[0:01]
people often say that there is no people often say that there is no people often say that there is no evidence for something evidence for something evidence for something there's a common talking point and it there's a common talking point and it there's a common talking point and it has been for decades has been for decades has been for decades it is often misused it's often a bad it is often misused it's often a bad it is often misused it's often a bad argument a bad point a bad way to engage argument a bad point a bad way to engage argument a bad point a bad way to engage in discussion or debate in discussion or debate in discussion or debate we can look at this from a theoretical we can look at this from a theoretical we can look at this from a theoretical perspective perspective perspective critical fallableism and critical critical fallableism and critical critical fallableism and critical rationalism don't approach debate by rationalism don't approach debate by rationalism don't approach debate by saying that has no evidence saying that has no evidence saying that has no evidence which means essentially that has low or which means essentially that has low or which means essentially that has low or no justification 
[0:32]
no justification no justification it's saying that the amount of positive it's saying that the amount of positive it's saying that the amount of positive support for the idea is none support for the idea is none support for the idea is none or low because sometimes they exaggerate or low because sometimes they exaggerate or low because sometimes they exaggerate part of what they're saying is that part of what they're saying is that part of what they're saying is that there's a burden of proof on the other there's a burden of proof on the other there's a burden of proof on the other side that hasn't been met side that hasn't been met side that hasn't been met and i've criticized the burden of proof and i've criticized the burden of proof and i've criticized the burden of proof concept in general concept in general concept in general if you focus on if you focus on if you focus on critical arguments and critical thinking critical arguments and critical thinking critical arguments and critical thinking and pointing out why things are errors and pointing out why things are errors and pointing out why things are errors then you won't talk about no evidence then you won't talk about no evidence then you won't talk about no evidence because no evidence is not trying to 
[1:02]
because no evidence is not trying to because no evidence is not trying to point out an error point out an error point out an error it doesn't say this won't work because it doesn't say this won't work because it doesn't say this won't work because or this will fail at its goal because or this will fail at its goal because or this will fail at its goal because it doesn't point out something wrong it doesn't point out something wrong it doesn't point out something wrong with it with it with it it just says there's a lack of proof so having the right philosophy gets rid so having the right philosophy gets rid so having the right philosophy gets rid of this problem in the first place of this problem in the first place of this problem in the first place nevertheless i want to examine it in nevertheless i want to examine it in nevertheless i want to examine it in more detail in a less abstract way with more detail in a less abstract way with more detail in a less abstract way with some examples first i want to talk about the massive first i want to talk about the massive first i want to talk about the massive bias when the covet vaccine was first 
[1:33]
bias when the covet vaccine was first bias when the covet vaccine was first invented invented invented there was no evidence there was no evidence there was no evidence that it was safe that it was safe that it was safe and also no evidence that it was unsafe and also no evidence that it was unsafe and also no evidence that it was unsafe what did people do they said there's no what did people do they said there's no what did people do they said there's no evidence it's safe we have to do tests evidence it's safe we have to do tests evidence it's safe we have to do tests and studies first before we can use it and studies first before we can use it and studies first before we can use it even though we know covet is unsafe and even though we know covet is unsafe and even though we know covet is unsafe and it's supposed to protect against it's supposed to protect against it's supposed to protect against covet now i do think that doing some covet now i do think that doing some covet now i do think that doing some studies and stuff was correct though i studies and stuff was correct though i studies and stuff was correct though i also think we took too long on them and also think we took too long on them and also think we took too long on them and delaying the vaccine as much as we did delaying the vaccine as much as we did delaying the vaccine as much as we did was a bad idea that killed people 
[2:05]
was a bad idea that killed people was a bad idea that killed people but my main point was that you could but my main point was that you could but my main point was that you could arbitrarily say it either way no arbitrarily say it either way no arbitrarily say it either way no evidence that's safe no evidence it's evidence that's safe no evidence it's evidence that's safe no evidence it's unsafe so if you're saying no evidence unsafe so if you're saying no evidence unsafe so if you're saying no evidence and you're picking one side over the and you're picking one side over the and you're picking one side over the other you're being biased other you're being biased other you're being biased and so with medical drugs and so with medical drugs and so with medical drugs our society's typical approach our society's typical approach our society's typical approach is to say is to say is to say we start out with there is no evidence we start out with there is no evidence we start out with there is no evidence this is safe you have to do studies you this is safe you have to do studies you this is safe you have to do studies you have to prove the safety before we're have to prove the safety before we're have to prove the safety before we're going to use it and approve it going to use it and approve it going to use it and approve it medical drugs basically start out medical drugs basically start out medical drugs basically start out prohibited and they have to be studied 
[2:35]
prohibited and they have to be studied prohibited and they have to be studied before they're allowed to be used before they're allowed to be used before they're allowed to be used however some other things don't work however some other things don't work however some other things don't work that way that way that way for example for example for example food additives food additives food additives with food additives with food additives with food additives we just say there's no evidence this we just say there's no evidence this we just say there's no evidence this food additive is unsafe and start using food additive is unsafe and start using food additive is unsafe and start using it until some evidence comes along to it until some evidence comes along to it until some evidence comes along to show its own safe we don't say oh show its own safe we don't say oh show its own safe we don't say oh there's no evidence that's safe and make there's no evidence that's safe and make there's no evidence that's safe and make people prove it safe we just start people prove it safe we just start people prove it safe we just start eating it eating it eating it and then eventually someone finds some and then eventually someone finds some and then eventually someone finds some problem with it and then we switch it problem with it and then we switch it problem with it and then we switch it with some other additive that we haven't 
