> a<00:09:18.080> steady<00:09:18.480> stream 00:09:18.870 --> 00:09:18.880 align:start position:0% Yet, we still don't have a steady stream 00:09:18.880 --> 00:09:20.870 align:start position:0% Yet, we still don't have a steady stream of<00:09:19.200> comparable<00:09:19.839> deafblind<00:09:20.560> college 00:09:20.870 --> 00:09:20.880 align:start position:0% of comparable deafblind college 00:09:20.880 --> 00:09:23.430 align:start position:0% of comparable deafblind college graduates<00:09:21.360> or<00:09:21.600> published<00:09:21.920> authors.<00:09:22.959> In<00:09:23.200> fact, 00:09:23.430 --> 00:09:23.440 align:start position:0% graduates or published authors. In fact, 00:09:23.440 --> 00:09:25.910 align:start position:0% graduates or published authors. In fact, the<00:09:23.760> research<00:09:24.160> treats<00:09:24.560> basic<00:09:25.040> communication 00:09:25.910 --> 00:09:25.920 align:start position:0% the research treats basic communication 00:09:25.920 --> 00:09:27.750 align:start position:0% the research treats basic communication as<00:09:26.160> an<00:09:26.320> achievement<00:09:26.800> worth<00:09:27.120> celebrating. 00:09:27.750 --> 00:09:27.760 align:start position:0% as an achievement worth celebrating. 00:09:27.760 --> 00:09:29.190 align:start position:0% as an achievement worth celebrating. That<00:09:27.920> leaves<00:09:28.160> a<00:09:28.399> problem<00:09:28.720> with<00:09:28.959> no 00:09:29.190 --> 00:09:29.200 align:start position:0% That leaves a problem with no 00:09:29.200 --> 00:09:30.949 align:start position:0% That leaves a problem with no comfortable<00:09:29.600> answer.<00:09:30.160> Either<00:09:30.480> completely 00:09:30.949 --> 00:09:30.959 align:start position:0% comfortable answer. Either completely 00:09:30.959 --> 00:09:33.110 align:start position:0% comfortable answer. Either completely deafblind<00:09:31.680> people<00:09:32.160> can<00:09:32.399> achieve<00:09:32.800> high 00:09:33.110 --> 00:09:33.120 align:start position:0% deafblind people can achieve high 00:09:33.120 --> 00:09:35.269 align:start position:0% deafblind people can achieve high literacy<00:09:33.600> with<00:09:33.839> proper<00:09:34.160> support,<00:09:34.959> in<00:09:35.120> which 00:09:35.269 --> 00:09:35.279 align:start position:0% literacy with proper support, in which 00:09:35.279 --> 00:09:36.949 align:start position:0% literacy with proper support, in which case<00:09:35.600> we<00:09:35.839> should<00:09:36.000> have<00:09:36.080> hundreds<00:09:36.480> of<00:09:36.640> modern 00:09:36.949 --> 00:09:36.959 align:start position:0% case we should have hundreds of modern 00:09:36.959 --> 00:09:39.910 align:start position:0% case we should have hundreds of modern examples,<00:09:37.839> or<00:09:38.000> they<00:09:38.320> largely<00:09:38.880> can't,<00:09:39.680> which 00:09:39.910 --> 00:09:39.920 align:start position:0% examples, or they largely can't, which 00:09:39.920 --> 00:09:41.990 align:start position:0% examples, or they largely can't, which means<00:09:40.320> Keller's<00:09:40.800> output<00:09:41.360> requires<00:09:41.760> an 00:09:41.990 --> 00:09:42.000 align:start position:0% means Keller's output requires an 00:09:42.000 --> 00:09:44.870 align:start position:0% means Keller's output requires an explanation<00:09:42.959> beyond<00:09:43.360> her<00:09:43.600> disability.<00:09:44.640> That 00:09:44.870 --> 00:09:44.880 align:start position:0% explanation beyond her disability. That 00:09:44.880 --> 00:09:47.269 align:start position:0% explanation beyond her disability. That brings<00:09:45.120> us<00:09:45.360> to<00:09:45.600> Anne<00:09:45.839> Sullivan,<00:09:46.800> coined<00:09:47.120> by 00:09:47.269 --> 00:09:47.279 align:start position:0% brings us to Anne Sullivan, coined by 00:09:47.279 --> 00:09:49.990 align:start position:0% brings us to Anne Sullivan, coined by Mark<00:09:47.600> Twain<00:09:48.240> as<00:09:48.480> the<00:09:48.720> miracle<00:09:49.120> worker.<00:09:49.760> She 00:09:49.990 --> 00:09:50.000 align:start position:0% Mark Twain as the miracle worker. She 00:09:50.000 --> 00:09:51.590 align:start position:0% Mark Twain as the miracle worker. She came<00:09:50.160> to<00:09:50.240> the<00:09:50.399> Keller<00:09:50.800> family<00:09:51.120> with<00:09:51.360> a 00:09:51.590 --> 00:09:51.600 align:start position:0% came to the Keller family with a 00:09:51.600 --> 00:09:53.670 align:start position:0% came to the Keller family with a terrible<00:09:52.000> backstory.<00:09:52.880> She<00:09:53.120> had<00:09:53.279> severe 00:09:53.670 --> 00:09:53.680 align:start position:0% terrible backstory. She had severe 00:09:53.680 --> 00:09:55.750 align:start position:0% terrible backstory. She had severe visual<00:09:54.000> impairment<00:09:54.399> of<00:09:54.560> her<00:09:54.720> own.<00:09:55.279> Her<00:09:55.519> mother 00:09:55.750 --> 00:09:55.760 align:start position:0% visual impairment of her own. Her mother 00:09:55.760 --> 00:09:57.430 align:start position:0% visual impairment of her own. Her mother died<00:09:56.000> at<00:09:56.160> a<00:09:56.320> young<00:09:56.480> age.<00:09:56.880> Her<00:09:57.120> father 00:09:57.430 --> 00:09:57.440 align:start position:0% died at a young age. Her father 00:09:57.440 --> 00:09:58.870 align:start position:0% died at a young age. Her father abandoned<00:09:57.920> the<00:09:58.080> family.<00:09:58.399> She<00:09:58.560> grew<00:09:58.720> up 00:09:58.870 --> 00:09:58.880 align:start position:0% abandoned the family. She grew up 00:09:58.880 --> 00:10:00.949 align:start position:0% abandoned the family. She grew up literally<00:09:59.200> in<00:09:59.360> a<00:09:59.519> poor<00:09:59.839> house.<00:10:00.560> Abject 00:10:00.949 --> 00:10:00.959 align:start position:0% literally in a poor house. Abject 00:10:00.959 --> 00:10:03.590 align:start position:0% literally in a poor house. Abject poverty.<00:10:02.080> Sullivan<00:10:02.560> was<00:10:02.800> 20<00:10:03.040> years<00:10:03.200> old<00:10:03.360> when 00:10:03.590 --> 00:10:03.600 align:start position:0% poverty. Sullivan was 20 years old when 00:10:03.600 --> 00:10:05.590 align:start position:0% poverty. Sullivan was 20 years old when she<00:10:03.760> showed<00:10:04.000> up<00:10:04.080> in<00:10:04.320> Alabama<00:10:04.959> to<00:10:05.200> teach<00:10:05.360> a 00:10:05.590 --> 00:10:05.600 align:start position:0% she showed up in Alabama to teach a 00:10:05.600 --> 00:10:07.910 align:start position:0% she showed up in Alabama to teach a six-year-old<00:10:06.160> girl<00:10:06.480> she<00:10:06.720> never<00:10:06.880> met<00:10:07.440> with<00:10:07.680> no 00:10:07.910 --> 00:10:07.920 align:start position:0% six-year-old girl she never met with no 00:10:07.920 --> 00:10:09.750 align:start position:0% six-year-old girl she never met with no formal<00:10:08.320> training<00:10:08.640> as<00:10:08.880> a<00:10:09.040> teacher<00:10:09.200> of<00:10:09.360> the<00:10:09.440> deaf 00:10:09.750 --> 00:10:09.760 align:start position:0% formal training as a teacher of the deaf 00:10:09.760 --> 00:10:12.230 align:start position:0% formal training as a teacher of the deaf blind.<00:10:10.320> Helen<00:10:10.720> Keller<00:10:11.200> became<00:10:11.519> her<00:10:11.760> entire 00:10:12.230 --> 00:10:12.240 align:start position:0% blind. Helen Keller became her entire 00:10:12.240 --> 00:10:14.389 align:start position:0% blind. Helen Keller became her entire identity<00:10:12.640> and<00:10:13.040> livelihood<00:10:13.760> from<00:10:14.000> that<00:10:14.240> day 00:10:14.389 --> 00:10:14.399 align:start position:0% identity and livelihood from that day 00:10:14.399 --> 00:10:16.550 align:start position:0% identity and livelihood from that day forward.<00:10:15.040> From<00:10:15.279> the<00:10:15.440> beginning,<00:10:16.079> Sullivan 00:10:16.550 --> 00:10:16.560 align:start position:0% forward. From the beginning, Sullivan 00:10:16.560 --> 00:10:18.069 align:start position:0% forward. From the beginning, Sullivan controlled<00:10:17.040> Keller's<00:10:17.519> education 00:10:18.069 --> 00:10:18.079 align:start position:0% controlled Keller's education 00:10:18.079 --> 00:10:20.310 align:start position:0% controlled Keller's education completely.<00:10:19.040> what<00:10:19.279> she<00:10:19.519> learned,<00:10:19.920> how<00:10:20.079> she 00:10:20.310 --> 00:10:20.320 align:start position:0% completely. what she learned, how she 00:10:20.320 --> 00:10:22.069 align:start position:0% completely. what she learned, how she learned<00:10:20.480> it,<00:10:20.800> what<00:10:20.959> ideas<00:10:21.360> she<00:10:21.600> was<00:10:21.760> exposed 00:10:22.069 --> 00:10:22.079 align:start position:0% learned it, what ideas she was exposed 00:10:22.079 --> 00:10:23.829 align:start position:0% learned it, what ideas she was exposed to.<00:10:22.399> When<00:10:22.640> Sullivan<00:10:23.120> married<00:10:23.360> a<00:10:23.519> Harvard 00:10:23.829 --> 00:10:23.839 align:start position:0% to. When Sullivan married a Harvard 00:10:23.839 --> 00:10:26.069 align:start position:0% to. When Sullivan married a Harvard educated<00:10:24.399> literary<00:10:24.880> critic,<00:10:25.440> he<00:10:25.680> moved<00:10:25.839> in 00:10:26.069 --> 00:10:26.079 align:start position:0% educated literary critic, he moved in 00:10:26.079 --> 00:10:27.910 align:start position:0% educated literary critic, he moved in and<00:10:26.240> started<00:10:26.480> to<00:10:26.640> edit<00:10:27.040> Keller's<00:10:27.519> work, 00:10:27.910 --> 00:10:27.920 align:start position:0% and started to edit Keller's work, 00:10:27.920 --> 00:10:30.310 align:start position:0% and started to edit Keller's work, sometimes<00:10:28.399> heavily<00:10:28.880> by<00:10:29.120> his<00:10:29.279> own<00:10:29.440> admission. 00:10:30.310 --> 00:10:30.320 align:start position:0% sometimes heavily by his own admission. 00:10:30.320 --> 00:10:32.230 align:start position:0% sometimes heavily by his own admission. So,<00:10:30.560> Keller's<00:10:30.959> sole<00:10:31.279> interpreter<00:10:32.000> was 00:10:32.230 --> 00:10:32.240 align:start position:0% So, Keller's sole interpreter was 00:10:32.240 --> 00:10:33.910 align:start position:0% So, Keller's sole interpreter was married<00:10:32.480> to<00:10:32.640> a<00:10:32.800> man<00:10:33.040> with<00:10:33.279> some<00:10:33.519> serious 00:10:33.910 --> 00:10:33.920 align:start position:0% married to a man with some serious 00:10:33.920 --> 00:10:35.910 align:start position:0% married to a man with some serious literary<00:10:34.480> skill,<00:10:35.120> and<00:10:35.279> they<00:10:35.519> all<00:10:35.680> lived 00:10:35.910 --> 00:10:35.920 align:start position:0% literary skill, and they all lived 00:10:35.920 --> 00:10:38.069 align:start position:0% literary skill, and they all lived together<00:10:36.160> under<00:10:36.399> the<00:10:36.560> same<00:10:36.800> roof.