WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.080 --> 00:00:01.829 align:start position:0% Hello<00:00:00.320> everybody.<00:00:00.719> I'm<00:00:00.960> here<00:00:01.199> from<00:00:01.360> my<00:00:01.520> office 00:00:01.829 --> 00:00:01.839 align:start position:0% Hello everybody. I'm here from my office 00:00:01.839 --> 00:00:03.830 align:start position:0% Hello everybody. I'm here from my office temporarily<00:00:02.480> for<00:00:02.720> two<00:00:02.879> reasons.<00:00:03.360> First,<00:00:03.679> to 00:00:03.830 --> 00:00:03.840 align:start position:0% temporarily for two reasons. First, to 00:00:03.840 --> 00:00:04.950 align:start position:0% temporarily for two reasons. First, to let<00:00:04.000> you<00:00:04.080> know<00:00:04.160> that<00:00:04.319> this<00:00:04.480> is<00:00:04.560> your<00:00:04.799> last 00:00:04.950 --> 00:00:04.960 align:start position:0% let you know that this is your last 00:00:04.960 --> 00:00:06.470 align:start position:0% let you know that this is your last chance<00:00:05.120> to<00:00:05.279> support<00:00:05.600> Sihow<00:00:06.080> during<00:00:06.319> our 00:00:06.470 --> 00:00:06.480 align:start position:0% chance to support Sihow during our 00:00:06.480 --> 00:00:08.310 align:start position:0% chance to support Sihow during our yearly<00:00:06.879> postcard<00:00:07.359> fundraiser,<00:00:07.919> and<00:00:08.080> I<00:00:08.240> want 00:00:08.310 --> 00:00:08.320 align:start position:0% yearly postcard fundraiser, and I want 00:00:08.320 --> 00:00:09.910 align:start position:0% yearly postcard fundraiser, and I want you<00:00:08.480> to<00:00:08.639> understand<00:00:09.040> something<00:00:09.360> about<00:00:09.519> that. 00:00:09.910 --> 00:00:09.920 align:start position:0% you to understand something about that. 00:00:09.920 --> 00:00:11.350 align:start position:0% you to understand something about that. Second,<00:00:10.320> I<00:00:10.480> want<00:00:10.639> to<00:00:10.719> tell<00:00:10.800> you<00:00:10.960> about<00:00:11.120> the 00:00:11.350 --> 00:00:11.360 align:start position:0% Second, I want to tell you about the 00:00:11.360 --> 00:00:13.270 align:start position:0% Second, I want to tell you about the illness<00:00:11.519> that<00:00:11.679> I<00:00:11.840> have<00:00:12.000> right<00:00:12.160> now,<00:00:12.719> why<00:00:13.040> I 00:00:13.270 --> 00:00:13.280 align:start position:0% illness that I have right now, why I 00:00:13.280 --> 00:00:15.509 align:start position:0% illness that I have right now, why I have<00:00:13.440> it,<00:00:13.759> and<00:00:14.000> why<00:00:14.240> you<00:00:14.559> maybe<00:00:14.880> never<00:00:15.120> will, 00:00:15.509 --> 00:00:15.519 align:start position:0% have it, and why you maybe never will, 00:00:15.519 --> 00:00:17.590 align:start position:0% have it, and why you maybe never will, because<00:00:15.759> that's<00:00:16.000> a<00:00:16.240> science<00:00:16.560> story,<00:00:17.039> and<00:00:17.359> it's 00:00:17.590 --> 00:00:17.600 align:start position:0% because that's a science story, and it's 00:00:17.600 --> 00:00:19.510 align:start position:0% because that's a science story, and it's fascinating.<00:00:18.160> So,<00:00:18.400> to<00:00:18.560> the<00:00:18.720> first<00:00:18.960> part,<00:00:19.279> I 00:00:19.510 --> 00:00:19.520 align:start position:0% fascinating. So, to the first part, I 00:00:19.520 --> 00:00:21.590 align:start position:0% fascinating. So, to the first part, I need<00:00:19.680> you<00:00:19.840> to<00:00:20.000> know<00:00:20.480> that<00:00:20.720> in<00:00:20.960> order<00:00:21.119> to<00:00:21.279> fund 00:00:21.590 --> 00:00:21.600 align:start position:0% need you to know that in order to fund 00:00:21.600 --> 00:00:23.189 align:start position:0% need you to know that in order to fund size,<00:00:22.080> we<00:00:22.240> need<00:00:22.400> people<00:00:22.560> to<00:00:22.720> give<00:00:22.800> us<00:00:23.039> money, 00:00:23.189 --> 00:00:23.199 align:start position:0% size, we need people to give us money, 00:00:23.199 --> 00:00:25.109 align:start position:0% size, we need people to give us money, but<00:00:23.439> we<00:00:23.600> do<00:00:23.760> not<00:00:23.920> need<00:00:24.160> our<00:00:24.400> conversion<00:00:24.880> rate 00:00:25.109 --> 00:00:25.119 align:start position:0% but we do not need our conversion rate 00:00:25.119 --> 00:00:27.029 align:start position:0% but we do not need our conversion rate to<00:00:25.359> be<00:00:25.519> particularly<00:00:26.240> high.<00:00:26.640> We<00:00:26.880> are 00:00:27.029 --> 00:00:27.039 align:start position:0% to be particularly high. We are 00:00:27.039 --> 00:00:29.189 align:start position:0% to be particularly high. We are dedicated<00:00:27.439> to<00:00:27.599> making<00:00:27.920> highquality<00:00:28.640> reality 00:00:29.189 --> 00:00:29.199 align:start position:0% dedicated to making highquality reality 00:00:29.199 --> 00:00:31.029 align:start position:0% dedicated to making highquality reality based<00:00:29.519> trustworthy<00:00:30.160> science<00:00:30.560> content<00:00:30.880> at 00:00:31.029 --> 00:00:31.039 align:start position:0% based trustworthy science content at 00:00:31.039 --> 00:00:33.590 align:start position:0% based trustworthy science content at Sihow,<00:00:31.760> which<00:00:32.000> is<00:00:32.320> more<00:00:32.640> expensive<00:00:33.120> than<00:00:33.360> the 00:00:33.590 --> 00:00:33.600 align:start position:0% Sihow, which is more expensive than the 00:00:33.600 --> 00:00:35.430 align:start position:0% Sihow, which is more expensive than the average<00:00:33.920> YouTube<00:00:34.399> video,<00:00:34.719> but<00:00:34.960> we're<00:00:35.120> also 00:00:35.430 --> 00:00:35.440 align:start position:0% average YouTube video, but we're also 00:00:35.440 --> 00:00:37.430 align:start position:0% average YouTube video, but we're also focused<00:00:35.760> on<00:00:36.000> doing<00:00:36.239> that<00:00:36.559> efficiently,<00:00:37.200> which 00:00:37.430 --> 00:00:37.440 align:start position:0% focused on doing that efficiently, which 00:00:37.440 --> 00:00:39.430 align:start position:0% focused on doing that efficiently, which means<00:00:37.600> that<00:00:37.920> only<00:00:38.160> a<00:00:38.399> select<00:00:38.719> group<00:00:38.879> of<00:00:39.040> you 00:00:39.430 --> 00:00:39.440 align:start position:0% means that only a select group of you 00:00:39.440 --> 00:00:41.350 align:start position:0% means that only a select group of you actually<00:00:39.760> need<00:00:39.920> to<00:00:40.079> support<00:00:40.239> us<00:00:40.480> financially. 00:00:41.350 --> 00:00:41.360 align:start position:0% actually need to support us financially. 00:00:41.360 --> 00:00:43.510 align:start position:0% actually need to support us financially. This<00:00:41.760> is<00:00:41.920> the<00:00:42.160> way<00:00:42.320> we<00:00:42.559> want<00:00:42.719> it.<00:00:43.040> We<00:00:43.280> don't 00:00:43.510 --> 00:00:43.520 align:start position:0% This is the way we want it. We don't 00:00:43.520 --> 00:00:45.350 align:start position:0% This is the way we want it. We don't want<00:00:43.600> to<00:00:43.760> make<00:00:43.920> everybody<00:00:44.399> pay.<00:00:44.879> We<00:00:45.040> want<00:00:45.200> it 00:00:45.350 --> 00:00:45.360 align:start position:0% want to make everybody pay. We want it 00:00:45.360 --> 00:00:47.110 align:start position:0% want to make everybody pay. We want it to<00:00:45.440> be<00:00:45.600> free<00:00:45.760> for<00:00:46.000> everyone.<00:00:46.480> But<00:00:46.559> this<00:00:46.800> select 00:00:47.110 --> 00:00:47.120 align:start position:0% to be free for everyone. But this select 00:00:47.120 --> 00:00:49.510 align:start position:0% to be free for everyone. But this select group<00:00:47.520> does<00:00:47.840> pay<00:00:48.399> so<00:00:48.559> that<00:00:48.800> everyone<00:00:49.120> else<00:00:49.280> can 00:00:49.510 --> 00:00:49.520 align:start position:0% group does pay so that everyone else can 00:00:49.520 --> 00:00:51.110 align:start position:0% group does pay so that everyone else can have<00:00:49.680> it.<00:00:49.920> And<00:00:50.079> on<00:00:50.239> the<00:00:50.320> order<00:00:50.559> of<00:00:50.719> the<00:00:50.879> whole 00:00:51.110 --> 00:00:51.120 align:start position:0% have it. And on the order of the whole 00:00:51.120 --> 00:00:52.470 align:start position:0% have it. And on the order of the whole channel,<00:00:51.520> it's<00:00:51.760> something<00:00:51.920> like<00:00:52.160> one<00:00:52.320> in 00:00:52.470 --> 00:00:52.480 align:start position:0% channel, it's something like one in 00:00:52.480 --> 00:00:54.790 align:start position:0% channel, it's something like one in every<00:00:52.719> 3,000<00:00:53.440> people<00:00:53.680> who<00:00:54.000> watch<00:00:54.239> Sidihow 00:00:54.790 --> 00:00:54.800 align:start position:0% every 3,000 people who watch Sidihow 00:00:54.800 --> 00:00:56.229 align:start position:0% every 3,000 people who watch Sidihow gives<00:00:55.039> us<00:00:55.199> money.<00:00:55.520> So,<00:00:55.680> I<00:00:55.840> want<00:00:55.920> to<00:00:56.000> be<00:00:56.079> honest 00:00:56.229 --> 00:00:56.239 align:start position:0% gives us money. So, I want to be honest 00:00:56.239 --> 00:00:58.869 align:start position:0% gives us money. So, I want to be honest with<00:00:56.399> you.<00:00:56.960> This<00:00:57.280> lets<00:00:57.920> a<00:00:58.160> lot<00:00:58.239> of<00:00:58.399> you<00:00:58.559> off<00:00:58.719> the 00:00:58.869 --> 00:00:58.879 align:start position:0% with you. This lets a lot of you off the 00:00:58.879 --> 00:01:00.389 align:start position:0% with you. This lets a lot of you off the hook.<00:00:59.199> You<00:00:59.440> don't<00:00:59.600> all<00:00:59.840> have<00:00:59.920> to<00:01:00.079> give<00:01:00.239> us 00:01:00.389 --> 00:01:00.399 align:start position:0% hook. You don't all have to give us 00:01:00.399 --> 00:01:01.590 align:start position:0% hook. You don't all have to give us money,<00:01:00.559> but<00:01:00.719> there<00:01:00.879> are<00:01:01.039> some<00:01:01.120> of<00:01:01.199> you<00:01:01.440> for 00:01:01.590 --> 00:01:01.600 align:start position:0% money, but there are some of you for 00:01:01.600 --> 00:01:05.429 align:start position:0% money, but there are some of you for whom<00:01:02.320> $60<00:01:03.199> isn't<00:01:03.680> that<00:01:03.920> much<00:01:04.159> money.<00:01:04.640> $5<00:01:05.199> a 00:01:05.429 --> 00:01:05.439 align:start position:0% whom $60 isn't that much money. $5 a 00:01:05.439 --> 00:01:07.750 align:start position:0% whom $60 isn't that much money. $5 a month.<00:01:05.760> 5<00:01:06.000> time<00:01:06.320> 12<00:01:06.479> is<00:01:06.720> 60.