[3:06]
with some other additive that we haven't with some other additive that we haven't studied and say there's no evidence this studied and say there's no evidence this studied and say there's no evidence this one is unsafe we only have evidence that one is unsafe we only have evidence that one is unsafe we only have evidence that one is unsafe so it's always a moving one is unsafe so it's always a moving one is unsafe so it's always a moving target as they keep finding replacement target as they keep finding replacement target as they keep finding replacement food additives to get rid of the unsafe food additives to get rid of the unsafe food additives to get rid of the unsafe ones with unknown ones ones with unknown ones ones with unknown ones that often turn out to also be unsafe that often turn out to also be unsafe that often turn out to also be unsafe some food additives are really some food additives are really some food additives are really understudied understudied understudied and and and the idea that there's no evidence that the idea that there's no evidence that the idea that there's no evidence that are unsafe is actually misleading are unsafe is actually misleading are unsafe is actually misleading there's often some kind of explanation there's often some kind of explanation there's often some kind of explanation or reasoning about why it might be or reasoning about why it might be or reasoning about why it might be unsafe 
[3:37]
which people call no evidence by which which people call no evidence by which which people call no evidence by which they mean there isn't a specific type of they mean there isn't a specific type of they mean there isn't a specific type of scientific study published in a scientific study published in a scientific study published in a peer-reviewed journal that directly says peer-reviewed journal that directly says peer-reviewed journal that directly says this specific food is unsafe in this this specific food is unsafe in this this specific food is unsafe in this specific way and we have we studied that specific way and we have we studied that specific way and we have we studied that exact issue and gathered a bunch of data exact issue and gathered a bunch of data exact issue and gathered a bunch of data about it you can often find some like about it you can often find some like about it you can often find some like similar issue and draw a comparison similar issue and draw a comparison similar issue and draw a comparison and they'll call that no evidence and they'll call that no evidence and they'll call that no evidence even though there's tons of relevant even though there's tons of relevant even though there's tons of relevant evidence evidence evidence so i've got a great example for that so i've got a great example for that so i've got a great example for that it's not from food though it's about 
[4:08]
it's not from food though it's about it's not from food though it's about mold there is a debate about how mold there is a debate about how mold there is a debate about how dangerous mold is and if you have black dangerous mold is and if you have black dangerous mold is and if you have black mold in your home is that a problem mold in your home is that a problem mold in your home is that a problem is that going to harm your health or not is that going to harm your health or not is that going to harm your health or not and i found a guy who says it's a big and i found a guy who says it's a big and i found a guy who says it's a big problem and tries to raise the alarm and problem and tries to raise the alarm and problem and tries to raise the alarm and wrote some articles and did some wrote some articles and did some wrote some articles and did some research and did some advocacy research and did some advocacy research and did some advocacy and and and the guy is the guy is the guy is maybe a craig maybe a craig maybe a craig he is he got he lost his medical license he is he got he lost his medical license he is he got he lost his medical license because he was doing experiments on like because he was doing experiments on like because he was doing experiments on like experimental research on people 
[4:40]
experimental research on people experimental research on people that was not properly documented and that was not properly documented and that was not properly documented and controlled and did not follow proper controlled and did not follow proper controlled and did not follow proper procedures and stuff and it sounded procedures and stuff and it sounded procedures and stuff and it sounded quite bad quite bad quite bad so this guy has problems but on the so this guy has problems but on the so this guy has problems but on the other hand i read some of the people who other hand i read some of the people who other hand i read some of the people who disagree with him about mold disagree with him about mold disagree with him about mold specifically specifically specifically the research was something else or maybe the research was something else or maybe the research was something else or maybe it was related but it wasn't it was related but it wasn't it was related but it wasn't specifically is more dangerous anyways specifically is more dangerous anyways specifically is more dangerous anyways so i read some experts who disagree with so i read some experts who disagree with so i read some experts who disagree with them and they say there is no evidence them and they say there is no evidence them and they say there is no evidence that the mold is dangerous so don't that the mold is dangerous so don't that the mold is dangerous so don't worry worry worry now like first of all even if that was now like first of all even if that was now like first of all even if that was true that doesn't mean it's true that doesn't mean it's true that doesn't mean it's safe and second of all there's tons of 
[5:11]
safe and second of all there's tons of safe and second of all there's tons of evidence that mould is dangerous people evidence that mould is dangerous people evidence that mould is dangerous people have been harmed by mold have been harmed by mold have been harmed by mold we know that some types of mold we know that some types of mold we know that some types of mold absolutely hurt people absolutely hurt people absolutely hurt people mold can kill you mold can kill you mold can kill you mold can make you sick that's not even a mold can make you sick that's not even a mold can make you sick that's not even a debate so how can you say that there's debate so how can you say that there's debate so how can you say that there's no evidence that having a bunch of black no evidence that having a bunch of black no evidence that having a bunch of black mold in your home is dangerous what you mold in your home is dangerous what you mold in your home is dangerous what you mean by evidence is specific types of mean by evidence is specific types of mean by evidence is specific types of scientific studies we don't have specific studies on we don't have specific studies on we don't have specific studies on specific issues that show that that specific issues that show that that specific issues that show that that specific thing is dangerous specific thing is dangerous specific thing is dangerous i assume that's what they mean i haven't i assume that's what they mean i haven't i assume that's what they mean i haven't actually searched for those studies but 
[5:41]
