[0:00]
Oh, wa. I just realized that this Oh, wa. I just realized that this Oh, wa. I just realized that this example from Gareth Evans in 1973 is the example from Gareth Evans in 1973 is the example from Gareth Evans in 1973 is the plot of the show Madmen. Oh, okay. Uh, plot of the show Madmen. Oh, okay. Uh, plot of the show Madmen. Oh, okay. Uh, let me explain that. So far in this let me explain that. So far in this let me explain that. So far in this course, we've been talking about proper course, we've been talking about proper course, we've been talking about proper names like Napoleon. And at this point, names like Napoleon. And at this point, names like Napoleon. And at this point, there are two dominant theories there are two dominant theories there are two dominant theories explaining proper names. We've got Sorl's cluster of descriptions We've got Sorl's cluster of descriptions We've got Sorl's cluster of descriptions theory from 1958. According to Sorl's theory, you have a 
[0:31]
According to Sorl's theory, you have a According to Sorl's theory, you have a name and associated with that name, name and associated with that name, name and associated with that name, Napoleon Bonapart, is a bunch of Napoleon Bonapart, is a bunch of Napoleon Bonapart, is a bunch of information, a cluster of descriptions. information, a cluster of descriptions. information, a cluster of descriptions. And this information is stuff about the And this information is stuff about the And this information is stuff about the object or the person, right? So Napoleon object or the person, right? So Napoleon object or the person, right? So Napoleon conquered most of Europe. He was conquered most of Europe. He was conquered most of Europe. He was imprisoned on Elba, which is an island imprisoned on Elba, which is an island imprisoned on Elba, which is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. He crowned in the Mediterranean Sea. He crowned in the Mediterranean Sea. He crowned himself emperor. We'll talk about that a himself emperor. We'll talk about that a himself emperor. We'll talk about that a little bit later, but he crowned little bit later, but he crowned little bit later, but he crowned himself. like he took the crown away himself. like he took the crown away himself. like he took the crown away from the pope because the pope wasn't from the pope because the pope wasn't from the pope because the pope wasn't good enough to crown him and he just put good enough to crown him and he just put good enough to crown him and he just put the crown on his own head. Anyway, the crown on his own head. Anyway, the crown on his own head. Anyway, there's this cluster of descriptions or 
[1:02]
there's this cluster of descriptions or there's this cluster of descriptions or this body of information and then the this body of information and then the this body of information and then the name refers to the guy. This is name refers to the guy. This is name refers to the guy. This is Napoleon. I drew like a little hat Napoleon. I drew like a little hat Napoleon. I drew like a little hat because because I think he mostly wears because because I think he mostly wears because because I think he mostly wears a hat. This guy is the reference of the a hat. This guy is the reference of the a hat. This guy is the reference of the name because he fits enough of these name because he fits enough of these name because he fits enough of these descriptions in the cluster. Then in descriptions in the cluster. Then in descriptions in the cluster. Then in 1970, this young prodigy named Saul 1970, this young prodigy named Saul 1970, this young prodigy named Saul Krypkkey comes along. He attacks Sorl's Krypkkey comes along. He attacks Sorl's Krypkkey comes along. He attacks Sorl's theory, shows that it can't be right, theory, shows that it can't be right, theory, shows that it can't be right, and then gives his own theory or the the and then gives his own theory or the the and then gives his own theory or the the outline of a theory, which is a causal outline of a theory, which is a causal outline of a theory, which is a causal chain theory. On Krypky's theory, this 
[1:34]
chain theory. On Krypky's theory, this chain theory. On Krypky's theory, this whole cluster of information, although whole cluster of information, although whole cluster of information, although there is that cluster, it doesn't there is that cluster, it doesn't there is that cluster, it doesn't establish the reference between the name establish the reference between the name establish the reference between the name and the object, right? The fact that and the object, right? The fact that and the object, right? The fact that this is the thing that this is the name this is the thing that this is the name this is the thing that this is the name of. Instead, the way it works on of. Instead, the way it works on of. Instead, the way it works on Krypky's theory is that when Napoleon or Krypky's theory is that when Napoleon or Krypky's theory is that when Napoleon or anyone or anything when Napoleon was a anyone or anything when Napoleon was a anyone or anything when Napoleon was a baby, his parents looked at him or baby, his parents looked at him or baby, his parents looked at him or whatever, somebody and they pointed at whatever, somebody and they pointed at whatever, somebody and they pointed at him or something like that and they him or something like that and they him or something like that and they dubbed him Napoleon. And then his dubbed him Napoleon. And then his dubbed him Napoleon. And then his parents told other people. They said, parents told other people. They said, parents told other people. They said, "Oh, uh, we had a baby and we named him "Oh, uh, we had a baby and we named him "Oh, uh, we had a baby and we named him Napoleon." And then these other people, 
[2:06]
Napoleon." And then these other people, Napoleon." And then these other people, even if they did not meet the baby yet, even if they did not meet the baby yet, even if they did not meet the baby yet, they knew about the name and they they knew about the name and they they knew about the name and they thought to themselves something along thought to themselves something along thought to themselves something along the lines of, "Now I'm going to use the the lines of, "Now I'm going to use the the lines of, "Now I'm going to use the name Napoleon and I'm going to use it to name Napoleon and I'm going to use it to name Napoleon and I'm going to use it to refer to whichever baby these people use refer to whichever baby these people use refer to whichever baby these people use their name Napoleon to refer to." And their name Napoleon to refer to." And their name Napoleon to refer to." And then there gets established this causal then there gets established this causal then there gets established this causal chain. This is my attempt to draw a chain. This is my attempt to draw a chain. This is my attempt to draw a literal chain or whatever. And the chain literal chain or whatever. And the chain literal chain or whatever. And the chain is people passing on the name to each is people passing on the name to each is people passing on the name to each other. And everyone that's linked in the other. And everyone that's linked in the other. And everyone that's linked in the chain is intending to use the name to 
[2:36]
chain is intending to use the name to chain is intending to use the name to refer to whoever the the last person in refer to whoever the the last person in refer to whoever the the last person in the chain was using that name to refer the chain was using that name to refer the chain was using that name to refer to. And so then now when I use the name to. And so then now when I use the name to. And so then now when I use the name Napoleon Bonapart, I never met the guy Napoleon Bonapart, I never met the guy Napoleon Bonapart, I never met the guy or whatever because he died some time or whatever because he died some time or whatever because he died some time ago. My use of this name refers back to ago. My use of this name refers back to ago. My use of this name refers back to him because there's a chain linking me him because there's a chain linking me him because there's a chain linking me to him. A chain of people passing on the to him. A chain of people passing on the to him. A chain of people passing on the name. Okay, those are the two theories, name. Okay, those are the two theories, name. Okay, those are the two theories, but they both have problems. but they both have problems. but they both have problems. These are the problems. I'm going to go These are the problems. I'm going to go These are the problems. I'm going to go over them in a sec, but what's going to over them in a sec, but what's going to over them in a sec, but what's going to happen is that Gareth Evans publishes 
[3:07]
happen is that Gareth Evans publishes happen is that Gareth Evans publishes this paper in 1973. There are very few this paper in 1973. There are very few this paper in 1973. There are very few photographs of Evans available. The photographs of Evans available. The photographs of Evans available. The reason for that is that Evans died of reason for that is that Evans died of reason for that is that Evans died of cancer in 1980 at the age of 34, but cancer in 1980 at the age of 34, but cancer in 1980 at the age of 34, but even before that, he had made enormous even before that, he had made enormous even before that, he had made enormous contributions to the philosophy of mind contributions to the philosophy of mind contributions to the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of language. And this and the philosophy of language. And this and the philosophy of language. And this is one of them. This is the one of the is one of them. This is the one of the is one of them. This is the one of the big ones, maybe the the biggest. First big ones, maybe the the biggest. First big ones, maybe the the biggest. First he sort of reiterated these problems he sort of reiterated these problems he sort of reiterated these problems which crypty had pointed out problems which crypty had pointed out problems which crypty had pointed out problems for Sorl's theory. But then he for Sorl's theory. But then he for Sorl's theory. But then he introduced these problems that no one introduced these problems that no one introduced these problems that no one had realized for Crypty's theory. So had realized for Crypty's theory. So had realized for Crypty's theory. So both of these theories are going to have 