<00:10:37.600> That's<00:10:37.839> the 00:10:38.069 --> 00:10:38.079 align:start position:0% together under the same roof. That's the 00:10:38.079 --> 00:10:40.230 align:start position:0% together under the same roof. That's the household<00:10:38.640> where<00:10:38.959> Keller<00:10:39.519> developed<00:10:40.000> her 00:10:40.230 --> 00:10:40.240 align:start position:0% household where Keller developed her 00:10:40.240 --> 00:10:42.150 align:start position:0% household where Keller developed her politics.<00:10:41.120> She<00:10:41.360> became<00:10:41.600> a<00:10:41.760> committed 00:10:42.150 --> 00:10:42.160 align:start position:0% politics. She became a committed 00:10:42.160 --> 00:10:43.910 align:start position:0% politics. She became a committed socialist,<00:10:42.880> a<00:10:43.040> suffragist,<00:10:43.600> and<00:10:43.760> a 00:10:43.910 --> 00:10:43.920 align:start position:0% socialist, a suffragist, and a 00:10:43.920 --> 00:10:46.389 align:start position:0% socialist, a suffragist, and a co-founder<00:10:44.399> of<00:10:44.480> the<00:10:44.640> ACLU.<00:10:45.600> She<00:10:45.839> praised<00:10:46.240> the 00:10:46.389 --> 00:10:46.399 align:start position:0% co-founder of the ACLU. She praised the 00:10:46.399 --> 00:10:48.630 align:start position:0% co-founder of the ACLU. She praised the Russian<00:10:46.720> Revolution<00:10:47.279> and<00:10:47.519> by<00:10:47.839> World<00:10:48.000> War<00:10:48.160> II 00:10:48.630 --> 00:10:48.640 align:start position:0% Russian Revolution and by World War II 00:10:48.640 --> 00:10:50.550 align:start position:0% Russian Revolution and by World War II had<00:10:48.800> a<00:10:48.959> line<00:10:49.200> with<00:10:49.279> the<00:10:49.440> Communist<00:10:49.920> Party.<00:10:50.320> The 00:10:50.550 --> 00:10:50.560 align:start position:0% had a line with the Communist Party. The 00:10:50.560 --> 00:10:52.550 align:start position:0% had a line with the Communist Party. The idea<00:10:50.720> that<00:10:50.959> this<00:10:51.200> happened<00:10:51.519> in<00:10:51.680> a<00:10:51.839> vacuum 00:10:52.550 --> 00:10:52.560 align:start position:0% idea that this happened in a vacuum 00:10:52.560 --> 00:10:54.389 align:start position:0% idea that this happened in a vacuum inside<00:10:52.880> a<00:10:53.120> household<00:10:53.440> that<00:10:53.680> had<00:10:53.760> a<00:10:54.000> socialist 00:10:54.389 --> 00:10:54.399 align:start position:0% inside a household that had a socialist 00:10:54.399 --> 00:10:56.790 align:start position:0% inside a household that had a socialist literary<00:10:54.880> critic<00:10:55.279> editing<00:10:55.600> her<00:10:55.839> words,<00:10:56.560> that 00:10:56.790 --> 00:10:56.800 align:start position:0% literary critic editing her words, that 00:10:56.800 --> 00:10:58.550 align:start position:0% literary critic editing her words, that doesn't<00:10:57.040> make<00:10:57.200> much<00:10:57.440> sense.<00:10:58.160> In<00:10:58.320> fact, 00:10:58.550 --> 00:10:58.560 align:start position:0% doesn't make much sense. In fact, 00:10:58.560 --> 00:11:01.110 align:start position:0% doesn't make much sense. In fact, Keller's<00:10:59.040> 1912<00:10:59.760> essay,<00:11:00.240> How<00:11:00.480> I<00:11:00.640> Became<00:11:00.959> a 00:11:01.110 --> 00:11:01.120 align:start position:0% Keller's 1912 essay, How I Became a 00:11:01.120 --> 00:11:02.790 align:start position:0% Keller's 1912 essay, How I Became a Socialist.<00:11:01.760> In<00:11:01.920> it,<00:11:02.160> she<00:11:02.320> wrote<00:11:02.560> that 00:11:02.790 --> 00:11:02.800 align:start position:0% Socialist. In it, she wrote that 00:11:02.800 --> 00:11:04.550 align:start position:0% Socialist. In it, she wrote that Sullivan<00:11:03.200> handed<00:11:03.440> her<00:11:03.680> the<00:11:03.839> first<00:11:04.000> book<00:11:04.240> on 00:11:04.550 --> 00:11:04.560 align:start position:0% Sullivan handed her the first book on 00:11:04.560 --> 00:11:06.949 align:start position:0% Sullivan handed her the first book on socialism,<00:11:05.600> not<00:11:05.839> because<00:11:06.399> she<00:11:06.640> was<00:11:06.800> a 00:11:06.949 --> 00:11:06.959 align:start position:0% socialism, not because she was a 00:11:06.959 --> 00:11:08.470 align:start position:0% socialism, not because she was a socialist,<00:11:07.440> but<00:11:07.680> only<00:11:07.920> because<00:11:08.079> she<00:11:08.240> liked 00:11:08.470 --> 00:11:08.480 align:start position:0% socialist, but only because she liked 00:11:08.480 --> 00:11:11.430 align:start position:0% socialist, but only because she liked its<00:11:08.720> writing<00:11:09.120> style.<00:11:10.000> Over<00:11:10.399> time,<00:11:10.959> Keller's 00:11:11.430 --> 00:11:11.440 align:start position:0% its writing style. Over time, Keller's 00:11:11.440 --> 00:11:13.350 align:start position:0% its writing style. Over time, Keller's politics<00:11:12.079> ultimately<00:11:12.480> went<00:11:12.720> further<00:11:13.120> left 00:11:13.350 --> 00:11:13.360 align:start position:0% politics ultimately went further left 00:11:13.360 --> 00:11:15.509 align:start position:0% politics ultimately went further left than<00:11:13.600> either<00:11:13.839> of<00:11:13.920> the<00:11:14.079> other<00:11:14.320> two.<00:11:14.959> So<00:11:15.279> maybe 00:11:15.509 --> 00:11:15.519 align:start position:0% than either of the other two. So maybe 00:11:15.519 --> 00:11:18.069 align:start position:0% than either of the other two. So maybe her<00:11:15.760> convictions<00:11:16.240> were<00:11:16.640> genuinely<00:11:17.120> her<00:11:17.360> own. 00:11:18.069 --> 00:11:18.079 align:start position:0% her convictions were genuinely her own. 00:11:18.079 --> 00:11:19.829 align:start position:0% her convictions were genuinely her own. But<00:11:18.240> here's<00:11:18.560> the<00:11:18.800> problem.<00:11:19.120> We<00:11:19.279> we<00:11:19.680> can't 00:11:19.829 --> 00:11:19.839 align:start position:0% But here's the problem. We we can't 00:11:19.839 --> 00:11:21.829 align:start position:0% But here's the problem. We we can't verify<00:11:20.320> much<00:11:20.560> of<00:11:20.720> Keller's<00:11:21.200> thinking<00:11:21.440> at<00:11:21.680> all 00:11:21.829 --> 00:11:21.839 align:start position:0% verify much of Keller's thinking at all 00:11:21.839 --> 00:11:23.910 align:start position:0% verify much of Keller's thinking at all that<00:11:22.160> didn't<00:11:22.480> pass<00:11:22.800> through<00:11:23.040> Anne<00:11:23.360> Sullivan 00:11:23.910 --> 00:11:23.920 align:start position:0% that didn't pass through Anne Sullivan 00:11:23.920 --> 00:11:25.509 align:start position:0% that didn't pass through Anne Sullivan first.<00:11:24.320> Now<00:11:24.480> Keller<00:11:24.880> infrequently 00:11:25.509 --> 00:11:25.519 align:start position:0% first. Now Keller infrequently 00:11:25.519 --> 00:11:27.269 align:start position:0% first. Now Keller infrequently communicated<00:11:26.079> through<00:11:26.320> others.<00:11:26.880> She<00:11:27.120> could 00:11:27.269 --> 00:11:27.279 align:start position:0% communicated through others. She could 00:11:27.279 --> 00:11:29.430 align:start position:0% communicated through others. She could type<00:11:27.680> and<00:11:27.839> she<00:11:28.079> did<00:11:28.320> develop<00:11:28.720> the<00:11:28.959> ability<00:11:29.200> to 00:11:29.430 --> 00:11:29.440 align:start position:0% type and she did develop the ability to 00:11:29.440 --> 00:11:31.509 align:start position:0% type and she did develop the ability to speak.<00:11:30.160> Here's<00:11:30.399> a<00:11:30.560> bit<00:11:30.640> of<00:11:30.800> that. 00:11:31.509 --> 00:11:31.519 align:start position:0% speak. Here's a bit of that. 00:11:31.519 --> 00:11:34.470 align:start position:0% speak. Here's a bit of that. >> It<00:11:31.839> is<00:11:32.240> not<00:11:32.959> blindness 00:11:34.470 --> 00:11:34.480 align:start position:0% >> It is not blindness 00:11:34.480 --> 00:11:36.150 align:start position:0% >> It is not blindness or 00:11:36.150 --> 00:11:36.160 align:start position:0% or 00:11:36.160 --> 00:11:40.389 align:start position:0% or that<00:11:36.720> brings<00:11:37.360> me. 00:11:40.389 --> 00:11:40.399 align:start position:0% 00:11:40.399 --> 00:11:43.110 align:start position:0% It<00:11:40.560> is<00:11:40.720> not<00:11:41.040> blindness<00:11:41.760> or<00:11:42.079> deafness<00:11:42.800> that 00:11:43.110 --> 00:11:43.120 align:start position:0% It is not blindness or deafness that 00:11:43.120 --> 00:11:45.430 align:start position:0% It is not blindness or deafness that bring<00:11:43.440> me<00:11:43.680> my<00:11:44.000> darkest<00:11:44.640> hours. 00:11:45.430 --> 00:11:45.440 align:start position:0% bring me my darkest hours. 00:11:45.440 --> 00:11:48.389 align:start position:0% bring me my darkest hours. >> So<00:11:45.600> for<00:11:45.839> 33<00:11:46.320> years,<00:11:47.040> every<00:11:47.360> word<00:11:47.680> Keller<00:11:48.079> ever 00:11:48.389 --> 00:11:48.399 align:start position:0% >> So for 33 years, every word Keller ever 00:11:48.399 --> 00:11:50.230 align:start position:0% >> So for 33 years, every word Keller ever published<00:11:48.959> went<00:11:49.200> through<00:11:49.440> Sullivan<00:11:49.920> as<00:11:50.079> the 00:11:50.230 --> 00:11:50.240 align:start position:0% published went through Sullivan as the 00:11:50.240 --> 00:11:52.630 align:start position:0% published went through Sullivan as the sole<00:11:50.560> interpreter.<00:11:51.360> Sullivan<00:11:51.839> admitted<00:11:52.240> she 00:11:52.630 --> 00:11:52.640 align:start position:0% sole interpreter. Sullivan admitted she 00:11:52.640 --> 00:11:54.389 align:start position:0% sole interpreter. Sullivan admitted she sometimes<00:11:53.040> got<00:11:53.200> the<00:11:53.440> idea<00:11:53.680> of<00:11:53.839> what<00:11:54.000> Keller 00:11:54.389 --> 00:11:54.399 align:start position:0% sometimes got the idea of what Keller 00:11:54.399 --> 00:11:56.230 align:start position:0% sometimes got the idea of what Keller was<00:11:54.560> saying,<00:11:54.959> but<00:11:55.279> didn't<00:11:55.519> always<00:11:55.839> know<00:11:56.000> the 00:11:56.230 --> 00:11:56.240 align:start position:0% was saying, but didn't always know the 00:11:56.240 --> 00:11:58.470 align:start position:0% was saying, but didn't always know the exact<00:11:56.640> words.