actually searched for those studies but actually searched for those studies but it's fully plausible to me that we don't it's fully plausible to me that we don't it's fully plausible to me that we don't have those because they're really hard have those because they're really hard have those because they're really hard to do they'd be expensive they take a to do they'd be expensive they take a to do they'd be expensive they take a lot of work lot of work lot of work and usually when you do a study you have and usually when you do a study you have and usually when you do a study you have to narrow it down a bit and and then to narrow it down a bit and and then to narrow it down a bit and and then they'll be able to say there's no they'll be able to say there's no they'll be able to say there's no evidence of this thing they only studied evidence of this thing they only studied evidence of this thing they only studied that other slightly different thing that other slightly different thing that other slightly different thing and so on the one hand we have a crank and so on the one hand we have a crank and so on the one hand we have a crank who walks with medical license but some who walks with medical license but some who walks with medical license but some of his reasoning seems to maybe make of his reasoning seems to maybe make of his reasoning seems to maybe make sense and some of it is just common sense and some of it is just common sense and some of it is just common sense and then the other side we have sense and then the other side we have sense and then the other side we have experts saying oh don't worry there's no experts saying oh don't worry there's no experts saying oh don't worry there's no evidence there's any problem evidence there's any problem evidence there's any problem and that just seems like completely and that just seems like completely and that just seems like completely ridiculous ridiculous ridiculous and then you hear the same thing about a 
[6:11]
and then you hear the same thing about a and then you hear the same thing about a bunch of food additives and about bunch of food additives and about bunch of food additives and about chemical sunscreens and various other chemical sunscreens and various other chemical sunscreens and various other things okay and then it gets a lot worse though okay and then it gets a lot worse though okay and then it gets a lot worse though this is why i wanted to give the mold this is why i wanted to give the mold this is why i wanted to give the mold example so i was reading what the expert example so i was reading what the expert example so i was reading what the expert actually said and he didn't just say actually said and he didn't just say actually said and he didn't just say there's no evidence that the mold is there's no evidence that the mold is there's no evidence that the mold is dangerous he said that we do have some dangerous he said that we do have some dangerous he said that we do have some evidence that mold is dangerous evidence that mold is dangerous evidence that mold is dangerous for workers if you're at work in a bad for workers if you're at work in a bad for workers if you're at work in a bad working environment mold can be working environment mold can be working environment mold can be dangerous to you dangerous to you dangerous to you he just said it's not dangerous in your he just said it's not dangerous in your he just said it's not dangerous in your house don't worry about household mold house don't worry about household mold house don't worry about household mold and the reason that he said that mold is 
[6:43]
and the reason that he said that mold is and the reason that he said that mold is dangerous at work is mold can only hurt dangerous at work is mold can only hurt dangerous at work is mold can only hurt you if you get a lot of exposure to it you if you get a lot of exposure to it you if you get a lot of exposure to it so if you work in a moldy building so if you work in a moldy building so if you work in a moldy building and you're breathing in all the time and you're breathing in all the time and you're breathing in all the time every day at work 40 hours a week you every day at work 40 hours a week you every day at work 40 hours a week you can get a lot of mold exposure but if can get a lot of mold exposure but if can get a lot of mold exposure but if you just like casually walk near some you just like casually walk near some you just like casually walk near some mold and walk away it's not going to mold and walk away it's not going to mold and walk away it's not going to hurt you if you insane and that's not hurt you if you insane and that's not hurt you if you insane and that's not true of all types of mold but for the true of all types of mold but for the true of all types of mold but for the type of mold we're talking about maybe type of mold we're talking about maybe type of mold we're talking about maybe it's true it's true it's true it's plausible that it'd take like a lot it's plausible that it'd take like a lot it's plausible that it'd take like a lot of exposure for it to hurt you of exposure for it to hurt you of exposure for it to hurt you but okay but people get a lot of but okay but people get a lot of but okay but people get a lot of exposure to household mold their home is exposure to household mold their home is exposure to household mold their home is a place that they spend a lot of time so 
[7:13]
a place that they spend a lot of time so a place that they spend a lot of time so his reasoning makes no sense if the his reasoning makes no sense if the his reasoning makes no sense if the studies showed that you can be in danger studies showed that you can be in danger studies showed that you can be in danger from mold from mold from mold from work if you keep being exposed to from work if you keep being exposed to from work if you keep being exposed to it then of course you could also be it then of course you could also be it then of course you could also be indeed here from mold at home if you indeed here from mold at home if you indeed here from mold at home if you keep being exposed to it why would it keep being exposed to it why would it keep being exposed to it why would it only apply at work and not at home when only apply at work and not at home when only apply at work and not at home when the key issue is the amount of exposure the key issue is the amount of exposure the key issue is the amount of exposure the amount of time that you're in the the amount of time that you're in the the amount of time that you're in the presence of the mold presence of the mold presence of the mold so his reasoning is so bad and he's just so his reasoning is so bad and he's just so his reasoning is so bad and he's just there's no evidence that household mold there's no evidence that household mold there's no evidence that household mold hurts people who live there hurts people who live there hurts people who live there because the only evidence we have is because the only evidence we have is because the only evidence we have is that 
[7:43]