[3:38]
both of these theories are going to have both of these theories are going to have problems. And what Evans does is he problems. And what Evans does is he problems. And what Evans does is he figures out what's right about Sorl's figures out what's right about Sorl's figures out what's right about Sorl's theory and what's right about Crypty's theory and what's right about Crypty's theory and what's right about Crypty's theory and he just sort of takes those theory and he just sort of takes those theory and he just sort of takes those parts, keeps them, gets rid of all the parts, keeps them, gets rid of all the parts, keeps them, gets rid of all the extra stuff, builds his own theory. And extra stuff, builds his own theory. And extra stuff, builds his own theory. And that's like in my opinion the correct that's like in my opinion the correct that's like in my opinion the correct theory of proper names. like like we've theory of proper names. like like we've theory of proper names. like like we've been talking about proper names this been talking about proper names this been talking about proper names this whole semester and it just ends here whole semester and it just ends here whole semester and it just ends here with Evans. Evans just in my opinion with Evans. Evans just in my opinion with Evans. Evans just in my opinion gets it right. And then next we're going gets it right. And then next we're going gets it right. And then next we're going to move on to definite descriptions. to move on to definite descriptions. to move on to definite descriptions. We're going to read Bert and Russell. We're going to read Bert and Russell. We're going to read Bert and Russell. But we're not there yet. We've still got But we're not there yet. We've still got But we're not there yet. We've still got to just get through these problems and to just get through these problems and to just get through these problems and then introduce Evans's theory. Okay, so 
[4:10]
then introduce Evans's theory. Okay, so then introduce Evans's theory. Okay, so the Girdle Schmidt problem. This was a the Girdle Schmidt problem. This was a the Girdle Schmidt problem. This was a problem for Sorl's theory that Kryky problem for Sorl's theory that Kryky problem for Sorl's theory that Kryky introduced. I'm not going to go over introduced. I'm not going to go over introduced. I'm not going to go over that because we spent a whole lecture on that because we spent a whole lecture on that because we spent a whole lecture on it. You can find that video linked in it. You can find that video linked in it. You can find that video linked in the description. In the Evans paper that the description. In the Evans paper that the description. In the Evans paper that we read for today, Evans introduces his we read for today, Evans introduces his we read for today, Evans introduces his own example, this Goliath example, which own example, this Goliath example, which own example, this Goliath example, which is really just the same as the Girdle is really just the same as the Girdle is really just the same as the Girdle Schmidt example. It's just a new version Schmidt example. It's just a new version Schmidt example. It's just a new version of it or whatever. Here's how the of it or whatever. Here's how the of it or whatever. Here's how the example goes. What's the thing that most example goes. What's the thing that most example goes. What's the thing that most people know about Goliath? It was that people know about Goliath? It was that people know about Goliath? It was that he was killed by David. David before he he was killed by David. David before he he was killed by David. David before he became king, this is like in the Bible became king, this is like in the Bible became king, this is like in the Bible or whatever. David like had a little 
[4:41]
or whatever. David like had a little or whatever. David like had a little slingshot or whatever, like a slingy slingshot or whatever, like a slingy slingshot or whatever, like a slingy thing, and he threw a rock and hit thing, and he threw a rock and hit thing, and he threw a rock and hit Goliath in the head and killed him. Goliath in the head and killed him. Goliath in the head and killed him. Goliath was like a big strong Philistine Goliath was like a big strong Philistine Goliath was like a big strong Philistine or something, some one of the bad guys or something, some one of the bad guys or something, some one of the bad guys or whatever and and David killed him. or whatever and and David killed him. or whatever and and David killed him. That's the main piece of information in That's the main piece of information in That's the main piece of information in this cluster of information, this this cluster of information, this this cluster of information, this cluster of descriptions for the name cluster of descriptions for the name cluster of descriptions for the name Goliath. The main piece of information Goliath. The main piece of information Goliath. The main piece of information is that David killed him. But suppose is that David killed him. But suppose is that David killed him. But suppose that David didn't really kill him. that David didn't really kill him. that David didn't really kill him. Suppose that David actually killed Suppose that David actually killed Suppose that David actually killed someone else and someone else killed someone else and someone else killed someone else and someone else killed Goliath or whatever. If that was the Goliath or whatever. If that was the Goliath or whatever. If that was the case, who would the name Goliath refer 
[5:14]
case, who would the name Goliath refer case, who would the name Goliath refer to? If it turned out that David had to? If it turned out that David had to? If it turned out that David had actually killed someone else, well, actually killed someone else, well, actually killed someone else, well, Sorl's theory would tell us that the Sorl's theory would tell us that the Sorl's theory would tell us that the name Goliath just refers to whoever fits name Goliath just refers to whoever fits name Goliath just refers to whoever fits the descriptions. So, the name Goliath the descriptions. So, the name Goliath the descriptions. So, the name Goliath would really be the name of some other would really be the name of some other would really be the name of some other person who David killed. But that's the person who David killed. But that's the person who David killed. But that's the wrong result. Right? Sorl's theory gets wrong result. Right? Sorl's theory gets wrong result. Right? Sorl's theory gets the wrong result. The right result is the wrong result. The right result is the wrong result. The right result is that the name Goliath still refers to that the name Goliath still refers to that the name Goliath still refers to Goliath, whoever Goliath was, even if it Goliath, whoever Goliath was, even if it Goliath, whoever Goliath was, even if it turns out that David didn't kill him. turns out that David didn't kill him. turns out that David didn't kill him. What's happening is that Sorl is forced 
[5:45]
What's happening is that Sorl is forced What's happening is that Sorl is forced into this result because of what his into this result because of what his into this result because of what his theory is, right? The theory just says theory is, right? The theory just says theory is, right? The theory just says that the reference, the reference of the that the reference, the reference of the that the reference, the reference of the name, whatever the name refers to, the name, whatever the name refers to, the name, whatever the name refers to, the reference is just whatever fits the reference is just whatever fits the reference is just whatever fits the cluster of descriptions. And so if some cluster of descriptions. And so if some cluster of descriptions. And so if some other, you know, soldier or whatever other, you know, soldier or whatever other, you know, soldier or whatever fits the description killed by David, fits the description killed by David, fits the description killed by David, then that other soldier has to be the then that other soldier has to be the then that other soldier has to be the reference of the name Goliath. Crypty's reference of the name Goliath. Crypty's reference of the name Goliath. Crypty's theory avoids this problem because the theory avoids this problem because the theory avoids this problem because the theory is that the reference is whatever theory is that the reference is whatever theory is that the reference is whatever is linked by the chain of causation and is linked by the chain of causation and is linked by the chain of causation and the chain of causation of the name the chain of causation of the name the chain of causation of the name Goliath goes all the way back to like 
[6:17]
Goliath goes all the way back to like Goliath goes all the way back to like the little baby Goliath. So Kryky's the little baby Goliath. So Kryky's the little baby Goliath. So Kryky's theory just gets a totally different theory just gets a totally different theory just gets a totally different result. But Evans points out and he's result. But Evans points out and he's result. But Evans points out and he's the first one to point this out. the first one to point this out. the first one to point this out. Krypky's theory has these other Krypky's theory has these other Krypky's theory has these other problems. The most famous example that problems. The most famous example that problems. The most famous example that Evans presents involves the island Evans presents involves the island Evans presents involves the island nation of Madagascar. This is the nation of Madagascar. This is the nation of Madagascar. This is the example that the paper has become most example that the paper has become most example that the paper has become most famous for, even though it really famous for, even though it really famous for, even though it really appears in just a few sentences. The appears in just a few sentences. The appears in just a few sentences. The explorer Marco Polo was on the African explorer Marco Polo was on the African explorer Marco Polo was on the African mainland and he asked some locals what mainland and he asked some locals what mainland and he asked some locals what the name of a piece of land was. Like he the name of a piece of land was. Like he the name of a piece of land was. Like he pointed to some land over there and he 