<00:01:07.040> And<00:01:07.200> so,<00:01:07.439> we<00:01:07.680> have 00:01:07.750 --> 00:01:07.760 align:start position:0% month. 5 time 12 is 60. And so, we have 00:01:07.760 --> 00:01:10.070 align:start position:0% month. 5 time 12 is 60. And so, we have a<00:01:08.000> $60<00:01:08.400> postcard<00:01:08.799> that<00:01:09.040> you<00:01:09.200> can<00:01:09.280> buy<00:01:09.680> and<00:01:09.840> that 00:01:10.070 --> 00:01:10.080 align:start position:0% a $60 postcard that you can buy and that 00:01:10.080 --> 00:01:11.910 align:start position:0% a $60 postcard that you can buy and that we<00:01:10.240> will<00:01:10.400> send<00:01:10.640> to<00:01:10.880> you.<00:01:11.119> And<00:01:11.280> there<00:01:11.439> are<00:01:11.600> also, 00:01:11.910 --> 00:01:11.920 align:start position:0% we will send to you. And there are also, 00:01:11.920 --> 00:01:13.590 align:start position:0% we will send to you. And there are also, and<00:01:12.080> this<00:01:12.240> is<00:01:12.320> more<00:01:12.479> rare,<00:01:12.720> but<00:01:12.880> it's<00:01:13.040> real. 00:01:13.590 --> 00:01:13.600 align:start position:0% and this is more rare, but it's real. 00:01:13.600 --> 00:01:15.510 align:start position:0% and this is more rare, but it's real. There<00:01:13.760> are<00:01:13.920> some<00:01:14.000> of<00:01:14.080> you<00:01:14.240> for<00:01:14.400> whom<00:01:14.799> $500 00:01:15.510 --> 00:01:15.520 align:start position:0% There are some of you for whom $500 00:01:15.520 --> 00:01:17.749 align:start position:0% There are some of you for whom $500 isn't<00:01:16.080> that<00:01:16.400> much<00:01:16.640> money.<00:01:17.040> And<00:01:17.200> so,<00:01:17.439> we<00:01:17.600> have 00:01:17.749 --> 00:01:17.759 align:start position:0% isn't that much money. And so, we have 00:01:17.759 --> 00:01:19.990 align:start position:0% isn't that much money. And so, we have this<00:01:18.080> $500<00:01:18.640> spinner,<00:01:19.200> which<00:01:19.439> has<00:01:19.680> etched<00:01:19.920> on 00:01:19.990 --> 00:01:20.000 align:start position:0% this $500 spinner, which has etched on 00:01:20.000 --> 00:01:21.590 align:start position:0% this $500 spinner, which has etched on it<00:01:20.240> the<00:01:20.400> most<00:01:20.560> important<00:01:20.880> photograph<00:01:21.280> in<00:01:21.439> the 00:01:21.590 --> 00:01:21.600 align:start position:0% it the most important photograph in the 00:01:21.600 --> 00:01:23.429 align:start position:0% it the most important photograph in the history<00:01:21.840> of<00:01:22.000> science<00:01:22.479> that<00:01:22.720> you<00:01:22.960> could<00:01:23.119> buy. 00:01:23.429 --> 00:01:23.439 align:start position:0% history of science that you could buy. 00:01:23.439 --> 00:01:25.109 align:start position:0% history of science that you could buy. If<00:01:23.600> you<00:01:23.759> think<00:01:23.840> this<00:01:24.080> value<00:01:24.320> is<00:01:24.560> worth<00:01:24.720> it, 00:01:25.109 --> 00:01:25.119 align:start position:0% If you think this value is worth it, 00:01:25.119 --> 00:01:27.109 align:start position:0% If you think this value is worth it, hundreds<00:01:25.600> of<00:01:25.759> videos<00:01:26.159> per<00:01:26.479> year,<00:01:26.799> not<00:01:26.960> just 00:01:27.109 --> 00:01:27.119 align:start position:0% hundreds of videos per year, not just 00:01:27.119 --> 00:01:29.590 align:start position:0% hundreds of videos per year, not just for<00:01:27.360> you,<00:01:27.600> but<00:01:27.840> for<00:01:28.240> everyone<00:01:28.640> in<00:01:28.880> the<00:01:29.040> world, 00:01:29.590 --> 00:01:29.600 align:start position:0% for you, but for everyone in the world, 00:01:29.600 --> 00:01:31.510 align:start position:0% for you, but for everyone in the world, combined<00:01:30.000> with<00:01:30.240> the<00:01:30.400> efforts<00:01:30.720> of<00:01:30.880> our<00:01:31.040> team<00:01:31.280> to 00:01:31.510 --> 00:01:31.520 align:start position:0% combined with the efforts of our team to 00:01:31.520 --> 00:01:33.670 align:start position:0% combined with the efforts of our team to get<00:01:31.680> that<00:01:31.920> content<00:01:32.320> in<00:01:32.640> front<00:01:32.720> of<00:01:32.960> people,<00:01:33.520> to 00:01:33.670 --> 00:01:33.680 align:start position:0% get that content in front of people, to 00:01:33.680 --> 00:01:35.590 align:start position:0% get that content in front of people, to get<00:01:33.840> them<00:01:34.000> to<00:01:34.159> click<00:01:34.400> on<00:01:34.560> it,<00:01:34.880> to<00:01:35.040> enrich<00:01:35.439> their 00:01:35.590 --> 00:01:35.600 align:start position:0% get them to click on it, to enrich their 00:01:35.600 --> 00:01:36.950 align:start position:0% get them to click on it, to enrich their lives,<00:01:35.920> to<00:01:36.079> help<00:01:36.240> them<00:01:36.479> understand<00:01:36.799> their 00:01:36.950 --> 00:01:36.960 align:start position:0% lives, to help them understand their 00:01:36.960 --> 00:01:38.789 align:start position:0% lives, to help them understand their world,<00:01:37.200> to<00:01:37.439> push<00:01:37.600> back<00:01:37.840> against<00:01:38.159> content<00:01:38.560> made 00:01:38.789 --> 00:01:38.799 align:start position:0% world, to push back against content made 00:01:38.799 --> 00:01:40.870 align:start position:0% world, to push back against content made by<00:01:38.960> people<00:01:39.119> who<00:01:39.360> one<00:01:39.520> might<00:01:39.759> say<00:01:40.400> have<00:01:40.560> less 00:01:40.870 --> 00:01:40.880 align:start position:0% by people who one might say have less 00:01:40.880 --> 00:01:42.789 align:start position:0% by people who one might say have less allegiance<00:01:41.280> to<00:01:41.439> the<00:01:41.680> truth.<00:01:42.079> Now<00:01:42.400> is<00:01:42.560> your 00:01:42.789 --> 00:01:42.799 align:start position:0% allegiance to the truth. Now is your 00:01:42.799 --> 00:01:45.190 align:start position:0% allegiance to the truth. Now is your time.<00:01:43.119> If<00:01:43.360> you<00:01:43.520> don't<00:01:43.680> do<00:01:43.840> it<00:01:44.079> now,<00:01:44.720> you<00:01:44.880> won't 00:01:45.190 --> 00:01:45.200 align:start position:0% time. If you don't do it now, you won't 00:01:45.200 --> 00:01:47.749 align:start position:0% time. If you don't do it now, you won't do<00:01:45.360> it.<00:01:45.920> So<00:01:46.159> do<00:01:46.320> it<00:01:46.479> now.<00:01:46.799> And<00:01:47.040> now<00:01:47.280> the<00:01:47.520> second 00:01:47.749 --> 00:01:47.759 align:start position:0% do it. So do it now. And now the second 00:01:47.759 --> 00:01:50.069 align:start position:0% do it. So do it now. And now the second part<00:01:47.920> of<00:01:48.079> the<00:01:48.240> video.<00:01:48.560> I<00:01:48.880> have<00:01:49.040> shingles.<00:01:49.920> This 00:01:50.069 --> 00:01:50.079 align:start position:0% part of the video. I have shingles. This 00:01:50.079 --> 00:01:51.830 align:start position:0% part of the video. I have shingles. This is<00:01:50.159> a<00:01:50.399> very<00:01:50.560> weird<00:01:50.880> disease.<00:01:51.280> It's<00:01:51.600> very 00:01:51.830 --> 00:01:51.840 align:start position:0% is a very weird disease. It's very 00:01:51.840 --> 00:01:54.550 align:start position:0% is a very weird disease. It's very unpleasant.<00:01:52.560> I'm<00:01:52.880> in<00:01:53.119> pain.<00:01:53.680> The<00:01:53.920> goal<00:01:54.240> for 00:01:54.550 --> 00:01:54.560 align:start position:0% unpleasant. I'm in pain. The goal for 00:01:54.560 --> 00:01:56.389 align:start position:0% unpleasant. I'm in pain. The goal for this<00:01:54.799> video<00:01:55.360> previously<00:01:55.840> was<00:01:56.079> that<00:01:56.159> I<00:01:56.320> was 00:01:56.389 --> 00:01:56.399 align:start position:0% this video previously was that I was 00:01:56.399 --> 00:01:58.069 align:start position:0% this video previously was that I was going<00:01:56.479> to<00:01:56.560> do<00:01:56.720> some<00:01:56.880> kind<00:01:57.040> of<00:01:57.119> stunt.<00:01:57.680> I<00:01:57.840> cannot 00:01:58.069 --> 00:01:58.079 align:start position:0% going to do some kind of stunt. I cannot 00:01:58.079 --> 00:02:00.230 align:start position:0% going to do some kind of stunt. I cannot do<00:01:58.240> a<00:01:58.399> stunt<00:01:58.640> right<00:01:58.799> now.<00:01:58.960> I<00:01:59.200> am<00:01:59.360> moving<00:01:59.920> the 00:02:00.230 --> 00:02:00.240 align:start position:0% do a stunt right now. I am moving the 00:02:00.240 --> 00:02:02.469 align:start position:0% do a stunt right now. I am moving the maximum<00:02:00.640> amount<00:02:01.200> I<00:02:01.439> can<00:02:01.600> currently<00:02:02.000> move.<00:02:02.320> And 00:02:02.469 --> 00:02:02.479 align:start position:0% maximum amount I can currently move. And 00:02:02.479 --> 00:02:04.709 align:start position:0% maximum amount I can currently move. And this<00:02:02.640> is<00:02:02.799> this<00:02:02.960> is<00:02:03.040> weird.<00:02:03.360> I'm<00:02:03.600> 45<00:02:04.240> years<00:02:04.399> old, 00:02:04.709 --> 00:02:04.719 align:start position:0% this is this is weird. I'm 45 years old, 00:02:04.719 --> 00:02:06.230 align:start position:0% this is this is weird. I'm 45 years old, but<00:02:04.880> I<00:02:05.040> first<00:02:05.280> got<00:02:05.360> the<00:02:05.600> virus<00:02:05.840> that<00:02:06.079> is 00:02:06.230 --> 00:02:06.240 align:start position:0% but I first got the virus that is 00:02:06.240 --> 00:02:08.070 align:start position:0% but I first got the virus that is causing<00:02:06.560> my<00:02:06.799> shingles<00:02:07.280> when<00:02:07.439> I<00:02:07.600> was<00:02:07.680> around 00:02:08.070 --> 00:02:08.080 align:start position:0% causing my shingles when I was around 00:02:08.080 --> 00:02:10.229 align:start position:0% causing my shingles when I was around eight<00:02:08.560> when<00:02:08.800> I<00:02:08.959> got<00:02:09.119> chickenpox.<00:02:09.840> And<00:02:10.000> when<00:02:10.160> I 00:02:10.229 --> 00:02:10.239 align:start position:0% eight when I got chickenpox. And when I 00:02:10.239 --> 00:02:12.309 align:start position:0% eight when I got chickenpox. And when I was<00:02:10.319> a<00:02:10.560> kid,<00:02:10.959> everybody<00:02:11.360> got<00:02:11.520> chickenpox. 00:02:12.309 --> 00:02:12.319 align:start position:0% was a kid, everybody got chickenpox. 00:02:12.319 --> 00:02:14.630 align:start position:0% was a kid, everybody got chickenpox. Like<00:02:12.480> literally<00:02:13.120> 99%<00:02:14.000> of<00:02:14.239> kids<00:02:14.480> got 00:02:14.630 --> 00:02:14.640 align:start position:0% Like literally 99% of kids got 00:02:14.640 --> 00:02:17.030 align:start position:0% Like literally 99% of kids got chickenpox.