that that workplace mold hurts people who work workplace mold hurts people who work workplace mold hurts people who work there so the guy's a complete idiot so the guy's a complete idiot so the guy's a complete idiot and and there apparently clearly is and and there apparently clearly is and and there apparently clearly is evidence of mold being dangerous because evidence of mold being dangerous because evidence of mold being dangerous because it it's dangerous in workplaces and he it it's dangerous in workplaces and he it it's dangerous in workplaces and he even admitted that even admitted that even admitted that and the mold doesn't care if it's a and the mold doesn't care if it's a and the mold doesn't care if it's a workplace or a home it cares about workplace or a home it cares about workplace or a home it cares about things like how close are you to it and things like how close are you to it and things like how close are you to it and are you breathing it in are you breathing it in are you breathing it in and how often are you there and do you and how often are you there and do you and how often are you there and do you breathe it in all the time and it's even worse than that though and it's even worse than that though and it's even worse than that though because i looked into briefly some of 
[8:13]
because i looked into briefly some of because i looked into briefly some of the studies about the studies about the studies about the workplace mold being a problem i the workplace mold being a problem i the workplace mold being a problem i think i clicked his own link think i clicked his own link think i clicked his own link and so they listed like various and so they listed like various and so they listed like various workplace conditions to watch out for workplace conditions to watch out for workplace conditions to watch out for and several of them were if you work in and several of them were if you work in and several of them were if you work in people's homes watch out for mold there people's homes watch out for mold there people's homes watch out for mold there you could if you go into someone's home you could if you go into someone's home you could if you go into someone's home to repair their toilet and they have a to repair their toilet and they have a to repair their toilet and they have a moldy shower curtain then you can get moldy shower curtain then you can get moldy shower curtain then you can get mold poisoning mold poisoning mold poisoning so they're saying that mold in people's so they're saying that mold in people's so they're saying that mold in people's homes can hurt workers who are visiting homes can hurt workers who are visiting homes can hurt workers who are visiting the home the home the home but then the guy is telling me not to 
[8:44]
but then the guy is telling me not to but then the guy is telling me not to worry about household mold if you live worry about household mold if you live worry about household mold if you live there there there but moldy shower curtains are dangerous but moldy shower curtains are dangerous but moldy shower curtains are dangerous and several other types of mold are and several other types of mold are and several other types of mold are dangerous to dangerous to dangerous to workers who come into your home workers who come into your home workers who come into your home temporarily temporarily temporarily that is literally the information that that is literally the information that that is literally the information that he linked to that he provided that's he linked to that he provided that's he linked to that he provided that's their side their side their side so of course household bolt could be so of course household bolt could be so of course household bolt could be dangerous dangerous dangerous so that's what that's the worst of the so that's what that's the worst of the so that's what that's the worst of the no evidence people the studies only say workplace mold is 
[9:14]
the studies only say workplace mold is the studies only say workplace mold is dangerous not household mold including dangerous not household mold including dangerous not household mold including when your workplace is someone else's when your workplace is someone else's when your workplace is someone else's household household household it's it's it's ridiculous ridiculous ridiculous so i wanted to talk a bit more about the so i wanted to talk a bit more about the so i wanted to talk a bit more about the food additives food additives food additives some of them they just start using with some of them they just start using with some of them they just start using with no study and they just assume it's safe no study and they just assume it's safe no study and they just assume it's safe there's no evidence it's unsafe but why there's no evidence it's unsafe but why there's no evidence it's unsafe but why don't they say there's no evidence don't they say there's no evidence don't they say there's no evidence that's safe it's just arbitrary bias that's safe it's just arbitrary bias that's safe it's just arbitrary bias a lot of this is just done by what you a lot of this is just done by what you a lot of this is just done by what you might call greedy corporations who don't might call greedy corporations who don't might call greedy corporations who don't care about the people who eat the food care about the people who eat the food care about the people who eat the food and get poisoned 
[9:46]
and get poisoned and get poisoned i don't think that's the proper way to i don't think that's the proper way to i don't think that's the proper way to be greedy and make a lot of money but be greedy and make a lot of money but be greedy and make a lot of money but i think that it is the kind of thing i think that it is the kind of thing i think that it is the kind of thing people call greed and that i can people call greed and that i can people call greed and that i can understand what their point is understand what their point is understand what their point is and that i think a lot of the executives and that i think a lot of the executives and that i think a lot of the executives doing this kind of thing think it's a doing this kind of thing think it's a doing this kind of thing think it's a good way to make money and that's why good way to make money and that's why good way to make money and that's why they're doing it and they're doing it and they're doing it and they're they're short-sighted and it's they're they're short-sighted and it's they're they're short-sighted and it's not the proper way to run a business they put a lot of weird dyes fillers they put a lot of weird dyes fillers they put a lot of weird dyes fillers binders and preservatives into food 
[10:16]
binders and preservatives into food binders and preservatives into food a lot of them are not things you would a lot of them are not things you would a lot of them are not things you would think of as food such as wood pulp think of as food such as wood pulp think of as food such as wood pulp they also use extracts they also use extracts they also use extracts and a lot of people think oh if it is an and a lot of people think oh if it is an and a lot of people think oh if it is an extract from a plant extract from a plant extract from a plant then it's probably fine it's natural then it's probably fine it's natural then it's probably fine it's natural and that is wrong and that is wrong and that is wrong i found out about this recently i found out about this recently i found out about this recently it is how they get some of the sugar it is how they get some of the sugar it is how they get some of the sugar substitutes stevia i think or monk fruit substitutes stevia i think or monk fruit substitutes stevia i think or monk fruit or some of them or some of them or some of them some of the sugar substitutes like zero some of the sugar substitutes like zero some of the sugar substitutes like zero calorie sweeteners calorie sweeteners calorie sweeteners are are are are artificial but some of them are 
[10:46]