[6:48]
pointed to some land over there and he pointed to some land over there and he said, "What's it called?" And they told said, "What's it called?" And they told said, "What's it called?" And they told him that it was called Madagascar. But him that it was called Madagascar. But him that it was called Madagascar. But they were talking about this area of the they were talking about this area of the they were talking about this area of the African mainland, what is part of African mainland, what is part of African mainland, what is part of present- day Mosamb beek. But Marco Polo present- day Mosamb beek. But Marco Polo present- day Mosamb beek. But Marco Polo got confused and didn't understand. He got confused and didn't understand. He got confused and didn't understand. He thought that they were telling him that thought that they were telling him that thought that they were telling him that Madagascar was the name of this big Madagascar was the name of this big Madagascar was the name of this big island off the coast. So he started island off the coast. So he started island off the coast. So he started using the name Madagascar to talk about using the name Madagascar to talk about using the name Madagascar to talk about this island. And because he was very this island. And because he was very this island. And because he was very influential or whatever, everyone else influential or whatever, everyone else influential or whatever, everyone else started calling that island Madagascar. started calling that island Madagascar. started calling that island Madagascar. And now without a doubt, Madagascar is And now without a doubt, Madagascar is And now without a doubt, Madagascar is the name not of some part of the African 
[7:19]
the name not of some part of the African the name not of some part of the African mainland, but of this big island. It's mainland, but of this big island. It's mainland, but of this big island. It's the second largest island nation in the the second largest island nation in the the second largest island nation in the world after Indonesia. Ah, but here's world after Indonesia. Ah, but here's world after Indonesia. Ah, but here's the thing. Crypty's theory gets the the thing. Crypty's theory gets the the thing. Crypty's theory gets the wrong result when it comes to the name wrong result when it comes to the name wrong result when it comes to the name Madagascar. The way that this whole Madagascar. The way that this whole Madagascar. The way that this whole causal chain works is that person A causal chain works is that person A causal chain works is that person A teaches person B some name and person B teaches person B some name and person B teaches person B some name and person B intends to use that name to refer to the intends to use that name to refer to the intends to use that name to refer to the same thing that person A was using that same thing that person A was using that same thing that person A was using that name to refer to. Well, Marco Polo name to refer to. Well, Marco Polo name to refer to. Well, Marco Polo wanted to use the name Madagascar to 
[7:51]
wanted to use the name Madagascar to wanted to use the name Madagascar to refer to the same thing as the locals refer to the same thing as the locals refer to the same thing as the locals who were teaching him that name. So that who were teaching him that name. So that who were teaching him that name. So that link in the chain is preserved. And that link in the chain is preserved. And that link in the chain is preserved. And that link in the chain goes all the way back link in the chain goes all the way back link in the chain goes all the way back to the initial dubbing or baptism to the initial dubbing or baptism to the initial dubbing or baptism ceremony where someone said, "Okay, this ceremony where someone said, "Okay, this ceremony where someone said, "Okay, this bit of land, we're going to call it bit of land, we're going to call it bit of land, we're going to call it Madagascar." Except for that bit of land Madagascar." Except for that bit of land Madagascar." Except for that bit of land that was named officially or dubbed that was named officially or dubbed that was named officially or dubbed Madagascar at some point in the past. We Madagascar at some point in the past. We Madagascar at some point in the past. We don't know how far back. That bit of don't know how far back. That bit of don't know how far back. That bit of land was on the African mainland. The land was on the African mainland. The land was on the African mainland. The causal chain of Krypky's theory leads causal chain of Krypky's theory leads causal chain of Krypky's theory leads back to a piece of the African mainland. back to a piece of the African mainland. back to a piece of the African mainland. So Krypky's theory has to say that 
[8:22]
So Krypky's theory has to say that So Krypky's theory has to say that Madagascar the name refers to this area Madagascar the name refers to this area Madagascar the name refers to this area in Mosamb beek but it doesn't. The name in Mosamb beek but it doesn't. The name in Mosamb beek but it doesn't. The name Madagascar just definitely doesn't. It Madagascar just definitely doesn't. It Madagascar just definitely doesn't. It definitely refers to this giant island. definitely refers to this giant island. definitely refers to this giant island. And Evans gives another example that And Evans gives another example that And Evans gives another example that illustrates the same problem with crypts illustrates the same problem with crypts illustrates the same problem with crypts theory. The example of a baby swap. So, theory. The example of a baby swap. So, theory. The example of a baby swap. So, you got two babies and they get their you got two babies and they get their you got two babies and they get their names and they've been named and then names and they've been named and then names and they've been named and then sometime after they're named, maybe when sometime after they're named, maybe when sometime after they're named, maybe when they're like 2 weeks old or something, they're like 2 weeks old or something, they're like 2 weeks old or something, they get swapped by accident or they get swapped by accident or they get swapped by accident or whatever. And then they go on to live whatever. And then they go on to live whatever. And then they go on to live their whole lives. Suppose that one of their whole lives. Suppose that one of their whole lives. Suppose that one of these babies practices over and over, 
[8:53]
these babies practices over and over, these babies practices over and over, gets really good at basketball, and gets really good at basketball, and gets really good at basketball, and becomes the point guard for the New York becomes the point guard for the New York becomes the point guard for the New York Knicks, and everyone calls him Jaylen Knicks, and everyone calls him Jaylen Knicks, and everyone calls him Jaylen Brunson. Krypky's theory gets the result Brunson. Krypky's theory gets the result Brunson. Krypky's theory gets the result that in this scenario, the name Jaylen that in this scenario, the name Jaylen that in this scenario, the name Jaylen Brunson doesn't refer to this guy who Brunson doesn't refer to this guy who Brunson doesn't refer to this guy who plays for the New York Knicks and who plays for the New York Knicks and who plays for the New York Knicks and who lived his whole life being called Jaylen lived his whole life being called Jaylen lived his whole life being called Jaylen Brunson. Instead, according to Crypty's Brunson. Instead, according to Crypty's Brunson. Instead, according to Crypty's theory, we just follow the chain all the theory, we just follow the chain all the theory, we just follow the chain all the way back and the chain actually leads to way back and the chain actually leads to way back and the chain actually leads to this other baby that was swapped with this other baby that was swapped with this other baby that was swapped with Jaylen like 2 weeks after they were Jaylen like 2 weeks after they were Jaylen like 2 weeks after they were born. But that's just the wrong result. born. But that's just the wrong result. born. But that's just the wrong result. Like, that's bonkers. The name Jaylen 
[9:25]
Like, that's bonkers. The name Jaylen Like, that's bonkers. The name Jaylen Brunson clearly refers to this guy who's Brunson clearly refers to this guy who's Brunson clearly refers to this guy who's the point guard for the New York Knicks the point guard for the New York Knicks the point guard for the New York Knicks and who everyone calls Jaylen Brunson and who everyone calls Jaylen Brunson and who everyone calls Jaylen Brunson and he answers to the name Jaylen and he answers to the name Jaylen and he answers to the name Jaylen Brunson and that's just his name Brunson and that's just his name Brunson and that's just his name obviously and you can start to sniff obviously and you can start to sniff obviously and you can start to sniff what's going wrong with Kryky's theory, what's going wrong with Kryky's theory, what's going wrong with Kryky's theory, right? Jaylen Brunson has built up this right? Jaylen Brunson has built up this right? Jaylen Brunson has built up this whole portfolio, this whole cluster of whole portfolio, this whole cluster of whole portfolio, this whole cluster of descriptions, all this information about descriptions, all this information about descriptions, all this information about him, that he plays in the NBA and that him, that he plays in the NBA and that him, that he plays in the NBA and that his dad is one of the coaches of the his dad is one of the coaches of the his dad is one of the coaches of the same team and that he used to play for same team and that he used to play for same team and that he used to play for the Dallas Mavericks and all this stuff. the Dallas Mavericks and all this stuff. the Dallas Mavericks and all this stuff. And Krypky's theory just ignores that. 