<00:02:15.200> And<00:02:15.360> on<00:02:15.440> the<00:02:15.599> whole,<00:02:16.080> chickenpox 00:02:17.030 --> 00:02:17.040 align:start position:0% chickenpox. And on the whole, chickenpox 00:02:17.040 --> 00:02:19.510 align:start position:0% chickenpox. And on the whole, chickenpox isn't<00:02:17.599> that<00:02:18.000> big<00:02:18.239> of<00:02:18.400> a<00:02:18.560> deal.<00:02:18.959> With<00:02:19.200> millions 00:02:19.510 --> 00:02:19.520 align:start position:0% isn't that big of a deal. With millions 00:02:19.520 --> 00:02:21.510 align:start position:0% isn't that big of a deal. With millions of<00:02:19.680> cases<00:02:20.080> in<00:02:20.239> the<00:02:20.400> US<00:02:20.640> every<00:02:20.879> year,<00:02:21.200> only<00:02:21.360> a 00:02:21.510 --> 00:02:21.520 align:start position:0% of cases in the US every year, only a 00:02:21.520 --> 00:02:23.270 align:start position:0% of cases in the US every year, only a very<00:02:21.760> small<00:02:22.000> percentage<00:02:22.480> of<00:02:22.640> those<00:02:22.800> kids<00:02:23.040> were 00:02:23.270 --> 00:02:23.280 align:start position:0% very small percentage of those kids were 00:02:23.280 --> 00:02:25.750 align:start position:0% very small percentage of those kids were hospitalized.<00:02:23.920> Around<00:02:24.160> 10,000,<00:02:25.120> and<00:02:25.360> only 00:02:25.750 --> 00:02:25.760 align:start position:0% hospitalized. Around 10,000, and only 00:02:25.760 --> 00:02:27.589 align:start position:0% hospitalized. Around 10,000, and only dozens<00:02:26.160> of<00:02:26.319> them<00:02:26.560> died<00:02:26.879> from<00:02:27.040> the<00:02:27.200> disease. 00:02:27.589 --> 00:02:27.599 align:start position:0% dozens of them died from the disease. 00:02:27.599 --> 00:02:29.270 align:start position:0% dozens of them died from the disease. Now,<00:02:27.760> that's<00:02:28.000> dozens<00:02:28.319> of<00:02:28.480> kids<00:02:28.640> who<00:02:28.879> died. 00:02:29.270 --> 00:02:29.280 align:start position:0% Now, that's dozens of kids who died. 00:02:29.280 --> 00:02:31.510 align:start position:0% Now, that's dozens of kids who died. They<00:02:29.520> didn't<00:02:29.680> get<00:02:29.840> to<00:02:30.000> grow<00:02:30.160> up<00:02:30.400> and<00:02:30.640> become<00:02:31.040> 45 00:02:31.510 --> 00:02:31.520 align:start position:0% They didn't get to grow up and become 45 00:02:31.520 --> 00:02:32.790 align:start position:0% They didn't get to grow up and become 45 year olds<00:02:31.760> with<00:02:31.920> shingles.<00:02:32.400> But<00:02:32.560> compared 00:02:32.790 --> 00:02:32.800 align:start position:0% year olds with shingles. But compared 00:02:32.800 --> 00:02:34.309 align:start position:0% year olds with shingles. But compared with<00:02:32.879> a<00:02:33.120> lot<00:02:33.200> of<00:02:33.280> infectious<00:02:33.760> diseases<00:02:34.160> like 00:02:34.309 --> 00:02:34.319 align:start position:0% with a lot of infectious diseases like 00:02:34.319 --> 00:02:35.910 align:start position:0% with a lot of infectious diseases like measles,<00:02:34.879> for<00:02:34.879> example,<00:02:35.280> this<00:02:35.440> was<00:02:35.599> a<00:02:35.760> much 00:02:35.910 --> 00:02:35.920 align:start position:0% measles, for example, this was a much 00:02:35.920 --> 00:02:37.830 align:start position:0% measles, for example, this was a much less<00:02:36.239> dangerous<00:02:36.720> disease.<00:02:37.200> While<00:02:37.440> immunity 00:02:37.830 --> 00:02:37.840 align:start position:0% less dangerous disease. While immunity 00:02:37.840 --> 00:02:39.110 align:start position:0% less dangerous disease. While immunity from<00:02:38.000> chickenpox<00:02:38.560> after<00:02:38.800> the<00:02:38.959> first 00:02:39.110 --> 00:02:39.120 align:start position:0% from chickenpox after the first 00:02:39.120 --> 00:02:41.910 align:start position:0% from chickenpox after the first infection,<00:02:39.920> is<00:02:40.160> usually<00:02:40.800> lifelong,<00:02:41.680> the 00:02:41.910 --> 00:02:41.920 align:start position:0% infection, is usually lifelong, the 00:02:41.920 --> 00:02:43.670 align:start position:0% infection, is usually lifelong, the virus<00:02:42.239> that<00:02:42.480> causes<00:02:42.879> chickenpox<00:02:43.519> never 00:02:43.670 --> 00:02:43.680 align:start position:0% virus that causes chickenpox never 00:02:43.680 --> 00:02:45.430 align:start position:0% virus that causes chickenpox never leaves<00:02:43.920> your<00:02:44.080> body.<00:02:44.400> It<00:02:44.640> hides<00:02:45.040> in<00:02:45.280> your 00:02:45.430 --> 00:02:45.440 align:start position:0% leaves your body. It hides in your 00:02:45.440 --> 00:02:47.110 align:start position:0% leaves your body. It hides in your nerves<00:02:45.840> and<00:02:46.080> later,<00:02:46.480> given<00:02:46.800> the<00:02:46.959> right 00:02:47.110 --> 00:02:47.120 align:start position:0% nerves and later, given the right 00:02:47.120 --> 00:02:49.670 align:start position:0% nerves and later, given the right circumstances,<00:02:47.920> can<00:02:48.160> reemerge,<00:02:48.879> infecting<00:02:49.440> a 00:02:49.670 --> 00:02:49.680 align:start position:0% circumstances, can reemerge, infecting a 00:02:49.680 --> 00:02:51.910 align:start position:0% circumstances, can reemerge, infecting a branch<00:02:50.080> of<00:02:50.319> your<00:02:50.480> nerves<00:02:50.959> and<00:02:51.200> then<00:02:51.519> erupting 00:02:51.910 --> 00:02:51.920 align:start position:0% branch of your nerves and then erupting 00:02:51.920 --> 00:02:53.430 align:start position:0% branch of your nerves and then erupting out<00:02:52.160> of<00:02:52.319> the<00:02:52.480> skin.<00:02:52.800> Do<00:02:52.959> you<00:02:53.040> want<00:02:53.120> to<00:02:53.200> see<00:02:53.280> what 00:02:53.430 --> 00:02:53.440 align:start position:0% out of the skin. Do you want to see what 00:02:53.440 --> 00:02:54.869 align:start position:0% out of the skin. Do you want to see what it<00:02:53.519> looks<00:02:53.680> like?<00:02:53.920> Too<00:02:54.080> bad.<00:02:54.400> This<00:02:54.560> later 00:02:54.869 --> 00:02:54.879 align:start position:0% it looks like? Too bad. This later 00:02:54.879 --> 00:02:57.509 align:start position:0% it looks like? Too bad. This later infection<00:02:55.680> is<00:02:56.000> more<00:02:56.400> dangerous<00:02:56.879> and<00:02:57.200> more 00:02:57.509 --> 00:02:57.519 align:start position:0% infection is more dangerous and more 00:02:57.519 --> 00:02:59.430 align:start position:0% infection is more dangerous and more painful.<00:02:58.239> If<00:02:58.400> it<00:02:58.560> happens<00:02:58.800> on<00:02:58.959> the<00:02:59.120> face, 00:02:59.430 --> 00:02:59.440 align:start position:0% painful. If it happens on the face, 00:02:59.440 --> 00:03:01.589 align:start position:0% painful. If it happens on the face, which<00:02:59.680> luckily<00:03:00.080> did<00:03:00.239> not<00:03:00.480> happen<00:03:00.720> to<00:03:00.879> me,<00:03:01.360> it 00:03:01.589 --> 00:03:01.599 align:start position:0% which luckily did not happen to me, it 00:03:01.599 --> 00:03:03.270 align:start position:0% which luckily did not happen to me, it can<00:03:01.760> threaten<00:03:02.080> your<00:03:02.319> vision.<00:03:02.720> It's<00:03:02.959> also 00:03:03.270 --> 00:03:03.280 align:start position:0% can threaten your vision. It's also 00:03:03.280 --> 00:03:05.110 align:start position:0% can threaten your vision. It's also extremely<00:03:03.680> painful,<00:03:04.080> and<00:03:04.319> it<00:03:04.560> can<00:03:04.720> sometimes 00:03:05.110 --> 00:03:05.120 align:start position:0% extremely painful, and it can sometimes 00:03:05.120 --> 00:03:07.110 align:start position:0% extremely painful, and it can sometimes lead<00:03:05.360> to<00:03:05.599> lifelong<00:03:06.159> nerve<00:03:06.560> pain,<00:03:06.879> though 00:03:07.110 --> 00:03:07.120 align:start position:0% lead to lifelong nerve pain, though 00:03:07.120 --> 00:03:09.830 align:start position:0% lead to lifelong nerve pain, though that's<00:03:07.360> unlikely<00:03:07.920> in<00:03:08.159> cases<00:03:08.640> like<00:03:08.879> mine<00:03:09.440> as<00:03:09.599> I 00:03:09.830 --> 00:03:09.840 align:start position:0% that's unlikely in cases like mine as I 00:03:09.840 --> 00:03:12.070 align:start position:0% that's unlikely in cases like mine as I am<00:03:10.000> fairly<00:03:10.400> young.<00:03:11.040> Fingers<00:03:11.440> crossed.<00:03:11.840> But 00:03:12.070 --> 00:03:12.080 align:start position:0% am fairly young. Fingers crossed. But 00:03:12.080 --> 00:03:13.830 align:start position:0% am fairly young. Fingers crossed. But the<00:03:12.239> thing<00:03:12.400> is,<00:03:12.879> if<00:03:13.040> you<00:03:13.200> were<00:03:13.360> born<00:03:13.519> in<00:03:13.680> the 00:03:13.830 --> 00:03:13.840 align:start position:0% the thing is, if you were born in the 00:03:13.840 --> 00:03:15.910 align:start position:0% the thing is, if you were born in the late<00:03:13.920> '9s<00:03:14.400> or<00:03:14.560> later,<00:03:14.959> you<00:03:15.200> probably<00:03:15.519> will<00:03:15.680> not 00:03:15.910 --> 00:03:15.920 align:start position:0% late '9s or later, you probably will not 00:03:15.920 --> 00:03:17.990 align:start position:0% late '9s or later, you probably will not have<00:03:16.080> to<00:03:16.239> deal<00:03:16.480> with<00:03:16.640> this<00:03:17.280> because<00:03:17.519> you<00:03:17.760> were 00:03:17.990 --> 00:03:18.000 align:start position:0% have to deal with this because you were 00:03:18.000 --> 00:03:20.309 align:start position:0% have to deal with this because you were probably<00:03:18.560> vaccinated<00:03:19.200> against<00:03:19.519> chickenpox. 00:03:20.309 --> 00:03:20.319 align:start position:0% probably vaccinated against chickenpox. 00:03:20.319 --> 00:03:22.070 align:start position:0% probably vaccinated against chickenpox. One<00:03:20.480> of<00:03:20.560> the<00:03:20.720> solices<00:03:21.200> I<00:03:21.440> have<00:03:21.599> been<00:03:21.760> taking 00:03:22.070 --> 00:03:22.080 align:start position:0% One of the solices I have been taking 00:03:22.080 --> 00:03:24.309 align:start position:0% One of the solices I have been taking from<00:03:22.400> my<00:03:22.560> very<00:03:22.800> painful<00:03:23.200> ordeal<00:03:23.680> is<00:03:23.920> that 00:03:24.309 --> 00:03:24.319 align:start position:0% from my very painful ordeal is that 00:03:24.319 --> 00:03:25.990 align:start position:0% from my very painful ordeal is that humans<00:03:24.720> looked<00:03:24.959> at<00:03:25.040> this<00:03:25.200> and<00:03:25.440> said,<00:03:25.599> "This 00:03:25.990 --> 00:03:26.000 align:start position:0% humans looked at this and said, "This 00:03:26.000 --> 00:03:27.670 align:start position:0% humans looked at this and said, "This does<00:03:26.159> not<00:03:26.319> have<00:03:26.480> to<00:03:26.640> be<00:03:26.879> normal."