<00:11:57.279> During<00:11:57.519> the<00:11:57.680> time<00:11:57.920> Keller<00:11:58.320> was 00:11:58.470 --> 00:11:58.480 align:start position:0% exact words. During the time Keller was 00:11:58.480 --> 00:12:00.310 align:start position:0% exact words. During the time Keller was with<00:11:58.720> Sullivan<00:11:59.120> and<00:11:59.360> her<00:11:59.519> husband,<00:12:00.079> she 00:12:00.310 --> 00:12:00.320 align:start position:0% with Sullivan and her husband, she 00:12:00.320 --> 00:12:02.150 align:start position:0% with Sullivan and her husband, she published<00:12:00.640> three<00:12:00.880> books<00:12:01.120> in<00:12:01.279> her<00:12:01.440> 20s.<00:12:01.839> At<00:12:02.079> the 00:12:02.150 --> 00:12:02.160 align:start position:0% published three books in her 20s. At the 00:12:02.160 --> 00:12:04.069 align:start position:0% published three books in her 20s. At the age<00:12:02.320> of<00:12:02.480> 33,<00:12:02.959> she<00:12:03.120> published<00:12:03.600> Out<00:12:03.760> of<00:12:03.920> the 00:12:04.069 --> 00:12:04.079 align:start position:0% age of 33, she published Out of the 00:12:04.079 --> 00:12:06.310 align:start position:0% age of 33, she published Out of the Dark,<00:12:04.560> a<00:12:04.800> sustained<00:12:05.360> work<00:12:05.600> of<00:12:05.839> socialist 00:12:06.310 --> 00:12:06.320 align:start position:0% Dark, a sustained work of socialist 00:12:06.320 --> 00:12:08.550 align:start position:0% Dark, a sustained work of socialist argument.<00:12:07.120> Her<00:12:07.440> writing<00:12:07.760> across<00:12:08.079> those<00:12:08.320> three 00:12:08.550 --> 00:12:08.560 align:start position:0% argument. Her writing across those three 00:12:08.560 --> 00:12:11.269 align:start position:0% argument. Her writing across those three decades<00:12:09.200> was<00:12:09.519> literary,<00:12:10.480> philosophically 00:12:11.269 --> 00:12:11.279 align:start position:0% decades was literary, philosophically 00:12:11.279 --> 00:12:13.750 align:start position:0% decades was literary, philosophically ambitious,<00:12:12.000> and<00:12:12.320> politically<00:12:12.880> sharp.<00:12:13.440> Then 00:12:13.750 --> 00:12:13.760 align:start position:0% ambitious, and politically sharp. Then 00:12:13.760 --> 00:12:16.470 align:start position:0% ambitious, and politically sharp. Then Sullivan<00:12:14.240> died<00:12:14.480> when<00:12:14.720> Keller<00:12:15.120> was<00:12:15.360> 56<00:12:16.240> and 00:12:16.470 --> 00:12:16.480 align:start position:0% Sullivan died when Keller was 56 and 00:12:16.480 --> 00:12:18.870 align:start position:0% Sullivan died when Keller was 56 and replaced<00:12:16.800> by<00:12:17.040> Polly<00:12:17.440> Thompson,<00:12:18.240> a<00:12:18.480> woman<00:12:18.720> with 00:12:18.870 --> 00:12:18.880 align:start position:0% replaced by Polly Thompson, a woman with 00:12:18.880 --> 00:12:21.269 align:start position:0% replaced by Polly Thompson, a woman with no<00:12:19.120> background<00:12:19.440> in<00:12:19.760> literature<00:12:20.079> or<00:12:20.399> politics, 00:12:21.269 --> 00:12:21.279 align:start position:0% no background in literature or politics, 00:12:21.279 --> 00:12:23.670 align:start position:0% no background in literature or politics, and<00:12:21.519> the<00:12:21.760> output<00:12:22.320> changed<00:12:22.800> immediately. 00:12:23.670 --> 00:12:23.680 align:start position:0% and the output changed immediately. 00:12:23.680 --> 00:12:25.430 align:start position:0% and the output changed immediately. Helen<00:12:24.000> Keller's<00:12:24.480> journal<00:12:24.959> published<00:12:25.279> when 00:12:25.430 --> 00:12:25.440 align:start position:0% Helen Keller's journal published when 00:12:25.440 --> 00:12:27.750 align:start position:0% Helen Keller's journal published when Keller<00:12:25.760> was<00:12:26.000> 58.<00:12:26.720> It<00:12:26.880> was<00:12:27.040> thinner<00:12:27.360> and<00:12:27.600> more 00:12:27.750 --> 00:12:27.760 align:start position:0% Keller was 58. It was thinner and more 00:12:27.760 --> 00:12:30.069 align:start position:0% Keller was 58. It was thinner and more emotional.<00:12:28.720> Let<00:12:28.880> Us<00:12:29.040> Have<00:12:29.279> Faith,<00:12:29.760> published 00:12:30.069 --> 00:12:30.079 align:start position:0% emotional. Let Us Have Faith, published 00:12:30.079 --> 00:12:32.550 align:start position:0% emotional. Let Us Have Faith, published at<00:12:30.320> age<00:12:30.639> 60.<00:12:31.200> It<00:12:31.440> was<00:12:31.519> a<00:12:31.680> collection<00:12:32.000> of<00:12:32.160> short 00:12:32.550 --> 00:12:32.560 align:start position:0% at age 60. It was a collection of short 00:12:32.560 --> 00:12:34.629 align:start position:0% at age 60. It was a collection of short inspirational<00:12:33.440> essays<00:12:33.760> with<00:12:34.000> no<00:12:34.240> political 00:12:34.629 --> 00:12:34.639 align:start position:0% inspirational essays with no political 00:12:34.639 --> 00:12:36.790 align:start position:0% inspirational essays with no political edge.<00:12:35.120> teacher,<00:12:35.600> a<00:12:35.760> tribute<00:12:36.160> biography<00:12:36.639> to 00:12:36.790 --> 00:12:36.800 align:start position:0% edge. teacher, a tribute biography to 00:12:36.800 --> 00:12:39.590 align:start position:0% edge. teacher, a tribute biography to Sullivan<00:12:37.440> took<00:12:37.760> nearly<00:12:38.160> 20<00:12:38.480> years<00:12:38.720> to<00:12:38.959> produce 00:12:39.590 --> 00:12:39.600 align:start position:0% Sullivan took nearly 20 years to produce 00:12:39.600 --> 00:12:41.990 align:start position:0% Sullivan took nearly 20 years to produce and<00:12:39.839> is<00:12:40.160> considered<00:12:40.560> her<00:12:40.720> weakest<00:12:41.200> book.<00:12:41.839> A 00:12:41.990 --> 00:12:42.000 align:start position:0% and is considered her weakest book. A 00:12:42.000 --> 00:12:43.590 align:start position:0% and is considered her weakest book. A woman<00:12:42.320> producing<00:12:42.800> sharp<00:12:43.120> political 00:12:43.590 --> 00:12:43.600 align:start position:0% woman producing sharp political 00:12:43.600 --> 00:12:46.230 align:start position:0% woman producing sharp political arguments<00:12:44.079> at<00:12:44.480> 33<00:12:45.440> was<00:12:45.760> producing 00:12:46.230 --> 00:12:46.240 align:start position:0% arguments at 33 was producing 00:12:46.240 --> 00:12:49.030 align:start position:0% arguments at 33 was producing inspirational<00:12:46.959> pamphlets<00:12:47.519> at<00:12:47.680> age<00:12:48.000> 60.<00:12:48.880> The 00:12:49.030 --> 00:12:49.040 align:start position:0% inspirational pamphlets at age 60. The 00:12:49.040 --> 00:12:51.350 align:start position:0% inspirational pamphlets at age 60. The verbiage<00:12:49.600> changed<00:12:50.000> as<00:12:50.240> well<00:12:50.720> from<00:12:51.040> more 00:12:51.350 --> 00:12:51.360 align:start position:0% verbiage changed as well from more 00:12:51.360 --> 00:12:54.069 align:start position:0% verbiage changed as well from more Victorian<00:12:52.079> pros<00:12:52.480> with<00:12:52.720> a<00:12:52.959> biblical<00:12:53.360> cadence 00:12:54.069 --> 00:12:54.079 align:start position:0% Victorian pros with a biblical cadence 00:12:54.079 --> 00:12:56.150 align:start position:0% Victorian pros with a biblical cadence to<00:12:54.399> words<00:12:54.639> that<00:12:54.800> were<00:12:54.959> more<00:12:55.200> grounded,<00:12:55.920> more 00:12:56.150 --> 00:12:56.160 align:start position:0% to words that were more grounded, more 00:12:56.160 --> 00:12:58.310 align:start position:0% to words that were more grounded, more emotionally<00:12:56.800> direct.<00:12:57.360> Some<00:12:57.600> critics<00:12:57.920> argued 00:12:58.310 --> 00:12:58.320 align:start position:0% emotionally direct. Some critics argued 00:12:58.320 --> 00:13:00.629 align:start position:0% emotionally direct. Some critics argued that<00:12:58.480> the<00:12:58.720> husband,<00:12:59.120> John<00:12:59.440> Macy,<00:13:00.160> was<00:13:00.399> the 00:13:00.629 --> 00:13:00.639 align:start position:0% that the husband, John Macy, was the 00:13:00.639 --> 00:13:02.550 align:start position:0% that the husband, John Macy, was the biggest<00:13:00.959> inspiration<00:13:01.519> of<00:13:01.680> the<00:13:01.839> early<00:13:02.079> years, 00:13:02.550 --> 00:13:02.560 align:start position:0% biggest inspiration of the early years, 00:13:02.560 --> 00:13:05.110 align:start position:0% biggest inspiration of the early years, and<00:13:02.800> without<00:13:03.120> him,<00:13:03.839> the<00:13:04.079> writing<00:13:04.399> became<00:13:04.800> less 00:13:05.110 --> 00:13:05.120 align:start position:0% and without him, the writing became less 00:13:05.120 --> 00:13:07.269 align:start position:0% and without him, the writing became less literary<00:13:05.600> and<00:13:05.839> more<00:13:06.079> authentically<00:13:06.880> Helen 00:13:07.269 --> 00:13:07.279 align:start position:0% literary and more authentically Helen 00:13:07.279 --> 00:13:09.590 align:start position:0% literary and more authentically Helen Keller.<00:13:07.760> After<00:13:08.079> Thompson<00:13:08.560> died,<00:13:09.040> a<00:13:09.279> nurse 00:13:09.590 --> 00:13:09.600 align:start position:0% Keller. After Thompson died, a nurse 00:13:09.600 --> 00:13:11.670 align:start position:0% Keller. After Thompson died, a nurse became<00:13:09.920> Keller's<00:13:10.399> companion,<00:13:11.040> and<00:13:11.279> Keller 00:13:11.670 --> 00:13:11.680 align:start position:0% became Keller's companion, and Keller 00:13:11.680 --> 00:13:13.990 align:start position:0% became Keller's companion, and Keller stopped<00:13:11.920> publishing<00:13:12.320> altogether.<00:13:13.279> Now,<00:13:13.680> some 00:13:13.990 --> 00:13:14.000 align:start position:0% stopped publishing altogether. Now, some 00:13:14.000 --> 00:13:15.990 align:start position:0% stopped publishing altogether. Now, some find<00:13:14.160> it<00:13:14.399> remarkable<00:13:14.800> that<00:13:15.040> during<00:13:15.360> Vietnam, 00:13:15.990 --> 00:13:16.000 align:start position:0% find it remarkable that during Vietnam, 00:13:16.000 --> 00:13:17.829 align:start position:0% find it remarkable that during Vietnam, the<00:13:16.160> civil<00:13:16.399> rights<00:13:16.800> era,<00:13:17.200> a<00:13:17.440> woman<00:13:17.600> with 00:13:17.829 --> 00:13:17.839 align:start position:0% the civil rights era, a woman with 00:13:17.839 --> 00:13:20.389 align:start position:0% the civil rights era, a woman with Keller's<00:13:18.240> strong<00:13:18.560> opinion<00:13:18.959> stayed<00:13:19.279> silent. 