[9:57]
And Krypky's theory just ignores that. And Krypky's theory just ignores that. It just ignores this whole cluster of It just ignores this whole cluster of It just ignores this whole cluster of information. And by ignoring that and information. And by ignoring that and information. And by ignoring that and just focusing on the causal chain, just focusing on the causal chain, just focusing on the causal chain, Krypky's theory gets the wrong result. Krypky's theory gets the wrong result. Krypky's theory gets the wrong result. Okay, so both of these theories are Okay, so both of these theories are Okay, so both of these theories are wrong. What Evans realizes is that this wrong. What Evans realizes is that this wrong. What Evans realizes is that this whole bit about the cluster of whole bit about the cluster of whole bit about the cluster of descriptions. That's right. There is a descriptions. That's right. There is a descriptions. That's right. There is a cluster of descriptions or a body of cluster of descriptions or a body of cluster of descriptions or a body of information that's associated with a information that's associated with a information that's associated with a name and that's important. That's name and that's important. That's name and that's important. That's somehow important. But also Evans somehow important. But also Evans somehow important. But also Evans realizes that the notion of causation, realizes that the notion of causation, realizes that the notion of causation, that's important, too. The absurdity in 
[10:27]
that's important, too. The absurdity in that's important, too. The absurdity in supposing that the denotation of our supposing that the denotation of our supposing that the denotation of our contemporary use of the name Aristotle contemporary use of the name Aristotle contemporary use of the name Aristotle could be some unknown item whose doings could be some unknown item whose doings could be some unknown item whose doings are causally isolated from our body of are causally isolated from our body of are causally isolated from our body of information is strictly parallel to okay information is strictly parallel to okay information is strictly parallel to okay stop right there for a second. Evans is stop right there for a second. Evans is stop right there for a second. Evans is drawing an analogy on Surl's theory. drawing an analogy on Surl's theory. drawing an analogy on Surl's theory. There's no need for a causal connection. There's no need for a causal connection. There's no need for a causal connection. And Evans thinks this is absurd. The And Evans thinks this is absurd. The And Evans thinks this is absurd. The absurdity of thinking that all you need absurdity of thinking that all you need absurdity of thinking that all you need to do is fit some cluster of to do is fit some cluster of to do is fit some cluster of descriptions and and you don't need to descriptions and and you don't need to descriptions and and you don't need to be causally related. The absurdity in be causally related. The absurdity in be causally related. The absurdity in that is analogous to something else. 
[10:58]
that is analogous to something else. that is analogous to something else. He's going to introduce some other kind He's going to introduce some other kind He's going to introduce some other kind of absurdity. Here we go. The absurdity of absurdity. Here we go. The absurdity of absurdity. Here we go. The absurdity in supposing that one might be seeing in supposing that one might be seeing in supposing that one might be seeing something one has no causal contact with something one has no causal contact with something one has no causal contact with solely upon the ground that there is a solely upon the ground that there is a solely upon the ground that there is a splendid match between object and visual splendid match between object and visual splendid match between object and visual impression. Okay. So to explain this I impression. Okay. So to explain this I impression. Okay. So to explain this I need to draw a diagram. need to draw a diagram. need to draw a diagram. So there's a person right and they have So there's a person right and they have So there's a person right and they have an eyeball. This is their eyeball. And an eyeball. This is their eyeball. And an eyeball. This is their eyeball. And they're looking at a shoe. This is my they're looking at a shoe. This is my they're looking at a shoe. This is my drawing of a shoe. And so the light drawing of a shoe. And so the light drawing of a shoe. And so the light bounces off the shoe and goes into the bounces off the shoe and goes into the bounces off the shoe and goes into the eyeball. That's some causation right eyeball. That's some causation right eyeball. That's some causation right there. And in the mind of this person, 
[11:29]
there. And in the mind of this person, there. And in the mind of this person, there's a visual image, like a little there's a visual image, like a little there's a visual image, like a little picture of the shoe in their head. picture of the shoe in their head. picture of the shoe in their head. Suppose also that there's an additional Suppose also that there's an additional Suppose also that there's an additional shoe. There's some other shoe. This is shoe. There's some other shoe. This is shoe. There's some other shoe. This is it. It's a thousand miles away. This it. It's a thousand miles away. This it. It's a thousand miles away. This person has never interacted with it. person has never interacted with it. person has never interacted with it. They've never been in the same room as They've never been in the same room as They've never been in the same room as this other shoe or anything like that. this other shoe or anything like that. this other shoe or anything like that. But the image in their mind actually But the image in their mind actually But the image in their mind actually resembles this shoe a little bit more resembles this shoe a little bit more resembles this shoe a little bit more than it resembles this shoe. like maybe than it resembles this shoe. like maybe than it resembles this shoe. like maybe there's a cloud in here blocking uh there's a cloud in here blocking uh there's a cloud in here blocking uh their sight of this shoe and so they their sight of this shoe and so they their sight of this shoe and so they don't get a perfectly accurate picture don't get a perfectly accurate picture don't get a perfectly accurate picture in their head and the picture that they in their head and the picture that they in their head and the picture that they do end up with actually matches this 
[12:02]
do end up with actually matches this do end up with actually matches this other shoe a thousand miles away. Here's other shoe a thousand miles away. Here's other shoe a thousand miles away. Here's the question. Which shoe are they the question. Which shoe are they the question. Which shoe are they seeing? The answer Evans thinks is like seeing? The answer Evans thinks is like seeing? The answer Evans thinks is like obviously they're seeing this shoe, the obviously they're seeing this shoe, the obviously they're seeing this shoe, the shoe that is causally related to them. shoe that is causally related to them. shoe that is causally related to them. The shoe that the light is bouncing off The shoe that the light is bouncing off The shoe that the light is bouncing off of that's going into their eye, hitting of that's going into their eye, hitting of that's going into their eye, hitting their retina and causing this mental their retina and causing this mental their retina and causing this mental image. That's the shoe that they're image. That's the shoe that they're image. That's the shoe that they're seeing. They're not seeing this shoe. seeing. They're not seeing this shoe. seeing. They're not seeing this shoe. This shoe is a thousand miles away. They This shoe is a thousand miles away. They This shoe is a thousand miles away. They don't even know it exists. They have no don't even know it exists. They have no don't even know it exists. They have no interaction with it. Just because this interaction with it. Just because this interaction with it. Just because this shoe matches or fits, that doesn't mean shoe matches or fits, that doesn't mean shoe matches or fits, that doesn't mean that they're seeing this one. And that's 
[12:33]
that they're seeing this one. And that's that they're seeing this one. And that's kind of how absurd Sorl's theory is. kind of how absurd Sorl's theory is. kind of how absurd Sorl's theory is. Evans thinks, right? Surl's theory just Evans thinks, right? Surl's theory just Evans thinks, right? Surl's theory just says that you've got a match. Whatever says that you've got a match. Whatever says that you've got a match. Whatever object fits or matches the cluster of object fits or matches the cluster of object fits or matches the cluster of descriptions, the cluster of descriptions, the cluster of descriptions, the cluster of descriptions is like an image, like a descriptions is like an image, like a descriptions is like an image, like a little drawing in your head, a little a little drawing in your head, a little a little drawing in your head, a little a little drawing with words. That's what little drawing with words. That's what little drawing with words. That's what descriptions are. And since it would be descriptions are. And since it would be descriptions are. And since it would be absurd to leave causation out of the absurd to leave causation out of the absurd to leave causation out of the story here of what this person is story here of what this person is story here of what this person is seeing, it would also be absurd to leave seeing, it would also be absurd to leave seeing, it would also be absurd to leave causation out of the story of what names causation out of the story of what names causation out of the story of what names refer to. Evans thinks that Krykkey is 