<00:03:27.280> They<00:03:27.519> did 00:03:27.670 --> 00:03:27.680 align:start position:0% does not have to be normal." They did 00:03:27.680 --> 00:03:29.430 align:start position:0% does not have to be normal." They did something<00:03:27.920> about<00:03:28.159> it,<00:03:28.480> and<00:03:28.720> now,<00:03:29.040> as<00:03:29.280> a 00:03:29.430 --> 00:03:29.440 align:start position:0% something about it, and now, as a 00:03:29.440 --> 00:03:31.910 align:start position:0% something about it, and now, as a middle-aged<00:03:30.080> man,<00:03:30.560> I'm<00:03:30.799> kind<00:03:30.959> of<00:03:31.040> a<00:03:31.280> relic. 00:03:31.910 --> 00:03:31.920 align:start position:0% middle-aged man, I'm kind of a relic. 00:03:31.920 --> 00:03:34.390 align:start position:0% middle-aged man, I'm kind of a relic. I'm<00:03:32.159> getting<00:03:32.400> a<00:03:32.640> disease<00:03:33.120> that<00:03:33.440> my<00:03:33.680> child<00:03:34.080> will 00:03:34.390 --> 00:03:34.400 align:start position:0% I'm getting a disease that my child will 00:03:34.400 --> 00:03:36.789 align:start position:0% I'm getting a disease that my child will almost<00:03:34.799> certainly<00:03:35.360> not<00:03:35.599> get.<00:03:36.080> But<00:03:36.319> how<00:03:36.480> come 00:03:36.789 --> 00:03:36.799 align:start position:0% almost certainly not get. But how come 00:03:36.799 --> 00:03:38.949 align:start position:0% almost certainly not get. But how come it<00:03:37.120> showed<00:03:37.360> up<00:03:37.519> in<00:03:37.760> time<00:03:38.000> for<00:03:38.239> him,<00:03:38.480> but<00:03:38.720> not 00:03:38.949 --> 00:03:38.959 align:start position:0% it showed up in time for him, but not 00:03:38.959 --> 00:03:41.030 align:start position:0% it showed up in time for him, but not for<00:03:39.120> me?<00:03:39.519> There's<00:03:39.840> reasons<00:03:40.319> and<00:03:40.560> I<00:03:40.799> want<00:03:40.879> to 00:03:41.030 --> 00:03:41.040 align:start position:0% for me? There's reasons and I want to 00:03:41.040 --> 00:03:43.030 align:start position:0% for me? There's reasons and I want to tell<00:03:41.120> you<00:03:41.360> about<00:03:41.519> them.<00:03:41.760> In<00:03:42.000> the<00:03:42.080> 1970s,<00:03:42.799> a 00:03:43.030 --> 00:03:43.040 align:start position:0% tell you about them. In the 1970s, a 00:03:43.040 --> 00:03:44.949 align:start position:0% tell you about them. In the 1970s, a scientist<00:03:43.360> named<00:03:43.599> Mitiyaki<00:03:44.239> Takahashi 00:03:44.949 --> 00:03:44.959 align:start position:0% scientist named Mitiyaki Takahashi 00:03:44.959 --> 00:03:47.110 align:start position:0% scientist named Mitiyaki Takahashi isolated<00:03:45.440> the<00:03:45.599> virus<00:03:45.840> from<00:03:46.000> a<00:03:46.239> child<00:03:46.720> and<00:03:46.879> then 00:03:47.110 --> 00:03:47.120 align:start position:0% isolated the virus from a child and then 00:03:47.120 --> 00:03:49.110 align:start position:0% isolated the virus from a child and then did<00:03:47.360> what<00:03:47.680> vaccine<00:03:48.080> scientists<00:03:48.640> often<00:03:48.959> do 00:03:49.110 --> 00:03:49.120 align:start position:0% did what vaccine scientists often do 00:03:49.120 --> 00:03:51.190 align:start position:0% did what vaccine scientists often do with<00:03:49.280> viruses<00:03:49.680> like<00:03:49.920> this.<00:03:50.400> He<00:03:50.560> weakened<00:03:51.040> it 00:03:51.190 --> 00:03:51.200 align:start position:0% with viruses like this. He weakened it 00:03:51.200 --> 00:03:53.190 align:start position:0% with viruses like this. He weakened it by<00:03:51.440> growing<00:03:51.760> it<00:03:51.920> over<00:03:52.159> and<00:03:52.400> over<00:03:52.560> again<00:03:52.879> under 00:03:53.190 --> 00:03:53.200 align:start position:0% by growing it over and over again under 00:03:53.200 --> 00:03:55.430 align:start position:0% by growing it over and over again under lab<00:03:53.519> conditions<00:03:53.920> in<00:03:54.159> weird<00:03:54.560> circumstances 00:03:55.430 --> 00:03:55.440 align:start position:0% lab conditions in weird circumstances 00:03:55.440 --> 00:03:57.350 align:start position:0% lab conditions in weird circumstances until<00:03:55.760> it<00:03:56.000> became<00:03:56.239> much<00:03:56.480> less<00:03:56.799> dangerous. 00:03:57.350 --> 00:03:57.360 align:start position:0% until it became much less dangerous. 00:03:57.360 --> 00:03:59.030 align:start position:0% until it became much less dangerous. That<00:03:57.599> weakened<00:03:58.080> version,<00:03:58.560> which<00:03:58.720> is<00:03:58.879> called 00:03:59.030 --> 00:03:59.040 align:start position:0% That weakened version, which is called 00:03:59.040 --> 00:04:01.350 align:start position:0% That weakened version, which is called the<00:03:59.280> Okcha<00:03:59.680> strain,<00:04:00.319> could<00:04:00.560> still<00:04:00.879> teach<00:04:01.120> the 00:04:01.350 --> 00:04:01.360 align:start position:0% the Okcha strain, could still teach the 00:04:01.360 --> 00:04:03.270 align:start position:0% the Okcha strain, could still teach the immune<00:04:01.599> system<00:04:01.920> what<00:04:02.159> the<00:04:02.319> Vericella<00:04:02.959> virus 00:04:03.270 --> 00:04:03.280 align:start position:0% immune system what the Vericella virus 00:04:03.280 --> 00:04:04.949 align:start position:0% immune system what the Vericella virus looked<00:04:03.519> like,<00:04:03.840> but<00:04:04.080> it<00:04:04.239> was<00:04:04.319> much<00:04:04.560> less<00:04:04.720> likely 00:04:04.949 --> 00:04:04.959 align:start position:0% looked like, but it was much less likely 00:04:04.959 --> 00:04:07.110 align:start position:0% looked like, but it was much less likely to<00:04:05.280> cause<00:04:05.519> the<00:04:05.760> full-blown<00:04:06.319> disease.<00:04:06.879> And 00:04:07.110 --> 00:04:07.120 align:start position:0% to cause the full-blown disease. And 00:04:07.120 --> 00:04:09.270 align:start position:0% to cause the full-blown disease. And this<00:04:07.280> is<00:04:07.439> the<00:04:07.599> core<00:04:07.920> trick<00:04:08.239> of<00:04:08.480> what<00:04:08.640> we<00:04:08.879> call<00:04:09.120> a 00:04:09.270 --> 00:04:09.280 align:start position:0% this is the core trick of what we call a 00:04:09.280 --> 00:04:11.429 align:start position:0% this is the core trick of what we call a live<00:04:09.599> attenuated<00:04:10.239> virus.<00:04:10.879> You<00:04:11.120> are<00:04:11.280> showing 00:04:11.429 --> 00:04:11.439 align:start position:0% live attenuated virus. You are showing 00:04:11.439 --> 00:04:12.949 align:start position:0% live attenuated virus. You are showing the<00:04:11.680> immune<00:04:11.920> system<00:04:12.159> the<00:04:12.319> enemy,<00:04:12.560> but<00:04:12.799> a 00:04:12.949 --> 00:04:12.959 align:start position:0% the immune system the enemy, but a 00:04:12.959 --> 00:04:14.789 align:start position:0% the immune system the enemy, but a version<00:04:13.280> that<00:04:13.519> cannot<00:04:13.840> do<00:04:14.080> nearly<00:04:14.400> as<00:04:14.640> much 00:04:14.789 --> 00:04:14.799 align:start position:0% version that cannot do nearly as much 00:04:14.799 --> 00:04:17.430 align:start position:0% version that cannot do nearly as much harm,<00:04:15.360> but<00:04:15.760> it<00:04:16.000> is<00:04:16.160> still<00:04:16.479> alive.<00:04:16.959> Doing<00:04:17.199> this 00:04:17.430 --> 00:04:17.440 align:start position:0% harm, but it is still alive. Doing this 00:04:17.440 --> 00:04:19.830 align:start position:0% harm, but it is still alive. Doing this with<00:04:17.600> the<00:04:17.759> chickenpox<00:04:18.400> virus<00:04:18.880> is<00:04:19.280> a<00:04:19.600> different 00:04:19.830 --> 00:04:19.840 align:start position:0% with the chickenpox virus is a different 00:04:19.840 --> 00:04:21.670 align:start position:0% with the chickenpox virus is a different challenge<00:04:20.320> than<00:04:20.560> with<00:04:20.720> most<00:04:21.040> viruses, 00:04:21.670 --> 00:04:21.680 align:start position:0% challenge than with most viruses, 00:04:21.680 --> 00:04:23.110 align:start position:0% challenge than with most viruses, though,<00:04:21.840> because<00:04:22.160> everyone<00:04:22.560> knows<00:04:22.880> that 00:04:23.110 --> 00:04:23.120 align:start position:0% though, because everyone knows that 00:04:23.120 --> 00:04:26.230 align:start position:0% though, because everyone knows that vericella<00:04:24.160> doesn't<00:04:24.479> just<00:04:24.720> infect<00:04:25.199> and<00:04:25.520> leave. 00:04:26.230 --> 00:04:26.240 align:start position:0% vericella doesn't just infect and leave. 00:04:26.240 --> 00:04:28.550 align:start position:0% vericella doesn't just infect and leave. It<00:04:26.479> stays<00:04:26.800> forever.<00:04:27.440> And<00:04:27.520> a<00:04:27.680> live<00:04:27.919> attenuated 00:04:28.550 --> 00:04:28.560 align:start position:0% It stays forever. And a live attenuated 00:04:28.560 --> 00:04:30.790 align:start position:0% It stays forever. And a live attenuated virus<00:04:28.960> would<00:04:29.280> also<00:04:29.759> stay<00:04:30.000> forever.<00:04:30.479> And<00:04:30.639> we 00:04:30.790 --> 00:04:30.800 align:start position:0% virus would also stay forever. And we 00:04:30.800 --> 00:04:32.070 align:start position:0% virus would also stay forever. And we didn't<00:04:31.040> know<00:04:31.199> what<00:04:31.440> that<00:04:31.680> was<00:04:31.759> going<00:04:31.840> to<00:04:32.000> mean 00:04:32.070 --> 00:04:32.080 align:start position:0% didn't know what that was going to mean 00:04:32.080 --> 00:04:33.909 align:start position:0% didn't know what that was going to mean for<00:04:32.240> the<00:04:32.400> long-term<00:04:32.800> epidemiology<00:04:33.600> of<00:04:33.759> the 00:04:33.909 --> 00:04:33.919 align:start position:0% for the long-term epidemiology of the 00:04:33.919 --> 00:04:35.830 align:start position:0% for the long-term epidemiology of the infection.<00:04:34.400> Would<00:04:34.720> the<00:04:34.880> attenuated<00:04:35.440> virus 00:04:35.830 --> 00:04:35.840 align:start position:0% infection. Would the attenuated virus 00:04:35.840 --> 00:04:38.070 align:start position:0% infection. Would the attenuated virus reemerge<00:04:36.479> as<00:04:36.800> shingles?