00:13:20.389 --> 00:13:20.399 align:start position:0% Keller's strong opinion stayed silent. 00:13:20.399 --> 00:13:22.550 align:start position:0% Keller's strong opinion stayed silent. But<00:13:20.560> she<00:13:20.800> was<00:13:20.959> also<00:13:21.120> in<00:13:21.279> her<00:13:21.519> late<00:13:21.760> 70s<00:13:22.079> by<00:13:22.320> that 00:13:22.550 --> 00:13:22.560 align:start position:0% But she was also in her late 70s by that 00:13:22.560 --> 00:13:24.389 align:start position:0% But she was also in her late 70s by that time,<00:13:22.880> so<00:13:23.120> I<00:13:23.360> just<00:13:23.519> think<00:13:23.600> it's<00:13:23.839> unfair<00:13:24.160> to 00:13:24.389 --> 00:13:24.399 align:start position:0% time, so I just think it's unfair to 00:13:24.399 --> 00:13:26.230 align:start position:0% time, so I just think it's unfair to draw<00:13:24.639> too<00:13:24.880> much<00:13:25.040> from<00:13:25.200> that.<00:13:25.839> But<00:13:26.000> the 00:13:26.230 --> 00:13:26.240 align:start position:0% draw too much from that. But the 00:13:26.240 --> 00:13:27.990 align:start position:0% draw too much from that. But the Thompson<00:13:26.639> years,<00:13:27.279> they're<00:13:27.519> harder<00:13:27.760> to 00:13:27.990 --> 00:13:28.000 align:start position:0% Thompson years, they're harder to 00:13:28.000 --> 00:13:30.069 align:start position:0% Thompson years, they're harder to explain<00:13:28.320> away.<00:13:28.880> The<00:13:29.040> decline<00:13:29.360> in<00:13:29.600> ambition 00:13:30.069 --> 00:13:30.079 align:start position:0% explain away. The decline in ambition 00:13:30.079 --> 00:13:32.230 align:start position:0% explain away. The decline in ambition and<00:13:30.320> sophistication<00:13:31.440> that<00:13:31.680> doesn't<00:13:31.920> track 00:13:32.230 --> 00:13:32.240 align:start position:0% and sophistication that doesn't track 00:13:32.240 --> 00:13:34.949 align:start position:0% and sophistication that doesn't track any<00:13:32.480> medical<00:13:32.880> event.<00:13:33.600> It<00:13:33.839> tracks<00:13:34.160> the<00:13:34.399> loss<00:13:34.720> of 00:13:34.949 --> 00:13:34.959 align:start position:0% any medical event. It tracks the loss of 00:13:34.959 --> 00:13:37.110 align:start position:0% any medical event. It tracks the loss of Sullivan<00:13:35.440> and<00:13:35.680> her<00:13:35.839> husband.<00:13:36.399> Sullivan's<00:13:36.959> own 00:13:37.110 --> 00:13:37.120 align:start position:0% Sullivan and her husband. Sullivan's own 00:13:37.120 --> 00:13:38.710 align:start position:0% Sullivan and her husband. Sullivan's own biographer<00:13:37.760> wrote<00:13:38.000> that<00:13:38.160> as<00:13:38.399> long<00:13:38.560> as 00:13:38.710 --> 00:13:38.720 align:start position:0% biographer wrote that as long as 00:13:38.720 --> 00:13:41.030 align:start position:0% biographer wrote that as long as Sullivan<00:13:39.279> lived,<00:13:39.839> a<00:13:40.079> question<00:13:40.480> remained<00:13:40.880> as 00:13:41.030 --> 00:13:41.040 align:start position:0% Sullivan lived, a question remained as 00:13:41.040 --> 00:13:42.710 align:start position:0% Sullivan lived, a question remained as to<00:13:41.200> how<00:13:41.440> much<00:13:41.519> of<00:13:41.680> what<00:13:41.920> was<00:13:42.079> called<00:13:42.320> Helen 00:13:42.710 --> 00:13:42.720 align:start position:0% to how much of what was called Helen 00:13:42.720 --> 00:13:45.750 align:start position:0% to how much of what was called Helen Keller<00:13:43.519> was<00:13:43.839> really<00:13:44.079> Anne<00:13:44.399> Sullivan.<00:13:45.360> It's<00:13:45.600> a 00:13:45.750 --> 00:13:45.760 align:start position:0% Keller was really Anne Sullivan. It's a 00:13:45.760 --> 00:13:47.190 align:start position:0% Keller was really Anne Sullivan. It's a question<00:13:46.000> that's<00:13:46.240> at<00:13:46.399> the<00:13:46.639> center<00:13:46.880> of<00:13:47.040> the 00:13:47.190 --> 00:13:47.200 align:start position:0% question that's at the center of the 00:13:47.200 --> 00:13:49.829 align:start position:0% question that's at the center of the Helen<00:13:47.600> Keller<00:13:48.000> legend.<00:13:48.880> Whose<00:13:49.279> words<00:13:49.680> were 00:13:49.829 --> 00:13:49.839 align:start position:0% Helen Keller legend. Whose words were 00:13:49.839 --> 00:13:52.389 align:start position:0% Helen Keller legend. Whose words were they?<00:13:50.720> Now<00:13:50.959> look,<00:13:51.440> I<00:13:51.600> have<00:13:51.680> an<00:13:51.920> editor<00:13:52.160> who 00:13:52.389 --> 00:13:52.399 align:start position:0% they? Now look, I have an editor who 00:13:52.399 --> 00:13:54.550 align:start position:0% they? Now look, I have an editor who writes<00:13:52.720> many<00:13:52.880> of<00:13:53.040> these<00:13:53.360> words.<00:13:53.920> Every<00:13:54.160> author 00:13:54.550 --> 00:13:54.560 align:start position:0% writes many of these words. Every author 00:13:54.560 --> 00:13:56.710 align:start position:0% writes many of these words. Every author does.<00:13:55.200> It's<00:13:55.519> impossible<00:13:55.920> to<00:13:56.079> know<00:13:56.399> without 00:13:56.710 --> 00:13:56.720 align:start position:0% does. It's impossible to know without 00:13:56.720 --> 00:13:58.949 align:start position:0% does. It's impossible to know without understanding<00:13:57.279> their<00:13:57.600> process.<00:13:58.480> I<00:13:58.720> mean, 00:13:58.949 --> 00:13:58.959 align:start position:0% understanding their process. I mean, 00:13:58.959 --> 00:14:00.790 align:start position:0% understanding their process. I mean, were<00:13:59.199> the<00:13:59.360> fundamental<00:13:59.920> thoughts<00:14:00.240> from<00:14:00.480> her 00:14:00.790 --> 00:14:00.800 align:start position:0% were the fundamental thoughts from her 00:14:00.800 --> 00:14:02.949 align:start position:0% were the fundamental thoughts from her or<00:14:01.120> someone<00:14:01.440> else?<00:14:02.079> How<00:14:02.240> many<00:14:02.399> of<00:14:02.480> their<00:14:02.720> words 00:14:02.949 --> 00:14:02.959 align:start position:0% or someone else? How many of their words 00:14:02.959 --> 00:14:05.110 align:start position:0% or someone else? How many of their words did<00:14:03.120> they<00:14:03.279> write<00:14:03.519> or<00:14:03.760> change<00:14:04.000> in<00:14:04.240> editing?<00:14:04.959> But 00:14:05.110 --> 00:14:05.120 align:start position:0% did they write or change in editing? But 00:14:05.120 --> 00:14:06.949 align:start position:0% did they write or change in editing? But when<00:14:05.279> I<00:14:05.440> read<00:14:05.680> some<00:14:05.839> of<00:14:05.920> her<00:14:06.160> letters<00:14:06.480> as<00:14:06.720> a 00:14:06.949 --> 00:14:06.959 align:start position:0% when I read some of her letters as a 00:14:06.959 --> 00:14:09.430 align:start position:0% when I read some of her letters as a child,<00:14:07.519> they<00:14:07.760> gave<00:14:07.920> me<00:14:08.160> pause.<00:14:09.040> Here's<00:14:09.279> an 00:14:09.430 --> 00:14:09.440 align:start position:0% child, they gave me pause. Here's an 00:14:09.440 --> 00:14:11.350 align:start position:0% child, they gave me pause. Here's an excerpt<00:14:09.760> from<00:14:09.920> one<00:14:10.240> when<00:14:10.399> she<00:14:10.560> turned<00:14:10.959> 13 00:14:11.350 --> 00:14:11.360 align:start position:0% excerpt from one when she turned 13 00:14:11.360 --> 00:14:13.829 align:start position:0% excerpt from one when she turned 13 years<00:14:11.600> old.<00:14:12.320> Late<00:14:12.560> in<00:14:12.800> the<00:14:12.959> afternoon,<00:14:13.600> we 00:14:13.829 --> 00:14:13.839 align:start position:0% years old. Late in the afternoon, we 00:14:13.839 --> 00:14:15.829 align:start position:0% years old. Late in the afternoon, we stepped<00:14:14.079> into<00:14:14.320> a<00:14:14.480> gondola<00:14:15.040> and<00:14:15.279> made<00:14:15.440> the<00:14:15.680> trip 00:14:15.829 --> 00:14:15.839 align:start position:0% stepped into a gondola and made the trip 00:14:15.839 --> 00:14:17.670 align:start position:0% stepped into a gondola and made the trip through<00:14:16.000> the<00:14:16.160> lagoons.<00:14:17.040> The<00:14:17.279> sun<00:14:17.440> was 00:14:17.670 --> 00:14:17.680 align:start position:0% through the lagoons. The sun was 00:14:17.680 --> 00:14:19.269 align:start position:0% through the lagoons. The sun was setting,<00:14:18.000> and<00:14:18.160> we<00:14:18.399> watched<00:14:18.639> the<00:14:18.800> changing 00:14:19.269 --> 00:14:19.279 align:start position:0% setting, and we watched the changing 00:14:19.279 --> 00:14:21.590 align:start position:0% setting, and we watched the changing effects<00:14:19.600> of<00:14:19.760> its<00:14:20.000> soft,<00:14:20.399> rosy<00:14:20.880> light<00:14:21.120> upon<00:14:21.440> the 00:14:21.590 --> 00:14:21.600 align:start position:0% effects of its soft, rosy light upon the 00:14:21.600 --> 00:14:24.230 align:start position:0% effects of its soft, rosy light upon the towers<00:14:22.000> and<00:14:22.240> fair<00:14:22.560> white<00:14:22.880> palaces.<00:14:23.920> When<00:14:24.079> it 00:14:24.230 --> 00:14:24.240 align:start position:0% towers and fair white palaces. When it 00:14:24.240 --> 00:14:26.069 align:start position:0% towers and fair white palaces. When it was<00:14:24.399> quite<00:14:24.639> dark,<00:14:24.880> the<00:14:25.120> city<00:14:25.279> was<00:14:25.519> illuminated 00:14:26.069 --> 00:14:26.079 align:start position:0% was quite dark, the city was illuminated 00:14:26.079 --> 00:14:28.150 align:start position:0% was quite dark, the city was illuminated and<00:14:26.320> the<00:14:26.560> fireworks<00:14:27.040> began.<00:14:27.519> The<00:14:27.760> thousands 00:14:28.150 --> 00:14:28.160 align:start position:0% and the fireworks began. The thousands 00:14:28.160 --> 00:14:30.069 align:start position:0% and the fireworks began. The thousands of<00:14:28.240> tiny<00:14:28.639> electric<00:14:29.040> lights<00:14:29.360> were<00:14:29.680> reflected 00:14:30.069 --> 00:14:30.079 align:start position:0% of tiny electric lights were reflected 00:14:30.079 --> 00:14:32.150 align:start position:0% of tiny electric lights were reflected in<00:14:30.240> the<00:14:30.399> water.