[13:05]
refer to. Evans thinks that Krykkey is refer to. Evans thinks that Krykkey is right about the importance of causation, right about the importance of causation, right about the importance of causation, but he's wrong about this whole link in but he's wrong about this whole link in but he's wrong about this whole link in a chain thing. Like, forget about that. a chain thing. Like, forget about that. a chain thing. Like, forget about that. And he thinks that Sirill is right that And he thinks that Sirill is right that And he thinks that Sirill is right that there's this body of information there's this body of information there's this body of information associated with the name. But the associated with the name. But the associated with the name. But the mistake is to think that the reference mistake is to think that the reference mistake is to think that the reference has to fit that body of information. No, has to fit that body of information. No, has to fit that body of information. No, no, no. Forget about fitting the no, no. Forget about fitting the no, no. Forget about fitting the information. That's not it. What Evans information. That's not it. What Evans information. That's not it. What Evans is about to do is he's going to produce is about to do is he's going to produce is about to do is he's going to produce a new theory of proper names that's a new theory of proper names that's a new theory of proper names that's going to keep this cluster of going to keep this cluster of going to keep this cluster of descriptions, but it's going to involve descriptions, but it's going to involve descriptions, but it's going to involve a different way of relating to that a different way of relating to that a different way of relating to that cluster of descriptions. To illustrate 
[13:35]
cluster of descriptions. To illustrate cluster of descriptions. To illustrate what's going on here, think about the what's going on here, think about the what's going on here, think about the description has a thick head of hair. description has a thick head of hair. description has a thick head of hair. One way that someone could be related to One way that someone could be related to One way that someone could be related to this description is that they could fit this description is that they could fit this description is that they could fit it. They have this characteristic. They it. They have this characteristic. They it. They have this characteristic. They have a thick head of hair. I don't have a thick head of hair. I don't have a thick head of hair. I don't really anymore, but I'm sort of coming really anymore, but I'm sort of coming really anymore, but I'm sort of coming to accept it. However, there's this to accept it. However, there's this to accept it. However, there's this other way that someone could be related other way that someone could be related other way that someone could be related to this description. They could be the to this description. They could be the to this description. They could be the source, the causal source of that source, the causal source of that source, the causal source of that description. So, for example, if I was description. So, for example, if I was description. So, for example, if I was wearing a wig, you might look at my head 
[14:06]
wearing a wig, you might look at my head wearing a wig, you might look at my head and you might think that it's real hair and you might think that it's real hair and you might think that it's real hair and you might say, "Oh, this guy, he's and you might say, "Oh, this guy, he's and you might say, "Oh, this guy, he's got a thick head of hair." In that case, got a thick head of hair." In that case, got a thick head of hair." In that case, I would not fit the description cuz I I would not fit the description cuz I I would not fit the description cuz I don't have a thick head of hair. But I don't have a thick head of hair. But I don't have a thick head of hair. But I would be the source of the description. would be the source of the description. would be the source of the description. Like you had that description pop into Like you had that description pop into Like you had that description pop into your mind and maybe then you associated your mind and maybe then you associated your mind and maybe then you associated that description with my name. You put that description with my name. You put that description with my name. You put it in the cluster of descriptions. You it in the cluster of descriptions. You it in the cluster of descriptions. You thought of that description. It thought of that description. It thought of that description. It originated from me. And someone can be originated from me. And someone can be originated from me. And someone can be the causal source of some description the causal source of some description the causal source of some description without actually fitting the without actually fitting the without actually fitting the description. So Evans tosses out this 
[14:37]
description. So Evans tosses out this description. So Evans tosses out this idea of fitting, combines the causation idea of fitting, combines the causation idea of fitting, combines the causation with the cluster of descriptions and with the cluster of descriptions and with the cluster of descriptions and produces his own theory that looks like produces his own theory that looks like produces his own theory that looks like this. this. this. The reference is the dominant causal The reference is the dominant causal The reference is the dominant causal source of the cluster of descriptions. source of the cluster of descriptions. source of the cluster of descriptions. So he keeps the cluster of descriptions So he keeps the cluster of descriptions So he keeps the cluster of descriptions part from Sorl's theory and he just says part from Sorl's theory and he just says part from Sorl's theory and he just says that the reference of a proper name is that the reference of a proper name is that the reference of a proper name is not what fits those descriptions but not what fits those descriptions but not what fits those descriptions but what causes them which he gets from what causes them which he gets from what causes them which he gets from Crypty's theory. The real weakness of Crypty's theory. The real weakness of Crypty's theory. The real weakness of the description theory lies not so much the description theory lies not so much the description theory lies not so much in the idea that the intended reference 
[15:08]
in the idea that the intended reference in the idea that the intended reference is determined in a more or less is determined in a more or less is determined in a more or less complicated way by the associated complicated way by the associated complicated way by the associated information. The problem with Surl's information. The problem with Surl's information. The problem with Surl's theory is not that there's some theory is not that there's some theory is not that there's some associated information, some cluster of associated information, some cluster of associated information, some cluster of descriptions that helps to determine the descriptions that helps to determine the descriptions that helps to determine the reference. That's not the problem with reference. That's not the problem with reference. That's not the problem with Sorl's theory. The problem instead is Sorl's theory. The problem instead is Sorl's theory. The problem instead is but the specific form the determination but the specific form the determination but the specific form the determination was supposed to take fit. The problem was supposed to take fit. The problem was supposed to take fit. The problem was in thinking that it's by fitting was in thinking that it's by fitting was in thinking that it's by fitting those descriptions that the reference is those descriptions that the reference is those descriptions that the reference is selected or whatever. It's not by selected or whatever. It's not by selected or whatever. It's not by fitting, it's by causing. There is fitting, it's by causing. There is fitting, it's by causing. There is something absurd in supposing that the 
[15:40]
something absurd in supposing that the something absurd in supposing that the intended reference of some perfectly intended reference of some perfectly intended reference of some perfectly ordinary use of a name by a speaker ordinary use of a name by a speaker ordinary use of a name by a speaker could be some item utterly isolated could be some item utterly isolated could be some item utterly isolated causally from the user's community and causally from the user's community and causally from the user's community and culture simply in virtue of the fact culture simply in virtue of the fact culture simply in virtue of the fact that it fits better than anything else that it fits better than anything else that it fits better than anything else the cluster of descriptions he the cluster of descriptions he the cluster of descriptions he associates with the name. That's the associates with the name. That's the associates with the name. That's the exact same point that we illustrated exact same point that we illustrated exact same point that we illustrated with that visual metaphor. The point is, with that visual metaphor. The point is, with that visual metaphor. The point is, it's absurd that the reference would be it's absurd that the reference would be it's absurd that the reference would be something that's causally isolated just something that's causally isolated just something that's causally isolated just because that this other thing far away because that this other thing far away because that this other thing far away that no one interacts with happens to that no one interacts with happens to that no one interacts with happens to fit some descriptions. I would agree 