are artificial but some of them are are artificial but some of them are plant extracts plant extracts plant extracts and so a plant extract means you take a and so a plant extract means you take a and so a plant extract means you take a plant and then you take part of the plant and then you take part of the plant and then you take part of the plant and you use that and you throw plant and you use that and you throw plant and you use that and you throw away the rest of the plant or use it for away the rest of the plant or use it for away the rest of the plant or use it for something else something else something else and there's an actual reason that a and there's an actual reason that a and there's an actual reason that a plant extract can be dangerous when a plant extract can be dangerous when a plant extract can be dangerous when a whole plant is safe whole plant is safe whole plant is safe like even if eating the whole plant is like even if eating the whole plant is like even if eating the whole plant is completely fine eating an extract can be completely fine eating an extract can be completely fine eating an extract can be dangerous and the reason is dangerous and the reason is dangerous and the reason is it is concentrated like it is a single it is concentrated like it is a single it is concentrated like it is a single part much more concentrated than normal part much more concentrated than normal part much more concentrated than normal so for example apples have cyanide in 
[11:17]
so for example apples have cyanide in so for example apples have cyanide in the seeds but only a tiny bit the seeds but only a tiny bit the seeds but only a tiny bit so so so if you extract only the apple seeds and if you extract only the apple seeds and if you extract only the apple seeds and you eat apple seeds as your diet you you eat apple seeds as your diet you you eat apple seeds as your diet you will die will die will die however however however if you eat whole apples including the if you eat whole apples including the if you eat whole apples including the cores cores cores you will not get enough cyanide to die you will not get enough cyanide to die you will not get enough cyanide to die if your diet was 100 apples if your diet was 100 apples if your diet was 100 apples and you just ate the entire apple and you just ate the entire apple and you just ate the entire apple and you ate like a normal amount of and you ate like a normal amount of and you ate like a normal amount of calories calories calories then it won't be enough cyanide to kill then it won't be enough cyanide to kill then it won't be enough cyanide to kill you but if you extract just the seeds you but if you extract just the seeds you but if you extract just the seeds then you're in trouble 
[11:47]
then you're in trouble then you're in trouble and so it's the same thing with with and so it's the same thing with with and so it's the same thing with with other plants when you extract specific other plants when you extract specific other plants when you extract specific parts of them parts of them parts of them you're getting higher concentrations of you're getting higher concentrations of you're getting higher concentrations of some stuff and lower concentrations of some stuff and lower concentrations of some stuff and lower concentrations of other stuff other stuff other stuff and you can eat quite a lot of some and you can eat quite a lot of some and you can eat quite a lot of some specific part of a plan and it could specific part of a plan and it could specific part of a plan and it could potentially be bad potentially be bad potentially be bad and some people put quite large amounts and some people put quite large amounts and some people put quite large amounts of artificial sweeteners of artificial sweeteners of artificial sweeteners or sorry or sorry or sorry of plant extract sweeteners into their of plant extract sweeteners into their of plant extract sweeteners into their food because they think it's like safe food because they think it's like safe food because they think it's like safe and zero calorie and healthy and and zero calorie and healthy and and zero calorie and healthy and whatever and natural 
[12:18]
whatever and natural whatever and natural that there are generic reasons to be that there are generic reasons to be that there are generic reasons to be wary of doing that it's not just that wary of doing that it's not just that wary of doing that it's not just that there could be a problem it's not random there could be a problem it's not random there could be a problem it's not random that apple seeds have cyanide in them that apple seeds have cyanide in them that apple seeds have cyanide in them plants often have defense mechanisms plants often have defense mechanisms plants often have defense mechanisms against being eaten they don't want to against being eaten they don't want to against being eaten they don't want to be eaten the one exception is the fruit be eaten the one exception is the fruit be eaten the one exception is the fruit which is meant to be eaten which is meant to be eaten which is meant to be eaten not the seeds in the middle of the fruit not the seeds in the middle of the fruit not the seeds in the middle of the fruit but the fruit around the seeds but the fruit around the seeds but the fruit around the seeds some seeds are actually meant to be some seeds are actually meant to be some seeds are actually meant to be eaten but not digested and pooped out it eaten but not digested and pooped out it eaten but not digested and pooped out it helps spread them around so they can helps spread them around so they can helps spread them around so they can grow in other places but this the seeds grow in other places but this the seeds grow in other places but this the seeds either don't want to be eaten at all or either don't want to be eaten at all or either don't want to be eaten at all or they don't want to be like chewed and 
[12:50]
they don't want to be like chewed and they don't want to be like chewed and digested so they often have some sort of digested so they often have some sort of digested so they often have some sort of like mild poison in them something to like mild poison in them something to like mild poison in them something to discourage eating them and it's the same discourage eating them and it's the same discourage eating them and it's the same with the other parts of plants the with the other parts of plants the with the other parts of plants the the bark the stock the roots etc the bark the stock the roots etc the bark the stock the roots etc often have some compounds in them that often have some compounds in them that often have some compounds in them that are bad for animals to eat to help are bad for animals to eat to help are bad for animals to eat to help discourage being eaten discourage being eaten discourage being eaten and so when you take a plant and then and so when you take a plant and then and so when you take a plant and then you take an extract of a specific part you take an extract of a specific part you take an extract of a specific part if that part is one of the ones with if that part is one of the ones with if that part is one of the ones with something bad in it then you're in something bad in it then you're in something bad in it then you're in trouble trouble trouble and so there is a danger there 
[13:20]