<00:04:37.440> Would<00:04:37.680> it<00:04:37.840> change 00:04:38.070 --> 00:04:38.080 align:start position:0% reemerge as shingles? Would it change 00:04:38.080 --> 00:04:39.830 align:start position:0% reemerge as shingles? Would it change the<00:04:38.320> course<00:04:38.560> of<00:04:38.639> the<00:04:38.880> infection<00:04:39.280> in<00:04:39.600> some 00:04:39.830 --> 00:04:39.840 align:start position:0% the course of the infection in some 00:04:39.840 --> 00:04:41.270 align:start position:0% the course of the infection in some other<00:04:40.080> way<00:04:40.240> that<00:04:40.479> we<00:04:40.639> don't<00:04:40.800> understand? 00:04:41.270 --> 00:04:41.280 align:start position:0% other way that we don't understand? 00:04:41.280 --> 00:04:42.710 align:start position:0% other way that we don't understand? Well,<00:04:41.520> it's<00:04:41.680> one<00:04:41.840> thing<00:04:42.000> to<00:04:42.160> make<00:04:42.240> a<00:04:42.479> live 00:04:42.710 --> 00:04:42.720 align:start position:0% Well, it's one thing to make a live 00:04:42.720 --> 00:04:44.469 align:start position:0% Well, it's one thing to make a live attenuated<00:04:43.280> virus<00:04:43.600> vaccine<00:04:43.919> against<00:04:44.080> a<00:04:44.320> virus 00:04:44.469 --> 00:04:44.479 align:start position:0% attenuated virus vaccine against a virus 00:04:44.479 --> 00:04:46.070 align:start position:0% attenuated virus vaccine against a virus that<00:04:44.639> infects<00:04:45.040> you,<00:04:45.280> replicates,<00:04:45.840> and 00:04:46.070 --> 00:04:46.080 align:start position:0% that infects you, replicates, and 00:04:46.080 --> 00:04:48.390 align:start position:0% that infects you, replicates, and leaves.<00:04:46.800> It's<00:04:47.040> another<00:04:47.280> thing<00:04:47.680> to<00:04:47.919> make<00:04:48.080> one 00:04:48.390 --> 00:04:48.400 align:start position:0% leaves. It's another thing to make one 00:04:48.400 --> 00:04:50.070 align:start position:0% leaves. It's another thing to make one against<00:04:48.639> a<00:04:48.880> virus<00:04:49.120> that<00:04:49.360> can<00:04:49.520> disappear<00:04:49.840> into 00:04:50.070 --> 00:04:50.080 align:start position:0% against a virus that can disappear into 00:04:50.080 --> 00:04:51.670 align:start position:0% against a virus that can disappear into the<00:04:50.240> nervous<00:04:50.479> system<00:04:50.720> for<00:04:50.960> life.<00:04:51.280> Could<00:04:51.520> the 00:04:51.670 --> 00:04:51.680 align:start position:0% the nervous system for life. Could the 00:04:51.680 --> 00:04:54.150 align:start position:0% the nervous system for life. Could the weakened<00:04:52.160> virus<00:04:52.720> also<00:04:53.040> go<00:04:53.280> latent?<00:04:53.759> Could<00:04:53.919> it 00:04:54.150 --> 00:04:54.160 align:start position:0% weakened virus also go latent? Could it 00:04:54.160 --> 00:04:56.550 align:start position:0% weakened virus also go latent? Could it reactivate?<00:04:54.800> Would<00:04:55.120> immunity<00:04:55.680> last?<00:04:56.320> Would 00:04:56.550 --> 00:04:56.560 align:start position:0% reactivate? Would immunity last? Would 00:04:56.560 --> 00:04:58.390 align:start position:0% reactivate? Would immunity last? Would it<00:04:56.720> be<00:04:56.880> safer<00:04:57.280> than<00:04:57.440> the<00:04:57.680> natural<00:04:58.000> infection 00:04:58.390 --> 00:04:58.400 align:start position:0% it be safer than the natural infection 00:04:58.400 --> 00:04:59.830 align:start position:0% it be safer than the natural infection in<00:04:58.560> the<00:04:58.720> long<00:04:58.880> run?<00:04:59.040> Those<00:04:59.280> are<00:04:59.440> the<00:04:59.520> kinds<00:04:59.759> of 00:04:59.830 --> 00:04:59.840 align:start position:0% in the long run? Those are the kinds of 00:04:59.840 --> 00:05:01.350 align:start position:0% in the long run? Those are the kinds of questions<00:05:00.080> you<00:05:00.320> want<00:05:00.479> scientists<00:05:01.040> to<00:05:01.199> be 00:05:01.350 --> 00:05:01.360 align:start position:0% questions you want scientists to be 00:05:01.360 --> 00:05:02.950 align:start position:0% questions you want scientists to be asking<00:05:01.759> and<00:05:02.000> they<00:05:02.240> were<00:05:02.320> the<00:05:02.479> questions<00:05:02.800> that 00:05:02.950 --> 00:05:02.960 align:start position:0% asking and they were the questions that 00:05:02.960 --> 00:05:05.590 align:start position:0% asking and they were the questions that were<00:05:03.199> being<00:05:03.440> asked<00:05:03.840> as<00:05:04.160> I<00:05:04.479> was<00:05:04.639> being<00:05:04.960> born.<00:05:05.440> So 00:05:05.590 --> 00:05:05.600 align:start position:0% were being asked as I was being born. So 00:05:05.600 --> 00:05:07.510 align:start position:0% were being asked as I was being born. So once<00:05:05.840> the<00:05:06.000> vaccine<00:05:06.320> existed,<00:05:06.880> it<00:05:07.039> still<00:05:07.199> took 00:05:07.510 --> 00:05:07.520 align:start position:0% once the vaccine existed, it still took 00:05:07.520 --> 00:05:09.590 align:start position:0% once the vaccine existed, it still took time<00:05:07.680> to<00:05:07.919> understand<00:05:08.720> what<00:05:08.960> the<00:05:09.120> full<00:05:09.360> course 00:05:09.590 --> 00:05:09.600 align:start position:0% time to understand what the full course 00:05:09.600 --> 00:05:11.510 align:start position:0% time to understand what the full course of<00:05:09.759> the<00:05:10.000> vaccine's<00:05:10.479> impacts<00:05:10.880> would<00:05:11.120> be.<00:05:11.360> But 00:05:11.510 --> 00:05:11.520 align:start position:0% of the vaccine's impacts would be. But 00:05:11.520 --> 00:05:13.510 align:start position:0% of the vaccine's impacts would be. But given<00:05:11.840> enough<00:05:12.160> follow-up<00:05:12.560> time,<00:05:13.039> scientists 00:05:13.510 --> 00:05:13.520 align:start position:0% given enough follow-up time, scientists 00:05:13.520 --> 00:05:15.270 align:start position:0% given enough follow-up time, scientists found<00:05:13.759> that<00:05:13.919> the<00:05:14.000> live<00:05:14.240> attenuated<00:05:14.720> vicella 00:05:15.270 --> 00:05:15.280 align:start position:0% found that the live attenuated vicella 00:05:15.280 --> 00:05:17.110 align:start position:0% found that the live attenuated vicella vaccine<00:05:15.680> did<00:05:15.919> not<00:05:16.080> just<00:05:16.320> prevent<00:05:16.639> a<00:05:16.880> lot<00:05:16.960> of 00:05:17.110 --> 00:05:17.120 align:start position:0% vaccine did not just prevent a lot of 00:05:17.120 --> 00:05:19.430 align:start position:0% vaccine did not just prevent a lot of chickenpox,<00:05:18.000> it<00:05:18.240> also<00:05:18.479> left<00:05:18.800> kids<00:05:19.039> with<00:05:19.199> a 00:05:19.430 --> 00:05:19.440 align:start position:0% chickenpox, it also left kids with a 00:05:19.440 --> 00:05:21.350 align:start position:0% chickenpox, it also left kids with a much<00:05:19.600> lower<00:05:19.919> risk<00:05:20.080> of<00:05:20.240> shingles<00:05:20.800> later<00:05:21.039> on. 00:05:21.350 --> 00:05:21.360 align:start position:0% much lower risk of shingles later on. 00:05:21.360 --> 00:05:23.510 align:start position:0% much lower risk of shingles later on. The<00:05:21.520> disease<00:05:22.160> got<00:05:22.479> better<00:05:22.720> at<00:05:23.039> basically 00:05:23.510 --> 00:05:23.520 align:start position:0% The disease got better at basically 00:05:23.520 --> 00:05:25.270 align:start position:0% The disease got better at basically every<00:05:23.759> point<00:05:24.000> we<00:05:24.240> care<00:05:24.479> about.<00:05:24.960> fewer 00:05:25.270 --> 00:05:25.280 align:start position:0% every point we care about. fewer 00:05:25.280 --> 00:05:27.670 align:start position:0% every point we care about. fewer infections,<00:05:26.160> milder<00:05:26.720> illness,<00:05:27.199> and<00:05:27.440> less 00:05:27.670 --> 00:05:27.680 align:start position:0% infections, milder illness, and less 00:05:27.680 --> 00:05:29.590 align:start position:0% infections, milder illness, and less reactivation<00:05:28.320> down<00:05:28.560> the<00:05:28.720> road.<00:05:29.039> There<00:05:29.199> was<00:05:29.360> no 00:05:29.590 --> 00:05:29.600 align:start position:0% reactivation down the road. There was no 00:05:29.600 --> 00:05:31.510 align:start position:0% reactivation down the road. There was no way<00:05:29.680> to<00:05:29.919> get<00:05:30.000> that<00:05:30.320> information<00:05:30.960> except<00:05:31.280> for 00:05:31.510 --> 00:05:31.520 align:start position:0% way to get that information except for 00:05:31.520 --> 00:05:33.189 align:start position:0% way to get that information except for watching<00:05:31.840> a<00:05:32.080> vaccinated<00:05:32.639> group<00:05:32.800> and<00:05:33.039> an 00:05:33.189 --> 00:05:33.199 align:start position:0% watching a vaccinated group and an 00:05:33.199 --> 00:05:35.430 align:start position:0% watching a vaccinated group and an unvaccinated<00:05:34.000> group<00:05:34.240> grow<00:05:34.479> up<00:05:34.720> together.<00:05:35.199> But 00:05:35.430 --> 00:05:35.440 align:start position:0% unvaccinated group grow up together. But 00:05:35.440 --> 00:05:37.110 align:start position:0% unvaccinated group grow up together. But that<00:05:35.680> wasn't<00:05:36.000> the<00:05:36.160> end<00:05:36.240> of<00:05:36.320> the<00:05:36.479> story.<00:05:36.800> By 00:05:37.110 --> 00:05:37.120 align:start position:0% that wasn't the end of the story. By 00:05:37.120 --> 00:05:40.230 align:start position:0% that wasn't the end of the story. By 1988,<00:05:37.840> when<00:05:38.000> I<00:05:38.160> got<00:05:38.320> chickenpox,<00:05:39.280> we<00:05:39.680> probably 00:05:40.230 --> 00:05:40.240 align:start position:0% 1988, when I got chickenpox, we probably 00:05:40.240 --> 00:05:42.550 align:start position:0% 1988, when I got chickenpox, we probably knew<00:05:40.560> enough<00:05:41.280> that<00:05:41.520> we<00:05:41.840> should<00:05:42.000> have<00:05:42.240> started 00:05:42.550 --> 00:05:42.560 align:start position:0% knew enough that we should have started 00:05:42.560 --> 00:05:45.510 align:start position:0% knew enough that we should have started giving<00:05:42.960> kids<00:05:43.520> this<00:05:43.840> vaccine,<00:05:44.720> but<00:05:44.960> we<00:05:45.120> did<00:05:45.360> not 00:05:45.510 --> 00:05:45.520 align:start position:0% giving kids this vaccine, but we did not 00:05:45.520 --> 00:05:48.150 align:start position:0% giving kids this vaccine, but we did not do<00:05:45.759> it<00:05:45.919> until<00:05:46.400> like<00:05:46.720> 10<00:05:46.960> years<00:05:47.280> later.