[16:10]
fit some descriptions. I would agree fit some descriptions. I would agree with Krypkkey in thinking that the with Krypkkey in thinking that the with Krypkkey in thinking that the absurdity resides in the absence of any absurdity resides in the absence of any absurdity resides in the absence of any causal relation between the item causal relation between the item causal relation between the item concerned and the speaker. But it seems concerned and the speaker. But it seems concerned and the speaker. But it seems to me that he, that is Krypkkey, has to me that he, that is Krypkkey, has to me that he, that is Krypkkey, has mislocated the causal relation. The mislocated the causal relation. The mislocated the causal relation. The important causal relation lies between important causal relation lies between important causal relation lies between that item's states and doings and the that item's states and doings and the that item's states and doings and the speaker's body of information. Evans speaker's body of information. Evans speaker's body of information. Evans thinks that the relevant causal thinks that the relevant causal thinks that the relevant causal connection is between the object in the connection is between the object in the connection is between the object in the world and what it does and the world and what it does and the world and what it does and the information or the descriptions, not information or the descriptions, not information or the descriptions, not between the items being dubbed with a between the items being dubbed with a between the items being dubbed with a name and the speaker's contemporary use name and the speaker's contemporary use name and the speaker's contemporary use of it. The relevant causation is not 
[16:41]
of it. The relevant causation is not of it. The relevant causation is not that causal chain that Cryptia that causal chain that Cryptia that causal chain that Cryptia identified between this dubbing identified between this dubbing identified between this dubbing ceremony, this naming ceremony, and then ceremony, this naming ceremony, and then ceremony, this naming ceremony, and then the contemporary use of the name. That's the contemporary use of the name. That's the contemporary use of the name. That's a mistake. Okay, but what about this a mistake. Okay, but what about this a mistake. Okay, but what about this word dominant? We know that the word dominant? We know that the word dominant? We know that the causation comes from Krypky's theory. causation comes from Krypky's theory. causation comes from Krypky's theory. The cluster of descriptions comes from The cluster of descriptions comes from The cluster of descriptions comes from Sorl's theory. But what does it mean for Sorl's theory. But what does it mean for Sorl's theory. But what does it mean for something to be the dominant causal something to be the dominant causal something to be the dominant causal source of some descriptions or some source of some descriptions or some source of some descriptions or some information? Evans uses this bonkers information? Evans uses this bonkers information? Evans uses this bonkers like Napoleon diagram to illustrate like Napoleon diagram to illustrate like Napoleon diagram to illustrate this. And so I'm going to explain how to this. And so I'm going to explain how to this. And so I'm going to explain how to read this diagram and what's going on. read this diagram and what's going on. 
[17:11]
read this diagram and what's going on. As background information, you have to As background information, you have to As background information, you have to know that at the end of the 1700s, there know that at the end of the 1700s, there know that at the end of the 1700s, there was a revolution in France where they was a revolution in France where they was a revolution in France where they made this machine that could chop made this machine that could chop made this machine that could chop people's heads off and they chopped off people's heads off and they chopped off people's heads off and they chopped off all the heads of all the rich people and all the heads of all the rich people and all the heads of all the rich people and then a bunch of the poor people, too. a then a bunch of the poor people, too. a then a bunch of the poor people, too. a lot of head chopping. During this time, lot of head chopping. During this time, lot of head chopping. During this time, there was some random, not important there was some random, not important there was some random, not important soldier named Napoleon Bonapart. And he soldier named Napoleon Bonapart. And he soldier named Napoleon Bonapart. And he managed to avoid getting his head managed to avoid getting his head managed to avoid getting his head chopped off. And then he rose to become chopped off. And then he rose to become chopped off. And then he rose to become the leader of this nation, France. And the leader of this nation, France. And the leader of this nation, France. And he thought to himself, you know, I'm he thought to himself, you know, I'm he thought to himself, you know, I'm good at war. So what if we just declare 
[17:42]
good at war. So what if we just declare good at war. So what if we just declare war on the entire world and try to war on the entire world and try to war on the entire world and try to conquer it? And he did. And he got conquer it? And he did. And he got conquer it? And he did. And he got pretty close. Like he conquered most of pretty close. Like he conquered most of pretty close. Like he conquered most of Europe or whatever. And then uh that was Europe or whatever. And then uh that was Europe or whatever. And then uh that was the big thing. The big thing that he did the big thing. The big thing that he did the big thing. The big thing that he did in his life was he conquered most of in his life was he conquered most of in his life was he conquered most of Europe. and he decided he wanted to be Europe. and he decided he wanted to be Europe. and he decided he wanted to be emperor. But then when the pope was emperor. But then when the pope was emperor. But then when the pope was right there and the pope was going to right there and the pope was going to right there and the pope was going to put the crown on him to make him an put the crown on him to make him an put the crown on him to make him an emperor, not just a king, you know, but emperor, not just a king, you know, but emperor, not just a king, you know, but like an emperor, Napoleon was like, "No, like an emperor, Napoleon was like, "No, like an emperor, Napoleon was like, "No, you're not important enough, Mr. Pope. you're not important enough, Mr. Pope. you're not important enough, Mr. Pope. I'm going to crown myself." And so he I'm going to crown myself." And so he I'm going to crown myself." And so he takes the crown from the pope, puts it takes the crown from the pope, puts it takes the crown from the pope, puts it on his own head, makes himself the on his own head, makes himself the on his own head, makes himself the emperor. He's like conquered most of the 
[18:12]
emperor. He's like conquered most of the emperor. He's like conquered most of the world. Good for him. But then, like world. Good for him. But then, like world. Good for him. But then, like every other country in Europe, gangs up every other country in Europe, gangs up every other country in Europe, gangs up on Napoleon, and finally they like on Napoleon, and finally they like on Napoleon, and finally they like defeat him and they conquer Paris in defeat him and they conquer Paris in defeat him and they conquer Paris in 1814. They take Napoleon and they don't 1814. They take Napoleon and they don't 1814. They take Napoleon and they don't want to kill him, right? Because if you want to kill him, right? Because if you want to kill him, right? Because if you kill him, he'll become this mythical kill him, he'll become this mythical kill him, he'll become this mythical figure, this like martyr or whatever. So figure, this like martyr or whatever. So figure, this like martyr or whatever. So instead, they imprison him on this instead, they imprison him on this instead, they imprison him on this island in the Mediterranean called Elba. island in the Mediterranean called Elba. island in the Mediterranean called Elba. But some like Mediterranean island can't But some like Mediterranean island can't But some like Mediterranean island can't contain him. So he escapes and he makes contain him. So he escapes and he makes contain him. So he escapes and he makes it back to France and he takes back over it back to France and he takes back over it back to France and he takes back over the army or whatever and he's going to 
[18:43]