and so there is a danger there and so there is a danger there so just saying there's no evidence so just saying there's no evidence so just saying there's no evidence there's a danger it's like yeah we don't there's a danger it's like yeah we don't there's a danger it's like yeah we don't have any specific study showing a have any specific study showing a have any specific study showing a specific danger there in some cases we specific danger there in some cases we specific danger there in some cases we do but do but do but the point is not whether or not we have the point is not whether or not we have the point is not whether or not we have one in this particular case it's just one in this particular case it's just one in this particular case it's just that there are reasons there's we have that there are reasons there's we have that there are reasons there's we have understanding of why some of these understanding of why some of these understanding of why some of these things could be dangerous so say no things could be dangerous so say no things could be dangerous so say no evidence is misleading if all you mean evidence is misleading if all you mean evidence is misleading if all you mean is is is no specific direct study no specific direct study no specific direct study when in fact we do have a bunch of when in fact we do have a bunch of when in fact we do have a bunch of evidence that is relevant and helps us evidence that is relevant and helps us evidence that is relevant and helps us understand the right concepts and what's understand the right concepts and what's understand the right concepts and what's going on and why there could be a going on and why there could be a going on and why there could be a problem like we have evidence that 
[13:51]
problem like we have evidence that problem like we have evidence that there's cyanide and apple seeds and we there's cyanide and apple seeds and we there's cyanide and apple seeds and we have an explanation about why have an explanation about why have an explanation about why plants have poisons in them plants have poisons in them plants have poisons in them in most parts of the plant we have an in most parts of the plant we have an in most parts of the plant we have an explanation about how how extracting a explanation about how how extracting a explanation about how how extracting a specific part of a plant can get you a specific part of a plant can get you a specific part of a plant can get you a more concentrated dose of certain things more concentrated dose of certain things more concentrated dose of certain things inside the plant inside the plant inside the plant when you extract part of the plant when you extract part of the plant when you extract part of the plant you're not getting a random average you're not getting a random average you're not getting a random average sample of all the different things in sample of all the different things in sample of all the different things in the plant you're getting more of some the plant you're getting more of some the plant you're getting more of some things in the plant and less of others things in the plant and less of others things in the plant and less of others and so if you get more of the bad ones and so if you get more of the bad ones and so if you get more of the bad ones that is problematic and if you're 
[14:22]
that is problematic and if you're that is problematic and if you're extracting like one percent of the plant extracting like one percent of the plant extracting like one percent of the plant then you could get a 100 times bigger then you could get a 100 times bigger then you could get a 100 times bigger dose dose dose of of of some of the bad stuff if all the bad some of the bad stuff if all the bad some of the bad stuff if all the bad stuff was in the extract stuff was in the extract stuff was in the extract and to just say oh that's theoretical and to just say oh that's theoretical and to just say oh that's theoretical explanation and there's no evidence and explanation and there's no evidence and explanation and there's no evidence and the the apple seeds having cyanide is the the apple seeds having cyanide is the the apple seeds having cyanide is not evidence that there's anything bad not evidence that there's anything bad not evidence that there's anything bad in monk fruit that's not evidence for in monk fruit that's not evidence for in monk fruit that's not evidence for the right plant so we're just not going the right plant so we're just not going the right plant so we're just not going to count it and then they can end up to count it and then they can end up to count it and then they can end up dismissing some actual evidence like dismissing some actual evidence like dismissing some actual evidence like we observed apple seeds that is evidence we observed apple seeds that is evidence we observed apple seeds that is evidence but they dismiss it and then they also 
[14:52]
but they dismiss it and then they also but they dismiss it and then they also dismiss all the conceptual explanations dismiss all the conceptual explanations dismiss all the conceptual explanations and then they just say no evidence and and then they just say no evidence and and then they just say no evidence and it's very silly it's very silly it's very silly also the way they study this stuff is also the way they study this stuff is also the way they study this stuff is often really silly red dye 40 and as an often really silly red dye 40 and as an often really silly red dye 40 and as an example and there there are a bunch of example and there there are a bunch of example and there there are a bunch of different dyes different dyes different dyes and they put these dyes in food and they put these dyes in food and they put these dyes in food and they're not putting them there for and they're not putting them there for and they're not putting them there for to make the food better it's not to make to make the food better it's not to make to make the food better it's not to make it healthier to make it taste better it healthier to make it taste better it healthier to make it taste better it's just for appearance that's it's just for appearance that's it's just for appearance that's unnecessary but my recollection with i unnecessary but my recollection with i unnecessary but my recollection with i believe it was read by 40 is that they believe it was read by 40 is that they believe it was read by 40 is that they studied it a bit and they decided in 
[15:22]
studied it a bit and they decided in studied it a bit and they decided in certain doses it is okay to eat certain doses it is okay to eat certain doses it is okay to eat and then they let people put red dye 40 and then they let people put red dye 40 and then they let people put red dye 40 in food but then if you eat several in food but then if you eat several in food but then if you eat several foods with red di 40 you could get more foods with red di 40 you could get more foods with red di 40 you could get more than the dose they studied they have if than the dose they studied they have if than the dose they studied they have if you know that someone can have one gram you know that someone can have one gram you know that someone can have one gram of red dye 40 per day and that is safe of red dye 40 per day and that is safe of red dye 40 per day and that is safe but 2 grams is unsafe but 2 grams is unsafe but 2 grams is unsafe then how much red dye 40 should you then how much red dye 40 should you then how much red dye 40 should you allow allow allow into a can of soda into a can of soda into a can of soda like you have to guess how many cans of like you have to guess how many cans of like you have to guess how many cans of soda might someone have in one day and soda might someone have in one day and soda might someone have in one day and also red dye 40 could be in gummy bears 
[15:53]