<00:14:30.959> It<00:14:31.120> looked<00:14:31.279> as<00:14:31.440> if<00:14:31.600> a<00:14:31.839> shower 00:14:32.150 --> 00:14:32.160 align:start position:0% in the water. It looked as if a shower 00:14:32.160 --> 00:14:34.150 align:start position:0% in the water. It looked as if a shower of<00:14:32.320> golden<00:14:32.720> fish<00:14:33.120> had<00:14:33.360> been<00:14:33.519> caught<00:14:33.760> in<00:14:34.000> an 00:14:34.150 --> 00:14:34.160 align:start position:0% of golden fish had been caught in an 00:14:34.160 --> 00:14:37.030 align:start position:0% of golden fish had been caught in an invisible<00:14:34.720> net.<00:14:35.600> Look,<00:14:36.160> it's<00:14:36.399> reasonable<00:14:36.880> to 00:14:37.030 --> 00:14:37.040 align:start position:0% invisible net. Look, it's reasonable to 00:14:37.040 --> 00:14:38.949 align:start position:0% invisible net. Look, it's reasonable to question<00:14:37.440> whether<00:14:37.839> any<00:14:38.160> child<00:14:38.480> could<00:14:38.720> write 00:14:38.949 --> 00:14:38.959 align:start position:0% question whether any child could write 00:14:38.959 --> 00:14:41.350 align:start position:0% question whether any child could write like<00:14:39.120> that,<00:14:39.519> especially<00:14:39.920> routinely<00:14:40.880> without 00:14:41.350 --> 00:14:41.360 align:start position:0% like that, especially routinely without 00:14:41.360 --> 00:14:43.670 align:start position:0% like that, especially routinely without massive<00:14:41.839> guidance<00:14:42.240> from<00:14:42.480> someone<00:14:42.800> else.<00:14:43.519> And 00:14:43.670 --> 00:14:43.680 align:start position:0% massive guidance from someone else. And 00:14:43.680 --> 00:14:46.069 align:start position:0% massive guidance from someone else. And the<00:14:43.920> question<00:14:44.160> of<00:14:44.720> whose<00:14:45.120> words<00:14:45.440> were<00:14:45.600> they 00:14:46.069 --> 00:14:46.079 align:start position:0% the question of whose words were they 00:14:46.079 --> 00:14:48.310 align:start position:0% the question of whose words were they became<00:14:46.560> central<00:14:46.959> to<00:14:47.120> a<00:14:47.360> scandal<00:14:47.760> when<00:14:48.000> she<00:14:48.160> was 00:14:48.310 --> 00:14:48.320 align:start position:0% became central to a scandal when she was 00:14:48.320 --> 00:14:50.389 align:start position:0% became central to a scandal when she was just<00:14:48.560> 11<00:14:48.880> years<00:14:49.120> old.<00:14:49.440> She<00:14:49.600> had<00:14:49.760> given<00:14:49.920> a<00:14:50.160> short 00:14:50.389 --> 00:14:50.399 align:start position:0% just 11 years old. She had given a short 00:14:50.399 --> 00:14:53.269 align:start position:0% just 11 years old. She had given a short story<00:14:50.639> as<00:14:50.959> a<00:14:51.120> gift<00:14:51.440> to<00:14:51.760> Michael<00:14:52.079> Anagnas,<00:14:53.120> the 00:14:53.269 --> 00:14:53.279 align:start position:0% story as a gift to Michael Anagnas, the 00:14:53.279 --> 00:14:55.110 align:start position:0% story as a gift to Michael Anagnas, the head<00:14:53.440> of<00:14:53.519> the<00:14:53.680> Perkins<00:14:54.160> School<00:14:54.320> for<00:14:54.480> the<00:14:54.639> Blind 00:14:55.110 --> 00:14:55.120 align:start position:0% head of the Perkins School for the Blind 00:14:55.120 --> 00:14:57.910 align:start position:0% head of the Perkins School for the Blind and<00:14:55.279> a<00:14:55.519> massive<00:14:55.920> booster<00:14:56.320> of<00:14:56.480> his<00:14:56.639> star<00:14:56.959> pupil. 00:14:57.910 --> 00:14:57.920 align:start position:0% and a massive booster of his star pupil. 00:14:57.920 --> 00:15:00.230 align:start position:0% and a massive booster of his star pupil. She<00:14:58.079> called<00:14:58.320> the<00:14:58.480> story<00:14:58.880> The<00:14:59.040> Frost<00:14:59.440> King,<00:15:00.000> and 00:15:00.230 --> 00:15:00.240 align:start position:0% She called the story The Frost King, and 00:15:00.240 --> 00:15:02.230 align:start position:0% She called the story The Frost King, and it<00:15:00.399> was<00:15:00.480> about<00:15:00.959> how<00:15:01.279> autumn<00:15:01.680> leaves<00:15:02.079> were 00:15:02.230 --> 00:15:02.240 align:start position:0% it was about how autumn leaves were 00:15:02.240 --> 00:15:04.710 align:start position:0% it was about how autumn leaves were painted<00:15:02.560> by<00:15:02.800> fairies.<00:15:03.680> He<00:15:03.920> liked<00:15:04.160> it<00:15:04.320> so<00:15:04.560> much 00:15:04.710 --> 00:15:04.720 align:start position:0% painted by fairies. He liked it so much 00:15:04.720 --> 00:15:06.470 align:start position:0% painted by fairies. He liked it so much that<00:15:05.040> he<00:15:05.199> published<00:15:05.519> it<00:15:05.680> in<00:15:05.760> the<00:15:05.920> alumni 00:15:06.470 --> 00:15:06.480 align:start position:0% that he published it in the alumni 00:15:06.480 --> 00:15:08.870 align:start position:0% that he published it in the alumni magazine,<00:15:07.360> and<00:15:07.519> it<00:15:07.760> was<00:15:07.839> then<00:15:08.079> discovered<00:15:08.560> to 00:15:08.870 --> 00:15:08.880 align:start position:0% magazine, and it was then discovered to 00:15:08.880 --> 00:15:10.389 align:start position:0% magazine, and it was then discovered to have<00:15:09.040> been<00:15:09.199> plagiarized<00:15:09.839> from<00:15:10.079> somebody 00:15:10.389 --> 00:15:10.399 align:start position:0% have been plagiarized from somebody 00:15:10.399 --> 00:15:12.470 align:start position:0% have been plagiarized from somebody else.<00:15:11.040> Keller<00:15:11.440> and<00:15:11.600> Sullivan<00:15:12.079> said<00:15:12.240> that 00:15:12.470 --> 00:15:12.480 align:start position:0% else. Keller and Sullivan said that 00:15:12.480 --> 00:15:14.629 align:start position:0% else. Keller and Sullivan said that three<00:15:12.720> years<00:15:12.959> earlier<00:15:13.519> when<00:15:13.760> Keller<00:15:14.160> was<00:15:14.320> just 00:15:14.629 --> 00:15:14.639 align:start position:0% three years earlier when Keller was just 00:15:14.639 --> 00:15:16.949 align:start position:0% three years earlier when Keller was just eight,<00:15:15.360> Sullivan<00:15:15.839> was<00:15:16.000> on<00:15:16.240> vacation<00:15:16.720> and 00:15:16.949 --> 00:15:16.959 align:start position:0% eight, Sullivan was on vacation and 00:15:16.959 --> 00:15:18.629 align:start position:0% eight, Sullivan was on vacation and another<00:15:17.360> person<00:15:17.680> had<00:15:17.920> read<00:15:18.160> the<00:15:18.320> book<00:15:18.480> to 00:15:18.629 --> 00:15:18.639 align:start position:0% another person had read the book to 00:15:18.639 --> 00:15:20.629 align:start position:0% another person had read the book to Keller<00:15:19.120> through<00:15:19.360> finger<00:15:19.680> spelling.<00:15:20.320> That<00:15:20.480> the 00:15:20.629 --> 00:15:20.639 align:start position:0% Keller through finger spelling. That the 00:15:20.639 --> 00:15:22.550 align:start position:0% Keller through finger spelling. That the ideas<00:15:20.959> had<00:15:21.120> gotten<00:15:21.440> jumbled<00:15:21.760> in<00:15:21.920> her<00:15:22.079> head<00:15:22.320> and 00:15:22.550 --> 00:15:22.560 align:start position:0% ideas had gotten jumbled in her head and 00:15:22.560 --> 00:15:24.629 align:start position:0% ideas had gotten jumbled in her head and she<00:15:22.800> just<00:15:23.040> thought<00:15:23.199> the<00:15:23.440> story<00:15:23.680> was<00:15:23.920> her<00:15:24.079> own. 00:15:24.629 --> 00:15:24.639 align:start position:0% she just thought the story was her own. 00:15:24.639 --> 00:15:26.310 align:start position:0% she just thought the story was her own. That's<00:15:24.959> actually<00:15:25.120> a<00:15:25.440> thing<00:15:25.680> and<00:15:25.920> it's<00:15:26.079> called 00:15:26.310 --> 00:15:26.320 align:start position:0% That's actually a thing and it's called 00:15:26.320 --> 00:15:28.790 align:start position:0% That's actually a thing and it's called cryptonnesia,<00:15:27.680> a<00:15:27.920> phenomenon<00:15:28.480> of 00:15:28.790 --> 00:15:28.800 align:start position:0% cryptonnesia, a phenomenon of 00:15:28.800 --> 00:15:30.389 align:start position:0% cryptonnesia, a phenomenon of accidentally<00:15:29.360> pulling<00:15:29.680> something<00:15:30.000> from<00:15:30.160> your 00:15:30.389 --> 00:15:30.399 align:start position:0% accidentally pulling something from your 00:15:30.399 --> 00:15:33.350 align:start position:0% accidentally pulling something from your memory,<00:15:31.040> a<00:15:31.279> story,<00:15:31.680> a<00:15:31.920> song.<00:15:32.720> But<00:15:32.959> not<00:15:33.120> like 00:15:33.350 --> 00:15:33.360 align:start position:0% memory, a story, a song. But not like 00:15:33.360 --> 00:15:35.750 align:start position:0% memory, a story, a song. But not like this.<00:15:34.079> Not<00:15:34.240> from<00:15:34.480> a<00:15:34.639> single<00:15:34.959> reading<00:15:35.440> years 00:15:35.750 --> 00:15:35.760 align:start position:0% this. Not from a single reading years 00:15:35.760 --> 00:15:38.069 align:start position:0% this. Not from a single reading years back<00:15:36.240> that<00:15:36.480> has<00:15:36.639> an<00:15:36.880> entire<00:15:37.199> plot<00:15:37.600> sequence 00:15:38.069 --> 00:15:38.079 align:start position:0% back that has an entire plot sequence 00:15:38.079 --> 00:15:40.069 align:start position:0% back that has an entire plot sequence and<00:15:38.320> some<00:15:38.560> entire<00:15:39.040> sentences<00:15:39.600> copied 00:15:40.069 --> 00:15:40.079 align:start position:0% and some entire sentences copied 00:15:40.079 --> 00:15:42.310 align:start position:0% and some entire sentences copied directly.<00:15:40.880> It<00:15:41.120> would<00:15:41.199> be<00:15:41.360> an<00:15:41.519> almost<00:15:41.839> unheard 00:15:42.310 --> 00:15:42.320 align:start position:0% directly. It would be an almost unheard 00:15:42.320 --> 00:15:44.389 align:start position:0% directly. It would be an almost unheard of<00:15:42.639> level<00:15:42.880> of<00:15:43.120> recall<00:15:43.600> that<00:15:43.920> she<00:15:44.079> never 00:15:44.389 --> 00:15:44.399 align:start position:0% of level of recall that she never 00:15:44.399 --> 00:15:46.069 align:start position:0% of level of recall that she never claimed<00:15:44.800> or<00:15:45.120> exhibited<00:15:45.600> throughout<00:15:45.920> her 00:15:46.069 --> 00:15:46.079 align:start position:0% claimed or exhibited throughout her 00:15:46.079 --> 00:15:48.230 align:start position:0% claimed or exhibited throughout her entire<00:15:46.480> life.