the army or whatever and he's going to the army or whatever and he's going to take over the world again for a second take over the world again for a second take over the world again for a second time. But this is like a minor attempt time. But this is like a minor attempt time. But this is like a minor attempt because he gets defeated at the battle because he gets defeated at the battle because he gets defeated at the battle of Waterlue and this time they take him of Waterlue and this time they take him of Waterlue and this time they take him and they imprison him on an island all and they imprison him on an island all and they imprison him on an island all the way in the middle of the Atlantic the way in the middle of the Atlantic the way in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean and he can't get away from that Ocean and he can't get away from that Ocean and he can't get away from that island and so then he just like is stuck island and so then he just like is stuck island and so then he just like is stuck there and he dies at the age of 51 and there and he dies at the age of 51 and there and he dies at the age of 51 and that's it for Napoleon. The thing you that's it for Napoleon. The thing you that's it for Napoleon. The thing you need to know is that most of the need to know is that most of the need to know is that most of the important stuff that Napoleon did important stuff that Napoleon did important stuff that Napoleon did happened between 1793 happened between 1793 happened between 1793 when they beheaded Louis V 16th, right, when they beheaded Louis V 16th, right, when they beheaded Louis V 16th, right, the old king of France and 1814 when 
[19:14]
the old king of France and 1814 when the old king of France and 1814 when Napoleon was captured for the first Napoleon was captured for the first Napoleon was captured for the first time. You're supposed to read this time. You're supposed to read this time. You're supposed to read this diagram from the bottom up to the top diagram from the bottom up to the top diagram from the bottom up to the top because like time is going in that because like time is going in that because like time is going in that direction. And most of the important direction. And most of the important direction. And most of the important stuff that Napoleon did, he did it in stuff that Napoleon did, he did it in stuff that Napoleon did, he did it in this gap here. Evans wants us to imagine this gap here. Evans wants us to imagine this gap here. Evans wants us to imagine a scenario which is diagram one where a scenario which is diagram one where a scenario which is diagram one where Napoleon represented by Alpha and some Napoleon represented by Alpha and some Napoleon represented by Alpha and some other random guy represented by Beta. other random guy represented by Beta. other random guy represented by Beta. They live uh separate lives. But then in They live uh separate lives. But then in They live uh separate lives. But then in 1814 this impostor you know kidnaps 1814 this impostor you know kidnaps 1814 this impostor you know kidnaps Napoleon, kills him or whatever, gets 
[19:45]
Napoleon, kills him or whatever, gets Napoleon, kills him or whatever, gets rid of him and then takes his place like rid of him and then takes his place like rid of him and then takes his place like wears his hat and you know pretends he's wears his hat and you know pretends he's wears his hat and you know pretends he's Napoleon. And really, let's suppose that Napoleon. And really, let's suppose that Napoleon. And really, let's suppose that this impostor is the one who escapes this impostor is the one who escapes this impostor is the one who escapes from Elba and fights at Waterlue. He from Elba and fights at Waterlue. He from Elba and fights at Waterlue. He takes over Napoleon's life for this takes over Napoleon's life for this takes over Napoleon's life for this little gap here at the end. Because the little gap here at the end. Because the little gap here at the end. Because the impostor only steps into the picture impostor only steps into the picture impostor only steps into the picture towards the end of Napoleon's life, the towards the end of Napoleon's life, the towards the end of Napoleon's life, the impostor is not the dominant causal impostor is not the dominant causal impostor is not the dominant causal source of all of this information, all source of all of this information, all source of all of this information, all of these descriptions of Napoleon. of these descriptions of Napoleon. of these descriptions of Napoleon. Rather, it's the original Napoleon, the Rather, it's the original Napoleon, the Rather, it's the original Napoleon, the alpha or whatever. That guy, he's the 
[20:16]
alpha or whatever. That guy, he's the alpha or whatever. That guy, he's the dominant causal source. And for that dominant causal source. And for that dominant causal source. And for that reason, Evans's theory gets the result reason, Evans's theory gets the result reason, Evans's theory gets the result that the name Napoleon refers to the that the name Napoleon refers to the that the name Napoleon refers to the original guy, the alpha, the one who original guy, the alpha, the one who original guy, the alpha, the one who conquered most of Europe. But in diagram conquered most of Europe. But in diagram conquered most of Europe. But in diagram 2, we see an alternative possibility. 2, we see an alternative possibility. 2, we see an alternative possibility. This is a case where the impostor This is a case where the impostor This is a case where the impostor captures and replaces Napoleon back in captures and replaces Napoleon back in captures and replaces Napoleon back in 1793, back when he was some unknown, you 1793, back when he was some unknown, you 1793, back when he was some unknown, you know, soldier or whatever before he did know, soldier or whatever before he did know, soldier or whatever before he did anything. He steals Napoleon's identity, anything. He steals Napoleon's identity, anything. He steals Napoleon's identity, starts introducing himself as Napoleon. starts introducing himself as Napoleon. starts introducing himself as Napoleon. Then he rises to the top, rules the Then he rises to the top, rules the Then he rises to the top, rules the country of France, conquers most of 
[20:47]
country of France, conquers most of country of France, conquers most of Europe, gets defeated, goes to Elba, Europe, gets defeated, goes to Elba, Europe, gets defeated, goes to Elba, escapes, gets defeated again at Waterlue escapes, gets defeated again at Waterlue escapes, gets defeated again at Waterlue now, and then goes to St. Helena. He now, and then goes to St. Helena. He now, and then goes to St. Helena. He does all that stuff. In this case, it's does all that stuff. In this case, it's does all that stuff. In this case, it's now the impostor who's the dominant now the impostor who's the dominant now the impostor who's the dominant causal source of this cluster of causal source of this cluster of causal source of this cluster of descriptions of all this information. He descriptions of all this information. He descriptions of all this information. He earned it, you know, like he he earned it, you know, like he he earned it, you know, like he he conquered Europe. He he caused all of conquered Europe. He he caused all of conquered Europe. He he caused all of this all of these descriptions. So in this all of these descriptions. So in this all of these descriptions. So in the case from diagram 2, Evans's theory the case from diagram 2, Evans's theory the case from diagram 2, Evans's theory gets the result that the name Napoleon, gets the result that the name Napoleon, gets the result that the name Napoleon, as I use it today, talking about French as I use it today, talking about French as I use it today, talking about French history or whatever, my use of that name 
[21:17]
history or whatever, my use of that name history or whatever, my use of that name refers not to the original Napoleon, refers not to the original Napoleon, refers not to the original Napoleon, Alpha, but to this other guy, Beta, the Alpha, but to this other guy, Beta, the Alpha, but to this other guy, Beta, the impostor. But that seems exactly right, impostor. But that seems exactly right, impostor. But that seems exactly right, right? Cuz like when we're talking about right? Cuz like when we're talking about right? Cuz like when we're talking about Napoleon, we're talking about this guy Napoleon, we're talking about this guy Napoleon, we're talking about this guy who conquered Europe and did all of this who conquered Europe and did all of this who conquered Europe and did all of this stuff. If it turns out that Napoleon was stuff. If it turns out that Napoleon was stuff. If it turns out that Napoleon was born with some different name and as a born with some different name and as a born with some different name and as a young man stole the identity of someone young man stole the identity of someone young man stole the identity of someone else and then did all of these things, else and then did all of these things, else and then did all of these things, well then he's still Napoleon. A simple well then he's still Napoleon. A simple well then he's still Napoleon. A simple way to put it is that he stole this way to put it is that he stole this way to put it is that he stole this other guy's identity early enough. If other guy's identity early enough. If other guy's identity early enough. If you steal an identity early enough, then 
[21:48]