also red dye 40 could be in gummy bears also red dye 40 could be in gummy bears and and and dozens of other foods dozens of other foods dozens of other foods and so you have to guess how many and so you have to guess how many and so you have to guess how many different foods with red diapers will different foods with red diapers will different foods with red diapers will someone eat in one day and that can someone eat in one day and that can someone eat in one day and that can change over time like when they first change over time like when they first change over time like when they first start making soda with red dye 40 they start making soda with red dye 40 they start making soda with red dye 40 they could be the only food that someone eats could be the only food that someone eats could be the only food that someone eats on the day with red dye 40. so it could on the day with red dye 40. so it could on the day with red dye 40. so it could have say half a gram and then they'd be have say half a gram and then they'd be have say half a gram and then they'd be able to have two cans of soda per day able to have two cans of soda per day able to have two cans of soda per day and some people have more than that so and some people have more than that so and some people have more than that so you already have a problem but suppose you already have a problem but suppose you already have a problem but suppose suppose someone was having two cans of suppose someone was having two cans of suppose someone was having two cans of soda a day and they have and the red dye soda a day and they have and the red dye soda a day and they have and the red dye 40 is fine and then new foods with red 40 is fine and then new foods with red 40 is fine and then new foods with red dye 40 go in the market now do you go 
[16:24]
dye 40 go in the market now do you go dye 40 go in the market now do you go back to the soda manufacturer and say oh back to the soda manufacturer and say oh back to the soda manufacturer and say oh people are starting to eat more red die people are starting to eat more red die people are starting to eat more red die 40 in these other foods so you have to 40 in these other foods so you have to 40 in these other foods so you have to reduce the amount you have in your soda reduce the amount you have in your soda reduce the amount you have in your soda and make your soda look different i and make your soda look different i and make your soda look different i don't think that happens i think they don't think that happens i think they don't think that happens i think they just keep putting out the same red di40 just keep putting out the same red di40 just keep putting out the same red di40 in the sodium there's no good way of in the sodium there's no good way of in the sodium there's no good way of totaling up how much red dye 40 someone totaling up how much red dye 40 someone totaling up how much red dye 40 someone is getting from many different sources is getting from many different sources is getting from many different sources and so it is plausible and so it is plausible and so it is plausible from what i saw that someone could eat from what i saw that someone could eat from what i saw that someone could eat more than the studied allegedly safe more than the studied allegedly safe more than the studied allegedly safe amount amount amount that wouldn't be all that hard to do both because some people just 
[16:56]
both because some people just both because some people just drink tons and tons of soda like more drink tons and tons of soda like more drink tons and tons of soda like more than a two liter per day than a two liter per day than a two liter per day and they and also because they'll eat and they and also because they'll eat and they and also because they'll eat multiple different sources of the red multiple different sources of the red multiple different sources of the red dye like candy dye like candy dye like candy this is going on with many different this is going on with many different this is going on with many different additives additives additives so the dosage problem also comes up with so the dosage problem also comes up with so the dosage problem also comes up with sunscreen sunscreen sunscreen so the original sunscreens used were so the original sunscreens used were so the original sunscreens used were mineral sunscreen they used zinc i think mineral sunscreen they used zinc i think mineral sunscreen they used zinc i think was the primary one was the primary one was the primary one and i know we also used to titanium now and i know we also used to titanium now and i know we also used to titanium now sometimes zinc and titanium together 
[17:26]
sometimes zinc and titanium together sometimes zinc and titanium together and there are some downsides to mineral and there are some downsides to mineral and there are some downsides to mineral sunscreens sunscreens sunscreens one of which is they tend to be a bit one of which is they tend to be a bit one of which is they tend to be a bit white colored and hard to rub into your white colored and hard to rub into your white colored and hard to rub into your skin skin skin and some brands do a lot better than and some brands do a lot better than and some brands do a lot better than others at making them nice others at making them nice others at making them nice as like a lotion as like a lotion as like a lotion and some of these companies created and some of these companies created and some of these companies created chemical sunscreens which is not a great chemical sunscreens which is not a great chemical sunscreens which is not a great name but i think that's a standard name name but i think that's a standard name name but i think that's a standard name and anyways there's these four different and anyways there's these four different and anyways there's these four different chemicals they put in it chemicals they put in it chemicals they put in it rather than the minerals i know minerals rather than the minerals i know minerals rather than the minerals i know minerals are chemicals depending how you define are chemicals depending how you define are chemicals depending how you define it the point is not the terminology so it the point is not the terminology so it the point is not the terminology so they've got these four artificial 
[17:57]
they've got these four artificial they've got these four artificial chemical things that they put in the chemical things that they put in the chemical things that they put in the sunscreen to block sun sunscreen to block sun sunscreen to block sun and they did various testing on them to and they did various testing on them to and they did various testing on them to try to see if they were safe try to see if they were safe try to see if they were safe and my friend did a bunch of research on and my friend did a bunch of research on and my friend did a bunch of research on this and all the tests this and all the tests this and all the tests are done using certain dosage are done using certain dosage are done using certain dosage and then if you read the instructions and then if you read the instructions and then if you read the instructions for how much sunscreen you're supposed for how much sunscreen you're supposed for how much sunscreen you're supposed to use the amount you're supposed to use to use the amount you're supposed to use to use the amount you're supposed to use is more than they ever tested is more than they ever tested is more than they ever tested so if anyone actually follows the so if anyone actually follows the so if anyone actually follows the instructions on the bottles of sunscreen instructions on the bottles of sunscreen instructions on the bottles of sunscreen they'll be getting a larger dose than they'll be getting a larger dose than they'll be getting a larger dose than what was tested what was tested what was tested and yet we're told oh the evidence shows and yet we're told oh the evidence shows and yet we're told oh the evidence shows it's safe 
[18:27]