<00:05:47.759> And<00:05:47.919> the 00:05:48.150 --> 00:05:48.160 align:start position:0% do it until like 10 years later. And the 00:05:48.160 --> 00:05:50.390 align:start position:0% do it until like 10 years later. And the reason<00:05:48.560> is<00:05:48.800> that<00:05:48.960> we<00:05:49.120> had<00:05:49.280> a<00:05:49.440> new<00:05:49.680> question, 00:05:50.390 --> 00:05:50.400 align:start position:0% reason is that we had a new question, 00:05:50.400 --> 00:05:52.390 align:start position:0% reason is that we had a new question, which<00:05:50.560> is<00:05:50.720> that<00:05:51.039> should<00:05:51.280> we<00:05:51.520> be<00:05:51.759> vaccinating 00:05:52.390 --> 00:05:52.400 align:start position:0% which is that should we be vaccinating 00:05:52.400 --> 00:05:54.629 align:start position:0% which is that should we be vaccinating against<00:05:52.800> chickenpox<00:05:53.440> at<00:05:53.600> all?<00:05:54.000> Because<00:05:54.240> for<00:05:54.400> a 00:05:54.629 --> 00:05:54.639 align:start position:0% against chickenpox at all? Because for a 00:05:54.639 --> 00:05:56.710 align:start position:0% against chickenpox at all? Because for a long<00:05:54.800> time<00:05:55.280> the<00:05:55.520> answer<00:05:55.759> from<00:05:56.000> society<00:05:56.479> was 00:05:56.710 --> 00:05:56.720 align:start position:0% long time the answer from society was 00:05:56.720 --> 00:05:58.629 align:start position:0% long time the answer from society was like<00:05:57.120> I<00:05:57.280> don't<00:05:57.440> know<00:05:57.919> probably<00:05:58.240> not. 00:05:58.629 --> 00:05:58.639 align:start position:0% like I don't know probably not. 00:05:58.639 --> 00:06:01.029 align:start position:0% like I don't know probably not. Chickenpox<00:05:59.360> was<00:05:59.680> very<00:06:00.160> normal.<00:06:00.639> Almost 00:06:01.029 --> 00:06:01.039 align:start position:0% Chickenpox was very normal. Almost 00:06:01.039 --> 00:06:03.430 align:start position:0% Chickenpox was very normal. Almost everyone<00:06:01.520> got<00:06:01.680> it.<00:06:02.000> Most<00:06:02.320> people<00:06:02.639> were<00:06:02.880> fine. 00:06:03.430 --> 00:06:03.440 align:start position:0% everyone got it. Most people were fine. 00:06:03.440 --> 00:06:05.909 align:start position:0% everyone got it. Most people were fine. Yes,<00:06:03.919> millions<00:06:04.319> of<00:06:04.479> cases<00:06:04.880> a<00:06:05.120> year<00:06:05.199> in<00:06:05.440> the<00:06:05.600> US 00:06:05.909 --> 00:06:05.919 align:start position:0% Yes, millions of cases a year in the US 00:06:05.919 --> 00:06:07.110 align:start position:0% Yes, millions of cases a year in the US meant<00:06:06.240> tens<00:06:06.479> of<00:06:06.639> thousands<00:06:06.960> of 00:06:07.110 --> 00:06:07.120 align:start position:0% meant tens of thousands of 00:06:07.120 --> 00:06:09.029 align:start position:0% meant tens of thousands of hospitalizations<00:06:08.080> and<00:06:08.319> around<00:06:08.639> a<00:06:08.720> hundred 00:06:09.029 --> 00:06:09.039 align:start position:0% hospitalizations and around a hundred 00:06:09.039 --> 00:06:10.790 align:start position:0% hospitalizations and around a hundred deaths<00:06:09.360> before<00:06:09.680> the<00:06:09.840> vaccine.<00:06:10.319> But<00:06:10.479> because 00:06:10.790 --> 00:06:10.800 align:start position:0% deaths before the vaccine. But because 00:06:10.800 --> 00:06:13.350 align:start position:0% deaths before the vaccine. But because each<00:06:11.120> individual<00:06:11.680> case<00:06:12.000> was<00:06:12.319> nearly<00:06:12.880> always 00:06:13.350 --> 00:06:13.360 align:start position:0% each individual case was nearly always 00:06:13.360 --> 00:06:15.350 align:start position:0% each individual case was nearly always resolved<00:06:13.840> without<00:06:14.160> complications,<00:06:14.960> it<00:06:15.199> was 00:06:15.350 --> 00:06:15.360 align:start position:0% resolved without complications, it was 00:06:15.360 --> 00:06:17.909 align:start position:0% resolved without complications, it was treated<00:06:16.000> as<00:06:16.240> like<00:06:16.479> just<00:06:16.720> a<00:06:17.039> routine<00:06:17.600> little 00:06:17.909 --> 00:06:17.919 align:start position:0% treated as like just a routine little 00:06:17.919 --> 00:06:19.909 align:start position:0% treated as like just a routine little misery<00:06:18.639> like<00:06:18.880> getting<00:06:19.120> the<00:06:19.280> pukes<00:06:19.680> or 00:06:19.909 --> 00:06:19.919 align:start position:0% misery like getting the pukes or 00:06:19.919 --> 00:06:22.230 align:start position:0% misery like getting the pukes or scraping<00:06:20.400> your<00:06:20.560> knee<00:06:20.960> or<00:06:21.360> lice.<00:06:21.840> And<00:06:22.080> that 00:06:22.230 --> 00:06:22.240 align:start position:0% scraping your knee or lice. And that 00:06:22.240 --> 00:06:23.990 align:start position:0% scraping your knee or lice. And that meant<00:06:22.400> that<00:06:22.560> the<00:06:22.720> vaccine<00:06:23.280> didn't<00:06:23.600> have<00:06:23.840> like 00:06:23.990 --> 00:06:24.000 align:start position:0% meant that the vaccine didn't have like 00:06:24.000 --> 00:06:25.670 align:start position:0% meant that the vaccine didn't have like the<00:06:24.240> same<00:06:24.400> kind<00:06:24.560> of<00:06:24.880> urgency<00:06:25.280> that<00:06:25.520> the 00:06:25.670 --> 00:06:25.680 align:start position:0% the same kind of urgency that the 00:06:25.680 --> 00:06:28.070 align:start position:0% the same kind of urgency that the measles<00:06:26.160> vaccine<00:06:26.560> had<00:06:26.720> had.<00:06:27.199> Measles<00:06:27.840> was 00:06:28.070 --> 00:06:28.080 align:start position:0% measles vaccine had had. Measles was 00:06:28.080 --> 00:06:30.309 align:start position:0% measles vaccine had had. Measles was terrifying<00:06:28.560> in<00:06:28.720> a<00:06:28.800> way<00:06:29.039> chickenpox<00:06:29.919> never 00:06:30.309 --> 00:06:30.319 align:start position:0% terrifying in a way chickenpox never 00:06:30.319 --> 00:06:32.150 align:start position:0% terrifying in a way chickenpox never could<00:06:30.639> imagine<00:06:31.120> being.<00:06:31.440> Measles<00:06:31.840> is<00:06:32.000> much 00:06:32.150 --> 00:06:32.160 align:start position:0% could imagine being. Measles is much 00:06:32.160 --> 00:06:33.350 align:start position:0% could imagine being. Measles is much more<00:06:32.319> severe,<00:06:32.639> much<00:06:32.800> more<00:06:32.960> likely<00:06:33.199> to 00:06:33.350 --> 00:06:33.360 align:start position:0% more severe, much more likely to 00:06:33.360 --> 00:06:34.950 align:start position:0% more severe, much more likely to hospitalize,<00:06:33.919> more<00:06:34.080> likely<00:06:34.319> to<00:06:34.479> kill,<00:06:34.800> more 00:06:34.950 --> 00:06:34.960 align:start position:0% hospitalize, more likely to kill, more 00:06:34.960 --> 00:06:37.029 align:start position:0% hospitalize, more likely to kill, more likely<00:06:35.199> to<00:06:35.360> have<00:06:35.520> serious<00:06:35.919> complications.<00:06:36.800> So 00:06:37.029 --> 00:06:37.039 align:start position:0% likely to have serious complications. So 00:06:37.039 --> 00:06:39.189 align:start position:0% likely to have serious complications. So one<00:06:37.280> reason<00:06:37.440> it<00:06:37.759> took<00:06:38.000> so<00:06:38.240> long<00:06:38.720> is<00:06:38.960> that 00:06:39.189 --> 00:06:39.199 align:start position:0% one reason it took so long is that 00:06:39.199 --> 00:06:41.350 align:start position:0% one reason it took so long is that scientists<00:06:39.680> had<00:06:39.919> to<00:06:40.080> solve<00:06:40.240> a<00:06:40.400> hard<00:06:40.639> problem. 00:06:41.350 --> 00:06:41.360 align:start position:0% scientists had to solve a hard problem. 00:06:41.360 --> 00:06:43.270 align:start position:0% scientists had to solve a hard problem. But<00:06:41.520> another<00:06:41.919> reason<00:06:42.400> is<00:06:42.639> that<00:06:42.800> once<00:06:43.039> they 00:06:43.270 --> 00:06:43.280 align:start position:0% But another reason is that once they 00:06:43.280 --> 00:06:45.909 align:start position:0% But another reason is that once they solved<00:06:43.600> it,<00:06:44.160> society<00:06:44.800> had<00:06:45.039> to<00:06:45.280> decide<00:06:45.600> whether 00:06:45.909 --> 00:06:45.919 align:start position:0% solved it, society had to decide whether 00:06:45.919 --> 00:06:47.909 align:start position:0% solved it, society had to decide whether the<00:06:46.240> problem<00:06:46.560> was<00:06:46.800> worth<00:06:47.120> solving.<00:06:47.600> And<00:06:47.759> this 00:06:47.909 --> 00:06:47.919 align:start position:0% the problem was worth solving. And this 00:06:47.919 --> 00:06:49.510 align:start position:0% the problem was worth solving. And this is<00:06:48.000> a<00:06:48.160> weird<00:06:48.319> thing<00:06:48.479> about<00:06:48.720> vaccines<00:06:49.199> and 00:06:49.510 --> 00:06:49.520 align:start position:0% is a weird thing about vaccines and 00:06:49.520 --> 00:06:51.270 align:start position:0% is a weird thing about vaccines and other<00:06:49.680> public<00:06:49.919> health<00:06:50.160> interventions.<00:06:50.960> They 00:06:51.270 --> 00:06:51.280 align:start position:0% other public health interventions. They 00:06:51.280 --> 00:06:53.430 align:start position:0% other public health interventions. They don't<00:06:51.520> just<00:06:51.840> prevent<00:06:52.319> suffering.<00:06:53.120> They 00:06:53.430 --> 00:06:53.440 align:start position:0% don't just prevent suffering. They 00:06:53.440 --> 00:06:55.430 align:start position:0% don't just prevent suffering. They change<00:06:53.759> what<00:06:54.000> kinds<00:06:54.319> of<00:06:54.479> suffering<00:06:55.039> we 00:06:55.430 --> 00:06:55.440 align:start position:0% change what kinds of suffering we 00:06:55.440 --> 00:06:57.670 align:start position:0% change what kinds of suffering we consider<00:06:56.080> acceptable.<00:06:56.800> They<00:06:57.039> take<00:06:57.120> a<00:06:57.360> thing 00:06:57.670 --> 00:06:57.680 align:start position:0% consider acceptable. They take a thing 00:06:57.680 --> 00:06:59.670 align:start position:0% consider acceptable. They take a thing that<00:06:57.919> generations<00:06:58.479> of<00:06:58.720> people<00:06:59.039> shrugged<00:06:59.440> at 00:06:59.670 --> 00:06:59.680 align:start position:0% that generations of people shrugged at 00:06:59.680 --> 00:07:02.390 align:start position:0% that generations of people shrugged at and<00:06:59.919> say,<00:07:00.160> "Uh,<00:07:00.720> actually,<00:07:01.199> no.