you steal an identity early enough, then you steal an identity early enough, then that becomes your identity. Oh, whoa. I that becomes your identity. Oh, whoa. I that becomes your identity. Oh, whoa. I just realized that this example from just realized that this example from just realized that this example from Gareth Evans in 1973 is the plot of the Gareth Evans in 1973 is the plot of the Gareth Evans in 1973 is the plot of the show Madmen. Oh, okay. Okay. Uh, let me show Madmen. Oh, okay. Okay. Uh, let me show Madmen. Oh, okay. Okay. Uh, let me explain that. I haven't actually even explain that. I haven't actually even explain that. I haven't actually even seen Mad Men, but I know that there's seen Mad Men, but I know that there's seen Mad Men, but I know that there's this character, Don Draper. He's like this character, Don Draper. He's like this character, Don Draper. He's like the protagonist or whatever and he's the protagonist or whatever and he's the protagonist or whatever and he's like really cool and he doesn't get like really cool and he doesn't get like really cool and he doesn't get frazzled and he's mean and and he says frazzled and he's mean and and he says frazzled and he's mean and and he says mean stuff or whatever. And there's this mean stuff or whatever. And there's this mean stuff or whatever. And there's this scene where he's been really mean to scene where he's been really mean to scene where he's been really mean to this this guy. It's been like cruel. And 
[22:18]
this this guy. It's been like cruel. And this this guy. It's been like cruel. And the guy in the elevator says to him the guy in the elevator says to him the guy in the elevator says to him like, "I feel bad for you." And Don like, "I feel bad for you." And Don like, "I feel bad for you." And Don Draper is just like, "I don't think Draper is just like, "I don't think Draper is just like, "I don't think about you at all." And that's like, "Oh, about you at all." And that's like, "Oh, about you at all." And that's like, "Oh, that's like a good line, but that's that's like a good line, but that's that's like a good line, but that's mean." Okay. Anyway, at some point in mean." Okay. Anyway, at some point in mean." Okay. Anyway, at some point in this show, it's revealed, sorry, I'm this show, it's revealed, sorry, I'm this show, it's revealed, sorry, I'm going to ruin the show. I haven't even going to ruin the show. I haven't even going to ruin the show. I haven't even watched it. It's revealed that Don watched it. It's revealed that Don watched it. It's revealed that Don Draper fought in the Korean War, and Draper fought in the Korean War, and Draper fought in the Korean War, and while he was fighting in that war, he while he was fighting in that war, he while he was fighting in that war, he like stole the identity of some other like stole the identity of some other like stole the identity of some other guy. Like some other soldier died, and I guy. Like some other soldier died, and I guy. Like some other soldier died, and I guess he took his like dog tags off his guess he took his like dog tags off his guess he took his like dog tags off his neck and and and stole this guy's neck and and and stole this guy's neck and and and stole this guy's identity. Like Don Draper was really 
[22:50]
identity. Like Don Draper was really identity. Like Don Draper was really originally named Richard something or originally named Richard something or originally named Richard something or whatever. And he stole the identity and whatever. And he stole the identity and whatever. And he stole the identity and became Don Draper. But then he went on became Don Draper. But then he went on became Don Draper. But then he went on to live this whole long life and he to live this whole long life and he to live this whole long life and he worked at this ad agency in New York worked at this ad agency in New York worked at this ad agency in New York City and blah blah blah. Now to City and blah blah blah. Now to City and blah blah blah. Now to illustrate Evans's point, I guess with illustrate Evans's point, I guess with illustrate Evans's point, I guess with Don Draper as the example, suppose that Don Draper as the example, suppose that Don Draper as the example, suppose that someone walks up to Don Draper's someone walks up to Don Draper's someone walks up to Don Draper's secretary who's sitting outside his secretary who's sitting outside his secretary who's sitting outside his office and asks, "Is Don in there?" And office and asks, "Is Don in there?" And office and asks, "Is Don in there?" And she says, "Mr. Draper is in today, but she says, "Mr. Draper is in today, but she says, "Mr. Draper is in today, but he doesn't have time to meet with he doesn't have time to meet with he doesn't have time to meet with anyone." Is her sentence false? When she anyone." Is her sentence false? When she anyone." Is her sentence false? When she says that Mr. Draper is in there, is she 
[23:21]
says that Mr. Draper is in there, is she says that Mr. Draper is in there, is she wrong? Because really Don Draper died in wrong? Because really Don Draper died in wrong? Because really Don Draper died in Korea or whatever? No, she's not wrong. Korea or whatever? No, she's not wrong. Korea or whatever? No, she's not wrong. She's using the name Don Draper to refer She's using the name Don Draper to refer She's using the name Don Draper to refer to this person that she's causally to this person that she's causally to this person that she's causally interacted with, the person who is now interacted with, the person who is now interacted with, the person who is now become the dominant source of all of become the dominant source of all of become the dominant source of all of this information, all this whole cluster this information, all this whole cluster this information, all this whole cluster of descriptions that she and everyone of descriptions that she and everyone of descriptions that she and everyone else in this company associates with the else in this company associates with the else in this company associates with the name Don Draper. This is like actually name Don Draper. This is like actually name Don Draper. This is like actually an excellent illustration of Evans's an excellent illustration of Evans's an excellent illustration of Evans's point, right? in the hour or two after point, right? in the hour or two after point, right? in the hour or two after he steals the dog tags off the dead body 
[23:51]
he steals the dog tags off the dead body he steals the dog tags off the dead body and starts pretending to be Don Draper and starts pretending to be Don Draper and starts pretending to be Don Draper or whatever, he's not yet the dominant or whatever, he's not yet the dominant or whatever, he's not yet the dominant source of information because he's only source of information because he's only source of information because he's only been wearing these dog tags. He's only been wearing these dog tags. He's only been wearing these dog tags. He's only assumed this identity for like a couple assumed this identity for like a couple assumed this identity for like a couple of hours. But once it's been years and of hours. But once it's been years and of hours. But once it's been years and years and years and years and he's built years and years and years and he's built years and years and years and he's built up all of this information, these up all of this information, these up all of this information, these descriptions that all of these people descriptions that all of these people descriptions that all of these people associate with the name, well then he's associate with the name, well then he's associate with the name, well then he's the dominant source. Now that's just his the dominant source. Now that's just his the dominant source. Now that's just his name. Okay, that's it. We're done with name. Okay, that's it. We're done with name. Okay, that's it. We're done with proper names. Next, we move on to proper names. Next, we move on to proper names. Next, we move on to definite descriptions. Hi, it's me in my definite descriptions. Hi, it's me in my definite descriptions. Hi, it's me in my office. If you have a long enough 
[24:23]
office. If you have a long enough office. If you have a long enough attention span to make it this far in attention span to make it this far in attention span to make it this far in the video, then you might be interested the video, then you might be interested the video, then you might be interested in the book that I'm writing. If you in the book that I'm writing. If you in the book that I'm writing. If you click the link in the description below click the link in the description below click the link in the description below and put in your email address, I will and put in your email address, I will and put in your email address, I will email you when the book is ready. I email you when the book is ready. I email you when the book is ready. I promise I will not send you a million promise I will not send you a million promise I will not send you a million emails. I will not sell your email emails. I will not sell your email emails. I will not sell your email address to spammers. All you will get is address to spammers. All you will get is address to spammers. All you will get is an email from me when the book is for an email from me when the book is for an email from me when the book is for sale. and I will pick a bunch of those sale. and I will pick a bunch of those sale. and I will pick a bunch of those emails and those people will get free emails and those people will get free emails and those people will get free copies of the book.