it's safe it's safe there's no evidence there's a danger there's no evidence there's a danger there's no evidence there's a danger here but there is evidence there's a here but there is evidence there's a here but there is evidence there's a danger because we know danger because we know danger because we know that some of the compounds that they're that some of the compounds that they're that some of the compounds that they're putting on the sunscreen are absorbed putting on the sunscreen are absorbed putting on the sunscreen are absorbed into the body into the blood and stuff into the body into the blood and stuff into the body into the blood and stuff and that they can affect things like and that they can affect things like and that they can affect things like hormones hormones hormones and then we also know and then we also know and then we also know and there's evidence of this that babies and there's evidence of this that babies and there's evidence of this that babies have less blood than adults the babies have less blood than adults the babies have less blood than adults the babies are smaller and they have less mass and are smaller and they have less mass and are smaller and they have less mass and so when you put sunscreen on a baby so when you put sunscreen on a baby so when you put sunscreen on a baby the same amount of sunscreen on an adult the same amount of sunscreen on an adult the same amount of sunscreen on an adult would be diluted over their whole body would be diluted over their whole body would be diluted over their whole body it would have a smaller effect on them it would have a smaller effect on them it would have a smaller effect on them they put the same and you put it on a they put the same and you put it on a they put the same and you put it on a baby you can end up 
[18:59]
baby you can end up baby you can end up with a higher concentration it can with a higher concentration it can with a higher concentration it can affect them more affect them more affect them more so the studies about what was safe for so the studies about what was safe for so the studies about what was safe for adult adult adult can be problematic with a baby can be problematic with a baby can be problematic with a baby adults have more adults have more adults have more volume per surface area than babies do volume per surface area than babies do volume per surface area than babies do a way to look at this a way to look at this a way to look at this is is is how the surface area and volume of how the surface area and volume of how the surface area and volume of spheres grow as the radius grows spheres grow as the radius grows spheres grow as the radius grows the surface area the surface area the surface area grows in relation to the square of the grows in relation to the square of the grows in relation to the square of the radius 
[19:31]
radius radius and the volume grows in relation to the and the volume grows in relation to the and the volume grows in relation to the cube of the radius cube of the radius cube of the radius as you make as you make as you make a sphere bigger a sphere bigger a sphere bigger the the the volume is going up more than the surface volume is going up more than the surface volume is going up more than the surface area area area so babies and adults are not spheres but so babies and adults are not spheres but so babies and adults are not spheres but i think it works as a loose i think it works as a loose i think it works as a loose approximation approximation approximation some study has also claimed that there some study has also claimed that there some study has also claimed that there are metabolic differences in babies that are metabolic differences in babies that are metabolic differences in babies that can also make the sunscreen more can also make the sunscreen more can also make the sunscreen more dangerous for them 
[20:01]
dangerous for them dangerous for them but anyways even for adults but anyways even for adults but anyways even for adults they studied sunscreen at a lower dosage they studied sunscreen at a lower dosage they studied sunscreen at a lower dosage than the instructions say to use than the instructions say to use than the instructions say to use and then they thought that was safe for and then they thought that was safe for and then they thought that was safe for adults and then they decided sunscreen adults and then they decided sunscreen adults and then they decided sunscreen is safe is safe is safe one is tempted to reply that there is no one is tempted to reply that there is no one is tempted to reply that there is no evidence that sunscreen evidence that sunscreen evidence that sunscreen used as directed is in fact safe used as directed is in fact safe used as directed is in fact safe by which i mean the chemical sunscreens by which i mean the chemical sunscreens by which i mean the chemical sunscreens the zinc and titanium seem to be fine as the zinc and titanium seem to be fine as the zinc and titanium seem to be fine as far as i know far as i know far as i know there are a lot of things that people there are a lot of things that people there are a lot of things that people put in or on their bodies the society 
[20:32]
put in or on their bodies the society put in or on their bodies the society just seems to be telling them it's safe just seems to be telling them it's safe just seems to be telling them it's safe to worry about it like only weird people to worry about it like only weird people to worry about it like only weird people worry about things like sunscreen and worry about things like sunscreen and worry about things like sunscreen and food additives that is a minority food additives that is a minority food additives that is a minority concern concern concern but via the authorities the scientists but via the authorities the scientists but via the authorities the scientists are just like oh there's no evidence are just like oh there's no evidence are just like oh there's no evidence there's a problem or we studied it or there's a problem or we studied it or there's a problem or we studied it or whatever they're often lying it's often whatever they're often lying it's often whatever they're often lying it's often a bunch of crap a bunch of crap a bunch of crap and some of these things do turn out to and some of these things do turn out to and some of these things do turn out to be dangerous and then what often happens be dangerous and then what often happens be dangerous and then what often happens is they just replace it with something is they just replace it with something is they just replace it with something else that they haven't studied yet so else that they haven't studied yet so else that they haven't studied yet so they don't know it's dangerous and then they don't know it's dangerous and then they don't know it's dangerous and then they say it's fine 
[21:03]
they say it's fine they say it's fine and sometimes this happens repeatedly and sometimes this happens repeatedly and sometimes this happens repeatedly they replace it with a new dangerous they replace it with a new dangerous they replace it with a new dangerous thing wait a few decades until people thing wait a few decades until people thing wait a few decades until people figure out it's dangerous and get figure out it's dangerous and get figure out it's dangerous and get evidence and then they get a new one and evidence and then they get a new one and evidence and then they get a new one and say there's no evidence this one is say there's no evidence this one is say there's no evidence this one is dangerous and wait a few decades until dangerous and wait a few decades until dangerous and wait a few decades until people create evidence and then switch people create evidence and then switch people create evidence and then switch again