<00:07:01.919> Children 00:07:02.390 --> 00:07:02.400 align:start position:0% and say, "Uh, actually, no. Children 00:07:02.400 --> 00:07:04.390 align:start position:0% and say, "Uh, actually, no. Children don't<00:07:02.720> need<00:07:02.880> to<00:07:03.039> go<00:07:03.280> through<00:07:03.440> this<00:07:04.000> and 00:07:04.390 --> 00:07:04.400 align:start position:0% don't need to go through this and 00:07:04.400 --> 00:07:07.589 align:start position:0% don't need to go through this and 45year-old<00:07:05.599> sideshow<00:07:06.160> hosts<00:07:06.880> don't<00:07:07.199> need<00:07:07.360> to 00:07:07.589 --> 00:07:07.599 align:start position:0% 45year-old sideshow hosts don't need to 00:07:07.599 --> 00:07:09.510 align:start position:0% 45year-old sideshow hosts don't need to have<00:07:07.840> this<00:07:08.319> happening<00:07:08.639> on<00:07:08.880> their<00:07:09.039> back."<00:07:09.360> And 00:07:09.510 --> 00:07:09.520 align:start position:0% have this happening on their back." And 00:07:09.520 --> 00:07:11.029 align:start position:0% have this happening on their back." And that's<00:07:09.680> what<00:07:09.840> happened<00:07:10.000> with<00:07:10.160> chickenpox.<00:07:10.880> We 00:07:11.029 --> 00:07:11.039 align:start position:0% that's what happened with chickenpox. We 00:07:11.039 --> 00:07:12.550 align:start position:0% that's what happened with chickenpox. We had<00:07:11.120> the<00:07:11.280> science<00:07:11.680> and<00:07:11.919> then<00:07:12.080> we<00:07:12.240> had<00:07:12.319> the 00:07:12.550 --> 00:07:12.560 align:start position:0% had the science and then we had the 00:07:12.560 --> 00:07:13.909 align:start position:0% had the science and then we had the caution<00:07:12.880> and<00:07:13.120> all<00:07:13.199> the<00:07:13.360> science<00:07:13.599> that<00:07:13.759> came 00:07:13.909 --> 00:07:13.919 align:start position:0% caution and all the science that came 00:07:13.919 --> 00:07:15.029 align:start position:0% caution and all the science that came along<00:07:14.080> with<00:07:14.240> the<00:07:14.400> caution.<00:07:14.639> And<00:07:14.800> then 00:07:15.029 --> 00:07:15.039 align:start position:0% along with the caution. And then 00:07:15.039 --> 00:07:17.909 align:start position:0% along with the caution. And then eventually<00:07:15.840> we<00:07:16.080> had<00:07:16.240> the<00:07:16.479> social<00:07:16.800> realization 00:07:17.909 --> 00:07:17.919 align:start position:0% eventually we had the social realization 00:07:17.919 --> 00:07:19.830 align:start position:0% eventually we had the social realization that<00:07:18.240> just<00:07:18.479> because<00:07:18.639> a<00:07:18.880> misery<00:07:19.280> is<00:07:19.440> common 00:07:19.830 --> 00:07:19.840 align:start position:0% that just because a misery is common 00:07:19.840 --> 00:07:21.189 align:start position:0% that just because a misery is common doesn't<00:07:20.080> mean<00:07:20.240> we<00:07:20.479> shouldn't<00:07:20.800> do<00:07:20.960> anything 00:07:21.189 --> 00:07:21.199 align:start position:0% doesn't mean we shouldn't do anything 00:07:21.199 --> 00:07:23.029 align:start position:0% doesn't mean we shouldn't do anything about<00:07:21.440> it.<00:07:21.759> And<00:07:21.919> this<00:07:22.080> might<00:07:22.319> also<00:07:22.560> explain 00:07:23.029 --> 00:07:23.039 align:start position:0% about it. And this might also explain 00:07:23.039 --> 00:07:25.029 align:start position:0% about it. And this might also explain something<00:07:23.360> else<00:07:23.840> which<00:07:24.000> is<00:07:24.160> why<00:07:24.479> people<00:07:24.800> are 00:07:25.029 --> 00:07:25.039 align:start position:0% something else which is why people are 00:07:25.039 --> 00:07:27.990 align:start position:0% something else which is why people are often<00:07:25.840> more<00:07:26.080> afraid<00:07:26.400> of<00:07:26.479> the<00:07:26.720> measles<00:07:27.280> vaccine 00:07:27.990 --> 00:07:28.000 align:start position:0% often more afraid of the measles vaccine 00:07:28.000 --> 00:07:29.990 align:start position:0% often more afraid of the measles vaccine than<00:07:28.240> the<00:07:28.400> chickenpox<00:07:29.120> vaccine.<00:07:29.599> Even<00:07:29.759> though 00:07:29.990 --> 00:07:30.000 align:start position:0% than the chickenpox vaccine. Even though 00:07:30.000 --> 00:07:31.990 align:start position:0% than the chickenpox vaccine. Even though measles<00:07:30.479> is<00:07:30.720> by<00:07:30.960> far<00:07:31.120> the<00:07:31.360> more<00:07:31.599> dangerous 00:07:31.990 --> 00:07:32.000 align:start position:0% measles is by far the more dangerous 00:07:32.000 --> 00:07:33.990 align:start position:0% measles is by far the more dangerous disease.<00:07:32.560> Now<00:07:32.800> part<00:07:32.960> of<00:07:33.039> this<00:07:33.280> is<00:07:33.520> historical 00:07:33.990 --> 00:07:34.000 align:start position:0% disease. Now part of this is historical 00:07:34.000 --> 00:07:36.230 align:start position:0% disease. Now part of this is historical bad<00:07:34.319> luck<00:07:34.560> and<00:07:34.800> misinformation.<00:07:35.680> The<00:07:35.759> measles 00:07:36.230 --> 00:07:36.240 align:start position:0% bad luck and misinformation. The measles 00:07:36.240 --> 00:07:38.070 align:start position:0% bad luck and misinformation. The measles vaccine<00:07:36.800> got<00:07:37.039> caught<00:07:37.280> up<00:07:37.360> in<00:07:37.599> one<00:07:37.680> of<00:07:37.759> the<00:07:37.919> most 00:07:38.070 --> 00:07:38.080 align:start position:0% vaccine got caught up in one of the most 00:07:38.080 --> 00:07:40.550 align:start position:0% vaccine got caught up in one of the most damaging<00:07:38.639> pieces<00:07:38.960> of<00:07:39.280> medical<00:07:39.759> fraud<00:07:40.240> in 00:07:40.550 --> 00:07:40.560 align:start position:0% damaging pieces of medical fraud in 00:07:40.560 --> 00:07:43.029 align:start position:0% damaging pieces of medical fraud in modern<00:07:40.960> history.<00:07:41.680> And<00:07:41.840> the<00:07:42.080> effects<00:07:42.479> of<00:07:42.720> that 00:07:43.029 --> 00:07:43.039 align:start position:0% modern history. And the effects of that 00:07:43.039 --> 00:07:45.189 align:start position:0% modern history. And the effects of that lie<00:07:43.520> are<00:07:43.840> very<00:07:44.160> much<00:07:44.319> still<00:07:44.639> with<00:07:44.800> us.<00:07:45.120> But 00:07:45.189 --> 00:07:45.199 align:start position:0% lie are very much still with us. But 00:07:45.199 --> 00:07:46.950 align:start position:0% lie are very much still with us. But there's<00:07:45.440> also<00:07:45.680> like<00:07:45.840> a<00:07:46.080> human<00:07:46.319> thing<00:07:46.560> here. 00:07:46.950 --> 00:07:46.960 align:start position:0% there's also like a human thing here. 00:07:46.960 --> 00:07:50.150 align:start position:0% there's also like a human thing here. People<00:07:47.280> are<00:07:47.919> not<00:07:48.479> great<00:07:48.800> at<00:07:49.120> risk<00:07:49.520> assessment. 00:07:50.150 --> 00:07:50.160 align:start position:0% People are not great at risk assessment. 00:07:50.160 --> 00:07:52.950 align:start position:0% People are not great at risk assessment. And<00:07:50.319> measles<00:07:51.039> is<00:07:51.360> just<00:07:51.599> much<00:07:51.840> more<00:07:52.080> forgotten 00:07:52.950 --> 00:07:52.960 align:start position:0% And measles is just much more forgotten 00:07:52.960 --> 00:07:54.710 align:start position:0% And measles is just much more forgotten than<00:07:53.199> chickenpox<00:07:53.840> is.<00:07:54.080> And<00:07:54.240> look,<00:07:54.479> I<00:07:54.639> don't 00:07:54.710 --> 00:07:54.720 align:start position:0% than chickenpox is. And look, I don't 00:07:54.720 --> 00:07:56.550 align:start position:0% than chickenpox is. And look, I don't have<00:07:54.879> good<00:07:55.039> data<00:07:55.360> to<00:07:55.599> back<00:07:55.840> this<00:07:56.000> up.<00:07:56.240> So<00:07:56.479> this 00:07:56.550 --> 00:07:56.560 align:start position:0% have good data to back this up. So this 00:07:56.560 --> 00:07:57.909 align:start position:0% have good data to back this up. So this is<00:07:56.720> not<00:07:56.879> something<00:07:56.960> that<00:07:57.199> we<00:07:57.360> would<00:07:57.440> say<00:07:57.599> in<00:07:57.759> a 00:07:57.909 --> 00:07:57.919 align:start position:0% is not something that we would say in a 00:07:57.919 --> 00:07:59.270 align:start position:0% is not something that we would say in a typical<00:07:58.160> sideshow<00:07:58.639> video,<00:07:58.800> but<00:07:58.960> this<00:07:59.120> is<00:07:59.199> not 00:07:59.270 --> 00:07:59.280 align:start position:0% typical sideshow video, but this is not 00:07:59.280 --> 00:08:01.189 align:start position:0% typical sideshow video, but this is not a<00:07:59.440> typical<00:07:59.680> sizehow<00:08:00.160> video.<00:08:00.639> But<00:08:00.800> I<00:08:01.039> think 00:08:01.189 --> 00:08:01.199 align:start position:0% a typical sizehow video. But I think 00:08:01.199 --> 00:08:03.430 align:start position:0% a typical sizehow video. But I think people<00:08:01.599> remember<00:08:02.000> chickenpox<00:08:02.960> and<00:08:03.120> I<00:08:03.360> think 00:08:03.430 --> 00:08:03.440 align:start position:0% people remember chickenpox and I think 00:08:03.440 --> 00:08:05.110 align:start position:0% people remember chickenpox and I think they<00:08:03.680> don't<00:08:03.919> remember<00:08:04.240> measles.<00:08:04.800> Even<00:08:05.039> though 00:08:05.110 --> 00:08:05.120 align:start position:0% they don't remember measles. Even though 00:08:05.120 --> 00:08:06.869 align:start position:0% they don't remember measles. Even though chickenpox<00:08:05.759> is<00:08:05.840> a<00:08:06.080> much<00:08:06.240> less<00:08:06.479> dangerous 00:08:06.869 --> 00:08:06.879 align:start position:0% chickenpox is a much less dangerous 00:08:06.879 --> 00:08:09.110 align:start position:0% chickenpox is a much less dangerous disease,<00:08:07.599> chickenpox<00:08:08.240> feels<00:08:08.560> like<00:08:08.800> more 00:08:09.110 --> 00:08:09.120 align:start position:0% disease, chickenpox feels like more 00:08:09.120 --> 00:08:11.589 align:start position:0% disease, chickenpox feels like more immediate<00:08:09.680> and<00:08:09.919> real.<00:08:10.479> While<00:08:10.639> measles<00:08:11.199> feels 00:08:11.589 --> 00:08:11.599 align:start position:0% immediate and real. While measles feels 00:08:11.599 --> 00:08:13.749 align:start position:0% immediate and real. While measles feels almost<00:08:12.000> old<00:08:12.400> timey,<00:08:12.879> parents<00:08:13.280> born<00:08:13.520> before 00:08:13.749 --> 00:08:13.759 align:start position:0% almost old timey, parents born before 00:08:13.759 --> 00:08:15.990 align:start position:0% almost old timey, parents born before the<00:08:13.919> mid<00:08:14.000> '9s<00:08:14.720> almost<00:08:15.120> certainly<00:08:15.680> remember 00:08:15.990 --> 00:08:16.000 align:start position:0% the mid '9s almost certainly remember 00:08:16.000 --> 00:08:17.830 align:start position:0% the mid '9s almost certainly remember the<00:08:16.240> unpleasantness<00:08:16.879> of<00:08:17.039> chickenpox.