<00:15:47.120> She<00:15:47.360> was<00:15:47.519> hauled<00:15:47.839> before<00:15:48.079> a 00:15:48.230 --> 00:15:48.240 align:start position:0% entire life. She was hauled before a 00:15:48.240 --> 00:15:50.150 align:start position:0% entire life. She was hauled before a panel<00:15:48.560> of<00:15:48.800> eight<00:15:49.040> Perkins<00:15:49.519> officials<00:15:50.000> and 00:15:50.150 --> 00:15:50.160 align:start position:0% panel of eight Perkins officials and 00:15:50.160 --> 00:15:52.870 align:start position:0% panel of eight Perkins officials and cross-examined.<00:15:51.279> And<00:15:51.440> the<00:15:51.600> panel<00:15:52.160> was<00:15:52.480> split. 00:15:52.870 --> 00:15:52.880 align:start position:0% cross-examined. And the panel was split. 00:15:52.880 --> 00:15:55.269 align:start position:0% cross-examined. And the panel was split. The<00:15:53.120> tie<00:15:53.360> was<00:15:53.600> broken<00:15:54.079> by<00:15:54.399> Michael<00:15:54.639> Anagnos 00:15:55.269 --> 00:15:55.279 align:start position:0% The tie was broken by Michael Anagnos 00:15:55.279 --> 00:15:58.150 align:start position:0% The tie was broken by Michael Anagnos himself<00:15:56.160> in<00:15:56.399> favor<00:15:56.720> of<00:15:56.959> Helen<00:15:57.360> Keller.<00:15:58.000> But 00:15:58.150 --> 00:15:58.160 align:start position:0% himself in favor of Helen Keller. But 00:15:58.160 --> 00:16:00.150 align:start position:0% himself in favor of Helen Keller. But while<00:15:58.399> he<00:15:58.639> technically<00:15:59.040> cleared<00:15:59.440> her<00:15:59.680> name, 00:16:00.150 --> 00:16:00.160 align:start position:0% while he technically cleared her name, 00:16:00.160 --> 00:16:02.550 align:start position:0% while he technically cleared her name, he<00:16:00.399> spent<00:16:00.639> the<00:16:00.880> rest<00:16:00.959> of<00:16:01.120> his<00:16:01.360> life<00:16:01.920> convinced 00:16:02.550 --> 00:16:02.560 align:start position:0% he spent the rest of his life convinced 00:16:02.560 --> 00:16:04.629 align:start position:0% he spent the rest of his life convinced she<00:16:02.800> was<00:16:02.880> a<00:16:03.120> fraud.<00:16:03.920> The<00:16:04.160> relationship 00:16:04.629 --> 00:16:04.639 align:start position:0% she was a fraud. The relationship 00:16:04.639 --> 00:16:06.150 align:start position:0% she was a fraud. The relationship between<00:16:04.959> Keller,<00:16:05.360> him,<00:16:05.600> and<00:16:05.759> the<00:16:05.920> school 00:16:06.150 --> 00:16:06.160 align:start position:0% between Keller, him, and the school 00:16:06.160 --> 00:16:08.629 align:start position:0% between Keller, him, and the school ended,<00:16:06.720> and<00:16:06.959> he<00:16:07.199> later<00:16:07.519> called<00:16:07.759> her<00:16:08.079> a<00:16:08.320> living 00:16:08.629 --> 00:16:08.639 align:start position:0% ended, and he later called her a living 00:16:08.639 --> 00:16:11.990 align:start position:0% ended, and he later called her a living lie.<00:16:09.600> So,<00:16:10.000> on<00:16:10.240> one<00:16:10.480> hand,<00:16:11.199> this<00:16:11.360> is<00:16:11.519> a<00:16:11.680> single 00:16:11.990 --> 00:16:12.000 align:start position:0% lie. So, on one hand, this is a single 00:16:12.000 --> 00:16:14.150 align:start position:0% lie. So, on one hand, this is a single plagiarism<00:16:12.639> incident<00:16:13.040> with<00:16:13.279> an<00:16:13.440> 11-year-old 00:16:14.150 --> 00:16:14.160 align:start position:0% plagiarism incident with an 11-year-old 00:16:14.160 --> 00:16:16.310 align:start position:0% plagiarism incident with an 11-year-old girl.<00:16:14.800> I<00:16:14.959> mean,<00:16:15.199> I<00:16:15.360> was<00:16:15.519> still<00:16:15.680> digging<00:16:16.079> holes 00:16:16.310 --> 00:16:16.320 align:start position:0% girl. I mean, I was still digging holes 00:16:16.320 --> 00:16:18.150 align:start position:0% girl. I mean, I was still digging holes in<00:16:16.480> the<00:16:16.639> backyard<00:16:17.040> at<00:16:17.279> that<00:16:17.440> age.<00:16:18.000> But 00:16:18.150 --> 00:16:18.160 align:start position:0% in the backyard at that age. But 00:16:18.160 --> 00:16:19.990 align:start position:0% in the backyard at that age. But Keller's<00:16:18.639> writing<00:16:18.959> during<00:16:19.199> that<00:16:19.440> time<00:16:19.680> was 00:16:19.990 --> 00:16:20.000 align:start position:0% Keller's writing during that time was 00:16:20.000 --> 00:16:22.150 align:start position:0% Keller's writing during that time was full<00:16:20.160> of<00:16:20.399> passages<00:16:20.880> that<00:16:21.279> closely<00:16:21.759> mirrored 00:16:22.150 --> 00:16:22.160 align:start position:0% full of passages that closely mirrored 00:16:22.160 --> 00:16:24.389 align:start position:0% full of passages that closely mirrored things<00:16:22.480> Sullivan<00:16:22.959> had<00:16:23.120> read<00:16:23.360> to<00:16:23.519> her.<00:16:24.000> heavy 00:16:24.389 --> 00:16:24.399 align:start position:0% things Sullivan had read to her. heavy 00:16:24.399 --> 00:16:27.030 align:start position:0% things Sullivan had read to her. heavy paraphrasing<00:16:25.040> and<00:16:25.199> ideas<00:16:26.000> and<00:16:26.240> again<00:16:26.800> all 00:16:27.030 --> 00:16:27.040 align:start position:0% paraphrasing and ideas and again all 00:16:27.040 --> 00:16:29.189 align:start position:0% paraphrasing and ideas and again all through<00:16:27.279> one<00:16:27.600> other<00:16:27.839> woman's<00:16:28.240> hands. 00:16:29.189 --> 00:16:29.199 align:start position:0% through one other woman's hands. 00:16:29.199 --> 00:16:30.949 align:start position:0% through one other woman's hands. Sullivan<00:16:29.680> acknowledged<00:16:30.160> that<00:16:30.480> Keller's 00:16:30.949 --> 00:16:30.959 align:start position:0% Sullivan acknowledged that Keller's 00:16:30.959 --> 00:16:33.110 align:start position:0% Sullivan acknowledged that Keller's writing<00:16:31.199> at<00:16:31.440> that<00:16:31.600> age<00:16:32.000> contained<00:16:32.560> extensive 00:16:33.110 --> 00:16:33.120 align:start position:0% writing at that age contained extensive 00:16:33.120 --> 00:16:35.509 align:start position:0% writing at that age contained extensive paraphrasing<00:16:34.160> and<00:16:34.399> it<00:16:34.639> was<00:16:34.800> considered<00:16:35.279> part 00:16:35.509 --> 00:16:35.519 align:start position:0% paraphrasing and it was considered part 00:16:35.519 --> 00:16:38.310 align:start position:0% paraphrasing and it was considered part of<00:16:35.600> her<00:16:35.839> immersive<00:16:36.399> education.<00:16:37.680> So<00:16:38.079> that 00:16:38.310 --> 00:16:38.320 align:start position:0% of her immersive education. So that 00:16:38.320 --> 00:16:40.710 align:start position:0% of her immersive education. So that makes<00:16:38.639> the<00:16:38.720> Frost<00:16:39.120> King<00:16:39.600> less<00:16:39.920> an<00:16:40.160> isolated 00:16:40.710 --> 00:16:40.720 align:start position:0% makes the Frost King less an isolated 00:16:40.720 --> 00:16:43.430 align:start position:0% makes the Frost King less an isolated incident<00:16:41.120> and<00:16:41.360> instead<00:16:42.240> a<00:16:42.560> visible<00:16:42.959> example 00:16:43.430 --> 00:16:43.440 align:start position:0% incident and instead a visible example 00:16:43.440 --> 00:16:45.030 align:start position:0% incident and instead a visible example of<00:16:43.759> something<00:16:44.160> that<00:16:44.399> was<00:16:44.639> happening 00:16:45.030 --> 00:16:45.040 align:start position:0% of something that was happening 00:16:45.040 --> 00:16:47.430 align:start position:0% of something that was happening consistently.<00:16:45.920> To<00:16:46.160> me,<00:16:46.720> it's<00:16:46.959> fair<00:16:47.120> to<00:16:47.279> say 00:16:47.430 --> 00:16:47.440 align:start position:0% consistently. To me, it's fair to say 00:16:47.440 --> 00:16:48.949 align:start position:0% consistently. To me, it's fair to say that<00:16:47.600> Keller's<00:16:48.079> writing<00:16:48.320> that<00:16:48.560> made<00:16:48.720> her 00:16:48.949 --> 00:16:48.959 align:start position:0% that Keller's writing that made her 00:16:48.959 --> 00:16:51.269 align:start position:0% that Keller's writing that made her famous,<00:16:49.600> especially<00:16:50.000> in<00:16:50.240> her<00:16:50.399> young<00:16:50.639> years, 00:16:51.269 --> 00:16:51.279 align:start position:0% famous, especially in her young years, 00:16:51.279 --> 00:16:53.749 align:start position:0% famous, especially in her young years, came<00:16:51.519> as<00:16:51.759> much<00:16:51.920> from<00:16:52.160> outside<00:16:52.639> her<00:16:52.880> world<00:16:53.440> as 00:16:53.749 --> 00:16:53.759 align:start position:0% came as much from outside her world as 00:16:53.759 --> 00:16:56.550 align:start position:0% came as much from outside her world as inside<00:16:54.079> her<00:16:54.320> head.<00:16:55.120> That's<00:16:55.360> not<00:16:55.519> a<00:16:55.680> hoax,<00:16:56.320> but 00:16:56.550 --> 00:16:56.560 align:start position:0% inside her head. That's not a hoax, but 00:16:56.560 --> 00:16:58.389 align:start position:0% inside her head. That's not a hoax, but it<00:16:56.720> also<00:16:56.959> isn't<00:16:57.199> what<00:16:57.440> people<00:16:57.759> believed<00:16:58.079> it<00:16:58.240> to 00:16:58.389 --> 00:16:58.399 align:start position:0% it also isn't what people believed it to 00:16:58.399 --> 00:17:01.030 align:start position:0% it also isn't what people believed it to be.<00:16:58.959> In<00:16:59.199> the<00:16:59.360> 1990s,<00:17:00.399> there<00:17:00.639> was<00:17:00.800> something 00:17:01.030 --> 00:17:01.040 align:start position:0% be. In the 1990s, there was something 00:17:01.040 --> 00:17:03.749 align:start position:0% be. In the 1990s, there was something called<00:17:01.360> facilitated<00:17:02.160> communication.<00:17:03.440> It<00:17:03.600> was 00:17:03.749 --> 00:17:03.759 align:start position:0% called facilitated communication. It was 00:17:03.759 --> 00:17:05.829 align:start position:0% called facilitated communication. It was seen<00:17:03.920> as<00:17:04.079> a<00:17:04.240> breakthrough<00:17:04.720> for<00:17:05.039> nonverbal 00:17:05.829 --> 00:17:05.839 align:start position:0% seen as a breakthrough for nonverbal 00:17:05.839 --> 00:17:08.309 align:start position:0% seen as a breakthrough for nonverbal autistic<00:17:06.400> people.<00:17:07.199> Facilitators<00:17:08.079> would 00:17:08.309 --> 00:17:08.319 align:start position:0% autistic people. Facilitators would 00:17:08.319 --> 00:17:10.309 align:start position:0% autistic people. Facilitators would physically<00:17:08.799> support<00:17:09.120> a<00:17:09.439> person's<00:17:09.760> hand<00:17:10.079> while 00:17:10.309 --> 00:17:10.319 align:start position:0% physically support a person's hand while 00:17:10.319 --> 00:17:12.069 align:start position:0% physically support a person's hand while they<00:17:10.480> pointed<00:17:10.720> to<00:17:10.880> letters<00:17:11.120> on<00:17:11.280> a<00:17:11.520> board<00:17:11.760> or 00:17:12.069 --> 00:17:12.079 align:start position:0% they pointed to letters on a board or 00:17:12.079 --> 00:17:14.390 align:start position:0% they pointed to letters on a board or keyboard,<00:17:12.880> and<00:17:13.120> the<00:17:13.360> results<00:17:14.160> were 00:17:14.390 --> 00:17:14.400 align:start position:0% keyboard, and the results were 00:17:14.400 --> 00:17:16.150 align:start position:0% keyboard, and the results were miraculous.<00:17:15.360> People<00:17:15.679> who'd<00:17:16.000> never 00:17:16.150 --> 00:17:16.160 align:start position:0% miraculous. People who'd never 00:17:16.160 --> 00:17:17.990 align:start position:0% miraculous. People who'd never communicated<00:17:16.799> were<00:17:17.039> suddenly<00:17:17.439> producing 00:17:17.990 --> 00:17:18.000 align:start position:0% communicated were suddenly producing 00:17:18.000 --> 00:17:20.710 align:start position:0% communicated were suddenly producing fluent,<00:17:18.640> sophisticated<00:17:19.439> sentences.<00:17:20.319> Then 00:17:20.710 --> 00:17:20.720 align:start position:0% fluent, sophisticated sentences. Then 00:17:20.720 --> 00:17:23.270 align:start position:0% fluent, sophisticated sentences. Then researchers<00:17:21.360> ran<00:17:21.600> a<00:17:21.760> simple<00:17:22.079> test.<00:17:23.039> They 00:17:23.270 --> 00:17:23.280 align:start position:0% researchers ran a simple test. They 00:17:23.280 --> 00:17:25.510 align:start position:0% researchers ran a simple test. They asked<00:17:23.600> the<00:17:23.839> autistic<00:17:24.400> person<00:17:24.799> a<00:17:25.039> question 00:17:25.510 --> 00:17:25.520 align:start position:0% asked the autistic person a question 00:17:25.520 --> 00:17:27.990 align:start position:0% asked the autistic person a question that<00:17:25.760> the<00:17:26.000> facilitator<00:17:26.720> couldn't<00:17:27.039> see.<00:17:27.760> And 00:17:27.990 --> 00:17:28.000 align:start position:0% that the facilitator couldn't see. And 00:17:28.000 --> 00:17:30.870 align:start position:0% that the facilitator couldn't see. And what<00:17:28.240> came<00:17:28.400> out<00:17:29.039> was<00:17:29.360> nonsense.<00:17:30.400> Or<00:17:30.640> it 00:17:30.870 --> 00:17:30.880 align:start position:0% what came out was nonsense. Or it 00:17:30.880 --> 00:17:31.990 align:start position:0% what came out was nonsense. Or it answered<00:17:31.200> the<00:17:31.440> question<00:17:31.600> that<00:17:31.840> the 00:17:31.990 --> 00:17:32.000 align:start position:0% answered the question that the 00:17:32.000 --> 00:17:33.990 align:start position:0% answered the question that the facilitator<00:17:32.559> had<00:17:32.720> been<00:17:32.960> shown,<00:17:33.520> not<00:17:33.679> the<00:17:33.840> one 00:17:33.990 --> 00:17:34.000 align:start position:0% facilitator had been shown, not the one 00:17:34.000 --> 00:17:36.549 align:start position:0% facilitator had been shown, not the one the<00:17:34.160> autistic<00:17:34.640> person<00:17:34.960> heard.<00:17:35.679> The<00:17:35.919> texts<00:17:36.320> had 00:17:36.549 --> 00:17:36.559 align:start position:0% the autistic person heard. The texts had 00:17:36.559 --> 00:17:38.549 align:start position:0% the autistic person heard. The texts had been<00:17:36.720> the<00:17:36.880> facilitator's<00:17:37.679> words<00:17:38.000> the<00:17:38.320> whole 00:17:38.549 --> 00:17:38.559 align:start position:0% been the facilitator's words the whole 00:17:38.559 --> 00:17:41.270 align:start position:0% been the facilitator's words the whole time.<00:17:39.440> Now,<00:17:39.840> they<00:17:40.080> weren't<00:17:40.320> cynical<00:17:40.799> frauds. 00:17:41.270 --> 00:17:41.280 align:start position:0% time. Now, they weren't cynical frauds. 00:17:41.280 --> 00:17:42.789 align:start position:0% time. Now, they weren't cynical frauds. They<00:17:41.520> generally<00:17:42.000> believe<00:17:42.240> that<00:17:42.480> they<00:17:42.640> were 00:17:42.789 --> 00:17:42.799 align:start position:0% They generally believe that they were 00:17:42.799 --> 00:17:44.549 align:start position:0% They generally believe that they were helping<00:17:43.200> and<00:17:43.440> they<00:17:43.679> didn't<00:17:43.919> realize<00:17:44.320> that 00:17:44.549 --> 00:17:44.559 align:start position:0% helping and they didn't realize that 00:17:44.559 --> 00:17:46.070 align:start position:0% helping and they didn't realize that they<00:17:44.799> were<00:17:44.960> generating<00:17:45.360> the<00:17:45.679> content 00:17:46.070 --> 00:17:46.080 align:start position:0% they were generating the content 00:17:46.080 --> 00:17:48.230 align:start position:0% they were generating the content themselves.<00:17:47.200> So,<00:17:47.520> I'm<00:17:47.760> not<00:17:47.919> saying<00:17:48.000> that 00:17:48.230 --> 00:17:48.240 align:start position:0% themselves. So, I'm not saying that 00:17:48.240 --> 00:17:50.150 align:start position:0% themselves. So, I'm not saying that anything<00:17:48.480> that<00:17:48.799> dramatic<00:17:49.280> happened<00:17:49.520> here<00:17:49.919> or 00:17:50.150 --> 00:17:50.160 align:start position:0% anything that dramatic happened here or 00:17:50.160 --> 00:17:52.070 align:start position:0% anything that dramatic happened here or that<00:17:50.320> Sullivan<00:17:50.799> sat<00:17:51.120> down<00:17:51.200> at<00:17:51.440> a<00:17:51.600> desk<00:17:51.760> and 00:17:52.070 --> 00:17:52.080 align:start position:0% that Sullivan sat down at a desk and 00:17:52.080 --> 00:17:54.310 align:start position:0% that Sullivan sat down at a desk and wrote<00:17:52.400> 14<00:17:52.720> books<00:17:53.039> and<00:17:53.280> put<00:17:53.520> Keller's<00:17:54.000> name<00:17:54.080> on 00:17:54.310 --> 00:17:54.320 align:start position:0% wrote 14 books and put Keller's name on 00:17:54.320 --> 00:17:56.470 align:start position:0% wrote 14 books and put Keller's name on it,<00:17:54.880> but<00:17:55.039> I<00:17:55.200> think<00:17:55.360> the<00:17:55.600> truth<00:17:55.840> is<00:17:56.000> messier 00:17:56.470 --> 00:17:56.480 align:start position:0% it, but I think the truth is messier 00:17:56.480 --> 00:17:58.710 align:start position:0% it, but I think the truth is messier than<00:17:56.720> most<00:17:56.960> people<00:17:57.200> say.<00:17:58.000> A<00:17:58.240> genuinely 00:17:58.710 --> 00:17:58.720 align:start position:0% than most people say. A genuinely 00:17:58.720 --> 00:18:00.789 align:start position:0% than most people say. A genuinely intelligent<00:17:59.280> woman<00:17:59.840> communicated<00:18:00.480> real 00:18:00.789 --> 00:18:00.799 align:start position:0% intelligent woman communicated real 00:18:00.799 --> 00:18:02.470 align:start position:0% intelligent woman communicated real thoughts<00:18:01.039> and<00:18:01.360> real<00:18:01.600> feelings<00:18:02.000> through<00:18:02.240> a 00:18:02.470 --> 00:18:02.480 align:start position:0% thoughts and real feelings through a 00:18:02.480 --> 00:18:04.470 align:start position:0% thoughts and real feelings through a single<00:18:02.880> human<00:18:03.200> filter.<00:18:03.679> That<00:18:03.919> filter<00:18:04.240> was 00:18:04.470 --> 00:18:04.480 align:start position:0% single human filter. That filter was 00:18:04.480 --> 00:18:07.110 align:start position:0% single human filter. That filter was talented,<00:18:05.360> motivated,<00:18:06.080> and<00:18:06.320> had<00:18:06.559> enormous 00:18:07.110 --> 00:18:07.120 align:start position:0% talented, motivated, and had enormous 00:18:07.120 --> 00:18:09.750 align:start position:0% talented, motivated, and had enormous pressure<00:18:07.600> to<00:18:07.840> produce<00:18:08.240> a<00:18:08.480> remarkable<00:18:09.039> child. 00:18:09.750 --> 00:18:09.760 align:start position:0% pressure to produce a remarkable child. 00:18:09.760 --> 00:18:12.390 align:start position:0% pressure to produce a remarkable child. Keller<00:18:10.080> was<00:18:10.320> Sullivan's<00:18:10.960> entire<00:18:11.440> reputation 00:18:12.390 --> 00:18:12.400 align:start position:0% Keller was Sullivan's entire reputation 00:18:12.400 --> 00:18:14.150 align:start position:0% Keller was Sullivan's entire reputation and<00:18:12.799> livelihood.<00:18:13.440> I'm<00:18:13.600> in<00:18:13.679> the<00:18:13.840> realm<00:18:14.000> of 00:18:14.150 --> 00:18:14.160 align:start position:0% and livelihood. I'm in the realm of 00:18:14.160 --> 00:18:15.990 align:start position:0% and livelihood. I'm in the realm of speculation<00:18:14.799> now,<00:18:15.280> but<00:18:15.440> I<00:18:15.679> think<00:18:15.760> that 00:18:15.990 --> 00:18:16.000 align:start position:0% speculation now, but I think that 00:18:16.000 --> 00:18:17.830 align:start position:0% speculation now, but I think that overlap<00:18:16.559> occurred<00:18:16.960> most<00:18:17.280> strongly<00:18:17.600> in 00:18:17.830 --> 00:18:17.840 align:start position:0% overlap occurred most strongly in 00:18:17.840 --> 00:18:20.390 align:start position:0% overlap occurred most strongly in Keller's<00:18:18.320> younger<00:18:18.640> years<00:18:19.280> and<00:18:19.600> continued<00:18:20.160> to 00:18:20.390 --> 00:18:20.400 align:start position:0% Keller's younger years and continued to 00:18:20.400 --> 00:18:22.630 align:start position:0% Keller's younger years and continued to some<00:18:20.640> extent<00:18:21.200> throughout<00:18:21.600> the<00:18:21.840> entire<00:18:22.240> time 00:18:22.630 --> 00:18:22.640 align:start position:0% some extent throughout the entire time 00:18:22.640 --> 00:18:24.710 align:start position:0% some extent throughout the entire time Sullivan<00:18:23.039> was<00:18:23.200> with<00:18:23.360> her.