<00:08:17.759> And 00:08:17.830 --> 00:08:17.840 align:start position:0% the unpleasantness of chickenpox. And 00:08:17.840 --> 00:08:19.110 align:start position:0% the unpleasantness of chickenpox. And they<00:08:18.000> might<00:08:18.160> also<00:08:18.400> have<00:08:18.639> recently 00:08:19.110 --> 00:08:19.120 align:start position:0% they might also have recently 00:08:19.120 --> 00:08:20.950 align:start position:0% they might also have recently experienced<00:08:19.680> the<00:08:19.840> pain<00:08:20.000> of<00:08:20.160> shingles.<00:08:20.720> My 00:08:20.950 --> 00:08:20.960 align:start position:0% experienced the pain of shingles. My 00:08:20.960 --> 00:08:22.309 align:start position:0% experienced the pain of shingles. My wife<00:08:21.120> got<00:08:21.280> shingles<00:08:21.759> while<00:08:21.919> she<00:08:22.160> was 00:08:22.309 --> 00:08:22.319 align:start position:0% wife got shingles while she was 00:08:22.319 --> 00:08:23.909 align:start position:0% wife got shingles while she was pregnant,<00:08:22.639> but<00:08:22.800> they<00:08:23.039> almost<00:08:23.360> certainly<00:08:23.759> do 00:08:23.909 --> 00:08:23.919 align:start position:0% pregnant, but they almost certainly do 00:08:23.919 --> 00:08:25.270 align:start position:0% pregnant, but they almost certainly do not<00:08:24.080> remember<00:08:24.400> what<00:08:24.560> it<00:08:24.720> was<00:08:24.800> like<00:08:24.960> to<00:08:25.120> get 00:08:25.270 --> 00:08:25.280 align:start position:0% not remember what it was like to get 00:08:25.280 --> 00:08:27.110 align:start position:0% not remember what it was like to get measles.<00:08:25.919> And<00:08:26.160> this<00:08:26.400> is<00:08:26.560> one<00:08:26.720> of<00:08:26.800> the<00:08:26.879> great 00:08:27.110 --> 00:08:27.120 align:start position:0% measles. And this is one of the great 00:08:27.120 --> 00:08:28.950 align:start position:0% measles. And this is one of the great tragedies<00:08:27.599> of<00:08:27.840> successful<00:08:28.319> public<00:08:28.639> health. 00:08:28.950 --> 00:08:28.960 align:start position:0% tragedies of successful public health. 00:08:28.960 --> 00:08:30.550 align:start position:0% tragedies of successful public health. When<00:08:29.199> you<00:08:29.280> do<00:08:29.440> your<00:08:29.599> job<00:08:29.759> well<00:08:30.000> enough,<00:08:30.400> the 00:08:30.550 --> 00:08:30.560 align:start position:0% When you do your job well enough, the 00:08:30.560 --> 00:08:32.870 align:start position:0% When you do your job well enough, the intervention<00:08:31.199> becomes<00:08:31.520> much<00:08:31.840> more<00:08:32.080> visible 00:08:32.870 --> 00:08:32.880 align:start position:0% intervention becomes much more visible 00:08:32.880 --> 00:08:35.350 align:start position:0% intervention becomes much more visible than<00:08:33.039> the<00:08:33.279> disaster<00:08:34.080> it<00:08:34.399> prevents.<00:08:35.039> And<00:08:35.200> this 00:08:35.350 --> 00:08:35.360 align:start position:0% than the disaster it prevents. And this 00:08:35.360 --> 00:08:37.670 align:start position:0% than the disaster it prevents. And this is<00:08:35.519> one<00:08:35.839> reason<00:08:36.080> why<00:08:36.320> good<00:08:36.640> information<00:08:37.360> is 00:08:37.670 --> 00:08:37.680 align:start position:0% is one reason why good information is 00:08:37.680 --> 00:08:39.670 align:start position:0% is one reason why good information is extremely<00:08:38.159> valuable.<00:08:38.640> We<00:08:38.800> are<00:08:38.959> bad<00:08:39.200> at<00:08:39.360> risk 00:08:39.670 --> 00:08:39.680 align:start position:0% extremely valuable. We are bad at risk 00:08:39.680 --> 00:08:42.550 align:start position:0% extremely valuable. We are bad at risk assessment,<00:08:40.240> but<00:08:40.640> science<00:08:41.279> is<00:08:41.680> good<00:08:42.000> at<00:08:42.240> risk 00:08:42.550 --> 00:08:42.560 align:start position:0% assessment, but science is good at risk 00:08:42.560 --> 00:08:44.550 align:start position:0% assessment, but science is good at risk assessment.<00:08:43.200> And<00:08:43.360> this<00:08:43.519> is<00:08:43.599> why<00:08:43.839> science<00:08:44.240> and 00:08:44.550 --> 00:08:44.560 align:start position:0% assessment. And this is why science and 00:08:44.560 --> 00:08:47.030 align:start position:0% assessment. And this is why science and common<00:08:44.880> sense<00:08:45.519> often<00:08:46.000> do<00:08:46.240> not<00:08:46.399> align.<00:08:46.880> And 00:08:47.030 --> 00:08:47.040 align:start position:0% common sense often do not align. And 00:08:47.040 --> 00:08:48.949 align:start position:0% common sense often do not align. And that<00:08:47.279> misalignment<00:08:48.000> can<00:08:48.240> be<00:08:48.399> exploited 00:08:48.949 --> 00:08:48.959 align:start position:0% that misalignment can be exploited 00:08:48.959 --> 00:08:51.829 align:start position:0% that misalignment can be exploited either<00:08:49.200> by<00:08:49.360> huers<00:08:50.160> or<00:08:50.399> by<00:08:50.880> true<00:08:51.120> believers<00:08:51.600> who 00:08:51.829 --> 00:08:51.839 align:start position:0% either by huers or by true believers who 00:08:51.839 --> 00:08:53.670 align:start position:0% either by huers or by true believers who imagine<00:08:52.160> themselves<00:08:52.560> to<00:08:52.720> be<00:08:52.959> heroes.<00:08:53.440> But 00:08:53.670 --> 00:08:53.680 align:start position:0% imagine themselves to be heroes. But 00:08:53.680 --> 00:08:56.470 align:start position:0% imagine themselves to be heroes. But there<00:08:53.920> are<00:08:54.160> ways<00:08:54.800> to<00:08:55.120> get<00:08:55.440> common<00:08:55.760> sense<00:08:56.160> and 00:08:56.470 --> 00:08:56.480 align:start position:0% there are ways to get common sense and 00:08:56.480 --> 00:08:59.269 align:start position:0% there are ways to get common sense and science<00:08:56.959> to<00:08:57.200> align<00:08:57.600> more<00:08:57.920> tightly.<00:08:58.720> And<00:08:58.880> we<00:08:59.120> do 00:08:59.269 --> 00:08:59.279 align:start position:0% science to align more tightly. And we do 00:08:59.279 --> 00:09:01.269 align:start position:0% science to align more tightly. And we do that<00:08:59.519> with<00:08:59.760> good<00:09:00.080> information<00:09:00.720> explained 00:09:01.269 --> 00:09:01.279 align:start position:0% that with good information explained 00:09:01.279 --> 00:09:02.550 align:start position:0% that with good information explained well.<00:09:01.600> And<00:09:01.680> that's<00:09:01.920> what<00:09:02.000> we<00:09:02.160> do<00:09:02.240> here<00:09:02.399> at 00:09:02.550 --> 00:09:02.560 align:start position:0% well. And that's what we do here at 00:09:02.560 --> 00:09:04.550 align:start position:0% well. And that's what we do here at Sihow.<00:09:03.200> And<00:09:03.360> we're<00:09:03.519> going<00:09:03.600> to<00:09:03.760> keep<00:09:04.000> doing<00:09:04.320> it 00:09:04.550 --> 00:09:04.560 align:start position:0% Sihow. And we're going to keep doing it 00:09:04.560 --> 00:09:07.110 align:start position:0% Sihow. And we're going to keep doing it with<00:09:04.800> your<00:09:04.959> help.<00:09:05.519> Even<00:09:05.760> as<00:09:05.920> I<00:09:06.160> wse<00:09:06.640> through<00:09:06.880> a 00:09:07.110 --> 00:09:07.120 align:start position:0% with your help. Even as I wse through a 00:09:07.120 --> 00:09:09.190 align:start position:0% with your help. Even as I wse through a virus<00:09:07.440> that<00:09:07.680> has<00:09:07.839> been<00:09:08.000> waiting<00:09:08.320> in<00:09:08.560> my<00:09:08.720> nerves 00:09:09.190 --> 00:09:09.200 align:start position:0% virus that has been waiting in my nerves 00:09:09.200 --> 00:09:11.269 align:start position:0% virus that has been waiting in my nerves since<00:09:09.440> the<00:09:09.600> Reagan<00:09:10.000> administration,<00:09:10.720> a<00:09:10.959> virus 00:09:11.269 --> 00:09:11.279 align:start position:0% since the Reagan administration, a virus 00:09:11.279 --> 00:09:13.509 align:start position:0% since the Reagan administration, a virus I<00:09:11.600> could<00:09:11.839> have<00:09:12.000> avoided,<00:09:12.640> but<00:09:12.880> science<00:09:13.279> took 00:09:13.509 --> 00:09:13.519 align:start position:0% I could have avoided, but science took 00:09:13.519 --> 00:09:15.269 align:start position:0% I could have avoided, but science took its<00:09:13.680> time<00:09:13.920> to<00:09:14.080> make<00:09:14.240> sure<00:09:14.399> the<00:09:14.640> vaccine<00:09:15.040> worked 00:09:15.269 --> 00:09:15.279 align:start position:0% its time to make sure the vaccine worked 00:09:15.279 --> 00:09:18.310 align:start position:0% its time to make sure the vaccine worked well<00:09:15.519> and<00:09:15.760> was<00:09:16.000> safe.<00:09:16.399> And<00:09:16.640> now<00:09:17.200> I<00:09:17.440> know<00:09:17.839> my<00:09:18.080> son 00:09:18.310 --> 00:09:18.320 align:start position:0% well and was safe. And now I know my son 00:09:18.320 --> 00:09:19.750 align:start position:0% well and was safe. And now I know my son will<00:09:18.560> probably<00:09:18.880> never<00:09:19.120> have<00:09:19.279> to<00:09:19.440> deal<00:09:19.600> with 00:09:19.750 --> 00:09:19.760 align:start position:0% will probably never have to deal with 00:09:19.760 --> 00:09:21.829 align:start position:0% will probably never have to deal with this<00:09:20.000> pain.<00:09:20.399> So<00:09:20.560> help<00:09:20.720> us<00:09:20.880> out.<00:09:21.279> This<00:09:21.519> video 00:09:21.829 --> 00:09:21.839 align:start position:0% this pain. So help us out. This video 00:09:21.839 --> 00:09:24.310 align:start position:0% this pain. So help us out. This video will<00:09:22.000> be<00:09:22.160> deleted<00:09:22.640> 24<00:09:23.040> hours<00:09:23.360> after<00:09:23.680> upload. 00:09:24.310 --> 00:09:24.320 align:start position:0% will be deleted 24 hours after upload. 00:09:24.320 --> 00:09:26.550 align:start position:0% will be deleted 24 hours after upload. If<00:09:24.560> you<00:09:24.720> don't<00:09:24.880> buy<00:09:25.120> a<00:09:25.279> postcard<00:09:25.760> now<00:09:26.000> or<00:09:26.320> get<00:09:26.399> a 00:09:26.550 --> 00:09:26.560 align:start position:0% If you don't buy a postcard now or get a 00:09:26.560 --> 00:09:30.640 align:start position:0% If you don't buy a postcard now or get a spinner<00:09:26.959> now,<00:09:27.519> you<00:09:27.760> will<00:09:27.920> not<00:09:28.160> get<00:09:28.399> one.