<00:18:23.760> Okay.<00:18:24.160> So,<00:18:24.320> if<00:18:24.559> this 00:18:24.710 --> 00:18:24.720 align:start position:0% Sullivan was with her. Okay. So, if this 00:18:24.720 --> 00:18:27.110 align:start position:0% Sullivan was with her. Okay. So, if this is<00:18:24.880> true,<00:18:25.600> none<00:18:25.840> of<00:18:25.919> this<00:18:26.240> erases<00:18:26.559> what<00:18:26.799> Helen 00:18:27.110 --> 00:18:27.120 align:start position:0% is true, none of this erases what Helen 00:18:27.120 --> 00:18:29.590 align:start position:0% is true, none of this erases what Helen Keller<00:18:27.520> actually<00:18:27.919> was,<00:18:28.720> how<00:18:28.880> she<00:18:29.120> inspired 00:18:29.590 --> 00:18:29.600 align:start position:0% Keller actually was, how she inspired 00:18:29.600 --> 00:18:31.510 align:start position:0% Keller actually was, how she inspired others,<00:18:30.000> how<00:18:30.160> she<00:18:30.320> fought<00:18:30.559> for<00:18:30.720> her<00:18:30.960> beliefs. 00:18:31.510 --> 00:18:31.520 align:start position:0% others, how she fought for her beliefs. 00:18:31.520 --> 00:18:33.909 align:start position:0% others, how she fought for her beliefs. So,<00:18:31.840> Helen<00:18:32.160> Keller<00:18:32.559> was<00:18:32.720> born<00:18:32.960> in<00:18:33.200> a<00:18:33.440> situation 00:18:33.909 --> 00:18:33.919 align:start position:0% So, Helen Keller was born in a situation 00:18:33.919 --> 00:18:36.070 align:start position:0% So, Helen Keller was born in a situation that<00:18:34.160> would<00:18:34.320> have<00:18:34.559> broken<00:18:34.880> so<00:18:35.120> many<00:18:35.360> people. 00:18:36.070 --> 00:18:36.080 align:start position:0% that would have broken so many people. 00:18:36.080 --> 00:18:38.230 align:start position:0% that would have broken so many people. And<00:18:36.240> she<00:18:36.559> created<00:18:36.960> a<00:18:37.280> remarkable<00:18:37.840> life 00:18:38.230 --> 00:18:38.240 align:start position:0% And she created a remarkable life 00:18:38.240 --> 00:18:41.029 align:start position:0% And she created a remarkable life despite<00:18:38.640> that.<00:18:39.200> She<00:18:39.520> lived<00:18:39.760> in<00:18:40.000> near<00:18:40.320> total 00:18:41.029 --> 00:18:41.039 align:start position:0% despite that. She lived in near total 00:18:41.039 --> 00:18:43.110 align:start position:0% despite that. She lived in near total sensory<00:18:41.600> isolation.<00:18:42.480> Something<00:18:42.720> I<00:18:42.960> can't 00:18:43.110 --> 00:18:43.120 align:start position:0% sensory isolation. Something I can't 00:18:43.120 --> 00:18:45.350 align:start position:0% sensory isolation. Something I can't even<00:18:43.360> imagine.<00:18:44.240> The<00:18:44.480> question<00:18:44.720> of<00:18:45.039> how<00:18:45.200> many 00:18:45.350 --> 00:18:45.360 align:start position:0% even imagine. The question of how many 00:18:45.360 --> 00:18:47.430 align:start position:0% even imagine. The question of how many of<00:18:45.440> the<00:18:45.600> words<00:18:45.919> did<00:18:46.080> she<00:18:46.320> write,<00:18:46.960> that<00:18:47.200> doesn't 00:18:47.430 --> 00:18:47.440 align:start position:0% of the words did she write, that doesn't 00:18:47.440 --> 00:18:49.750 align:start position:0% of the words did she write, that doesn't negate<00:18:47.840> any<00:18:48.080> of<00:18:48.240> that.<00:18:48.880> It<00:18:49.120> just<00:18:49.280> brings<00:18:49.520> to 00:18:49.750 --> 00:18:49.760 align:start position:0% negate any of that. It just brings to 00:18:49.760 --> 00:18:51.750 align:start position:0% negate any of that. It just brings to light<00:18:50.000> a<00:18:50.320> life<00:18:50.559> that's<00:18:50.880> more<00:18:51.200> complicated 00:18:51.750 --> 00:18:51.760 align:start position:0% light a life that's more complicated 00:18:51.760 --> 00:18:54.310 align:start position:0% light a life that's more complicated than<00:18:51.919> the<00:18:52.160> legend.<00:18:53.120> And<00:18:53.360> even<00:18:53.520> if<00:18:53.679> that<00:18:53.919> legend 00:18:54.310 --> 00:18:54.320 align:start position:0% than the legend. And even if that legend 00:18:54.320 --> 00:18:57.590 align:start position:0% than the legend. And even if that legend oversold<00:18:54.880> it,<00:18:55.440> her<00:18:55.679> life<00:18:56.000> was<00:18:56.240> remarkable. 00:18:57.590 --> 00:18:57.600 align:start position:0% oversold it, her life was remarkable. 00:18:57.600 --> 00:18:59.350 align:start position:0% oversold it, her life was remarkable. So,<00:18:57.840> I'll<00:18:58.080> leave<00:18:58.160> you<00:18:58.320> with<00:18:58.480> one<00:18:58.640> last<00:18:58.960> story 00:18:59.350 --> 00:18:59.360 align:start position:0% So, I'll leave you with one last story 00:18:59.360 --> 00:19:02.950 align:start position:0% So, I'll leave you with one last story and<00:18:59.520> a<00:18:59.679> segue<00:19:00.080> to<00:19:00.240> another<00:19:00.559> video.<00:19:01.280> In<00:19:01.679> 1915,<00:19:02.720> a 00:19:02.950 --> 00:19:02.960 align:start position:0% and a segue to another video. In 1915, a 00:19:02.960 --> 00:19:05.750 align:start position:0% and a segue to another video. In 1915, a Chicago<00:19:03.520> doctor<00:19:04.240> refused<00:19:04.720> to<00:19:04.880> operate<00:19:05.280> on<00:19:05.520> a 00:19:05.750 --> 00:19:05.760 align:start position:0% Chicago doctor refused to operate on a 00:19:05.760 --> 00:19:07.750 align:start position:0% Chicago doctor refused to operate on a severely<00:19:06.240> disabled<00:19:06.720> newborn,<00:19:07.280> letting<00:19:07.600> the 00:19:07.750 --> 00:19:07.760 align:start position:0% severely disabled newborn, letting the 00:19:07.760 --> 00:19:11.350 align:start position:0% severely disabled newborn, letting the baby<00:19:08.080> die<00:19:08.400> instead.<00:19:09.840> Eugenics,<00:19:10.880> they<00:19:11.120> were<00:19:11.200> a 00:19:11.350 --> 00:19:11.360 align:start position:0% baby die instead. Eugenics, they were a 00:19:11.360 --> 00:19:13.669 align:start position:0% baby die instead. Eugenics, they were a lot<00:19:11.520> more<00:19:11.760> popular<00:19:12.160> then,<00:19:12.559> and<00:19:12.880> Helen<00:19:13.200> Keller 00:19:13.669 --> 00:19:13.679 align:start position:0% lot more popular then, and Helen Keller 00:19:13.679 --> 00:19:15.669 align:start position:0% lot more popular then, and Helen Keller wrote<00:19:13.919> a<00:19:14.080> public<00:19:14.400> letter<00:19:14.960> defending<00:19:15.440> the 00:19:15.669 --> 00:19:15.679 align:start position:0% wrote a public letter defending the 00:19:15.679 --> 00:19:17.750 align:start position:0% wrote a public letter defending the doctor<00:19:16.160> and<00:19:16.400> endorsing<00:19:16.880> the<00:19:17.120> concept<00:19:17.440> that 00:19:17.750 --> 00:19:17.760 align:start position:0% doctor and endorsing the concept that 00:19:17.760 --> 00:19:19.110 align:start position:0% doctor and endorsing the concept that doctors<00:19:18.080> should<00:19:18.320> be<00:19:18.400> able<00:19:18.559> to<00:19:18.720> have<00:19:18.880> the 00:19:19.110 --> 00:19:19.120 align:start position:0% doctors should be able to have the 00:19:19.120 --> 00:19:22.070 align:start position:0% doctors should be able to have the ability<00:19:19.679> to<00:19:19.919> euthanize<00:19:20.640> disabled<00:19:21.200> babies. 00:19:22.070 --> 00:19:22.080 align:start position:0% ability to euthanize disabled babies. 00:19:22.080 --> 00:19:24.789 align:start position:0% ability to euthanize disabled babies. Now,<00:19:22.559> the<00:19:22.799> irony<00:19:23.200> was<00:19:23.520> obvious<00:19:23.760> to<00:19:24.000> many<00:19:24.320> given 00:19:24.789 --> 00:19:24.799 align:start position:0% Now, the irony was obvious to many given 00:19:24.799 --> 00:19:26.870 align:start position:0% Now, the irony was obvious to many given Helen<00:19:25.200> Keller's<00:19:25.600> disabilities,<00:19:26.559> but<00:19:26.720> it 00:19:26.870 --> 00:19:26.880 align:start position:0% Helen Keller's disabilities, but it 00:19:26.880 --> 00:19:29.669 align:start position:0% Helen Keller's disabilities, but it raises<00:19:27.280> the<00:19:27.520> question,<00:19:28.240> is<00:19:28.480> eugenics<00:19:29.440> really 00:19:29.669 --> 00:19:29.679 align:start position:0% raises the question, is eugenics really 00:19:29.679 --> 00:19:31.830 align:start position:0% raises the question, is eugenics really that<00:19:30.000> bad?<00:19:30.640> People<00:19:30.960> have<00:19:31.200> always<00:19:31.440> tried<00:19:31.679> to 00:19:31.830 --> 00:19:31.840 align:start position:0% that bad? People have always tried to 00:19:31.840 --> 00:19:34.150 align:start position:0% that bad? People have always tried to make<00:19:32.000> better<00:19:32.320> humans.<00:19:33.120> It's<00:19:33.440> thought<00:19:33.600> of<00:19:33.760> now 00:19:34.150 --> 00:19:34.160 align:start position:0% make better humans. It's thought of now 00:19:34.160 --> 00:19:35.750 align:start position:0% make better humans. It's thought of now kind<00:19:34.400> of<00:19:34.480> as<00:19:34.640> a<00:19:34.799> horrible<00:19:35.120> part<00:19:35.280> of<00:19:35.440> human 00:19:35.750 --> 00:19:35.760 align:start position:0% kind of as a horrible part of human 00:19:35.760 --> 00:19:38.310 align:start position:0% kind of as a horrible part of human history,<00:19:36.480> but<00:19:36.640> the<00:19:36.880> idea<00:19:37.200> keeps<00:19:37.520> coming<00:19:37.840> back 00:19:38.310 --> 00:19:38.320 align:start position:0% history, but the idea keeps coming back 00:19:38.320 --> 00:19:40.630 align:start position:0% history, but the idea keeps coming back even<00:19:38.640> today.<00:19:39.360> You<00:19:39.600> might<00:19:39.760> like<00:19:39.919> this<00:19:40.160> video<00:19:40.400> I 00:19:40.630 --> 00:19:40.640 align:start position:0% even today. You might like this video I 00:19:40.640 --> 00:19:43.270 align:start position:0% even today. You might like this video I produced.<00:19:41.679> In<00:19:41.840> any<00:19:42.080> event,<00:19:42.640> I<00:19:42.799> hope<00:19:42.960> you<00:19:43.120> got 00:19:43.270 --> 00:19:43.280 align:start position:0% produced. In any event, I hope you got 00:19:43.280 --> 00:19:47.440 align:start position:0% produced. In any event, I hope you got value<00:19:43.520> from<00:19:43.760> this<00:19:44.000> one.<00:19:44.640> See<00:19:44.799> you<00:19:44.960> again.